Τιβέριος, Γαβίνιος-Οὐαλερία, Οὐενάριον : but in later writers we find s and or used indiscriminately to express the Roman V. The modern Greeks give to r the force of N when immediately preceding y, x, &, X. We do the same in reading Greek: whether correctly or not, appears to Mr. Hobhouse to be doubtful. One instance from a hundred is sufficient to decide the question. The Roman uncia was the same as the Greek byxia, a Sicilian denomination of weight, used as early as the time of Sophron and Epicharmus.* The more obvious instances of anchora, ancile, anchusa will occur to every one. There is only one mode of resisting this argument; which is, to suppose, as Theodore Beza does, that the ancient Greeks never used this orthography, but always wrote άvxupa, ixúndios, &c. a supposition notoriously erroneous. We have in Spon cyrreneic, arrEAEIC (the inhabitants of an Attic δῆμος now called Ambelokipou,) ΕΓΚΑYCIN, ΕΠΙΤΥΓΧΑΝΩΝ. Aulus Gellius observes, that the N in ancora, anguis, &c. has not it genuine power, and says expressly that in the Greek words ayyeλos and yxGT and the like, the G has a middle sound between N and G. This middle sound was probably the same as the French and Italians give to g before n, as in enseigner, agnella, signore, and the Spaniards to the ñ tildado, as in Corunna, enseñar. And it is not improbable that I had nearly the same sound before N, as in γίγνομαι, άγνοια, for γίονμαι, ἄνοια. Mr. Leake argues strongly in behalf of the accentual method of reading Greek; but it appears to us that the introduction of the versus politici distinctly marks the period when this method came into vogue; and the instances, which we before adduced, of trochaics converted into iambics by the accentual mode of reading, must prove at least that the ancients read poetry with one emphasis, and the moderns with another; which is all that is wanted to be proved. There is one solution of this difficult question advanced by Bishop Horlsey, that the want of harmony which ensues upon our reading Greek verse according to accent, is merely the vice of our elocution; and that accent might be so given as to preserve the quantity. That this may be accomplished in some instances, we are ready to allow; but that it can in all, or in the greater number, we most positively deny. It is indeed stated in a ridiculous pamphlet, entitled 'Porsoniana,' that the late professor Porson was of opinion, that a certain Greek of Salonika read Homer in such a manner as to preserve both accent and quantity. But Mr. Hobhouse justly questions the truth of this story. In fact there is not Photius, Ογκία, τον σταθμόν. Σώφρον καὶ Επίχαρμος. But it appears from Aristotle, quoted by Julius Pollux, ix. 80, that the true form is Ovyxía. a modern Greek who has any idea of quantity; and the thing itself is impossible. In discussing the antiquity of accents, Mr. Hobhouse and Mr. Leake are both out of their depth. They both refer to a verse from the Antiope of Euripides, said to have been discovered by the Canonico Pratilli upon the wall of a street at Herculaneum, in red and black letters, in the common cursive character, and with accents. But Mr. Walpole has made out, satisfactorily we think, that this inscription is suppositious; and there are many reasons which induce us to class it with the celebrated discoveries of the Abbé Fourmont. The cursive character was certainly not used earlier than the seventh century of our era. The accentual system of the modern Greeks does not appear to differ materially from the ancient, invented by Aristophanes of Byzantium. In the second chapter of his book, Mr. Leake gives some account of the Albanian language, the barbarous jargon of a barbarous tribe, scarcely in any respect more interesting than the dialect of Otaheite. The preliminary observations on the history and geography of Albania are valuable, and throw considerable light upon a country very little known, before the publication of Mr. Hobhouse's amusing tour. That gentleman's work certainly betrays numerous marks of precipitancy and want of caution, of subjects hastily got up, and of authors half read; but we cannot help regretting, that Mr. Leake should have gone out of his way to dissect it, and have devoted an appendix of fifty quarto pages to the detection of Mr. Hobhouse's mistakes, whose principal fault after all seems to have been, that he published his tour in Albania before Mr. Leake, and has anticipated no small portion of the materials of the latter gentleman, who is impressed with a persuasion that it is his duty to make some remarks upon several passages of Mr. Hobhouse's work, which he cannot help thinking calculated to mislead the public.' Now although Mr. Hobhouse's work is in great part a compilation, and that an inaccurate one; although it discusses a much greater variety of topics than the author could possibly have made himself master of, in the short time which he allowed himself for the collecting and arranging his materials; although the style is occasionally disfigured by a mixture of briskness and vulgarity; yet of the two works, that of Mr. Hobhouse is much the most amusing and instructive, and, at the same time, much the least ostentatious. And we have seen that Mr. Leake himself is by no means exempt from inaccuracy, but on the contrary, betrays a very considerable ignorance of the parent stock of that language, of which his book professedly treats. "Αλλων ἰατρὸς, αὐτὸς ἕλκεσιν βρύων, is a reproach applicable in a greater or less degree to all of us. Mr. Leake declares that he cannot subscribe to Mr. Hobhouse's But this distinction between Ecclesiastical Greek and Romaic. distinction is not an invention of Mr. Hobhouse, nor of M. Kodriká, but was noticed by De Guys and Villoison, and long before by M. Crusius, who received his information from the learned Greeks themselves. Lingua Graeca, ut intelligimus, hodie triplex est; 1. Vulgaris, qua vulgus Graecorum utitur, corrupta. 2. Antiqua et pura-quam Graecorum docti hodie discunt. 3. Eeclesiastica, quae puris admixta barbara habet, qua sacerdotes, aut docti, in scribendo utuntur.' We have now a word or two to say to Mr. Leake on the subject of etymology, a science with the general rules of which he may, perhaps, be well acquainted; but he must devote more time and attention to the study of the ancient Greek, if he would qualify himself to etymologize in Romaic. Whether the following ingenious etymologies are his own, or derived from other sources, we are unable to say; but they are a mere burlesque upon the science. • Κοπέλιον, child. fem. κοπέλα. qu. from Hellenic κόπτομαι plango unde zomeros planctus-it may have been from the Latin copula, which, according to Vossius, is by metathesis from ox'.' < Kóra, hen, from Hellenic xórroç, gallus, from xórog, ira, on account of its ougnacious qualities! or, according to Hesychius, dià vòv irì îù κεφαλὴν (κόττην) λόφον. In the first place xórros is not Hellenic, but a word infimae Graecitatis; and secondly in Tv xaλ is not Greek. Hesychius wrote ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς. 'Xávw, I lose, from Hellenic, xáo vacuus sum.' Another verb fathered upon poor Hellenic, to which it has no claim. Kaμitor. So called from xáμa, chamber, from L. camera, or as being the working dress from H. xáμaтos, labour! Now we suppose that the άov is not the chamber dress and the working dress too; or if it is, not being peculiar to either, it does not take its name from either, so that the above etymology is in every respect absurd. In fact the xov is the same as the Italian camice, a surplice worn by the officiating priest; in Latin alba or camisium. Zapova, I wrinkle, plait, &c. One of the interpretations or raig, by Hesychius, is to grin; whence capów, or agora, of Zagóra, may have come, to signify wrinkles in general, in allusion to ζαρόνω, the wrinkles formed on either side of the mouth in the action of grinning!' Who can possibly read this without wrinkling!' 'Karaxvid, mist, from H. xvos, xrous, lanugo.' name of etymology, has down to do with a fog? What, in the Leake know that x in Greek signifies smoke, any thing very light and fine? • Maλáva, I quarrel-probably from xa, from H. χμαλώνω, aixmaxáva, I take prisoner in war, from aix, cuspis.' There is no such word as αἰχμαλώνω. Mr. Leake does not seem to be aware that αιχμάλωτος is αἰχμῇ ἀλωτός, the verb from which is αἰχμαλωτίζω. "Mapoúnior, lettuce, being written by Suidas maiorov, suggests that it may have been so called, because lettuces chiefly flourish from May to July!' But why lettuces only? why should not gooseberries, and pease, and beans, have been equally honoured with the appellation of Mayjulians? If Mr. Leak will look into the first chapter of the Twelfth Book of the Geoponica, he will find it written μagoud nine times; and the Exercitationes Plinianae of Salmasius will furnish other instances; Maïobor, which occurs also in Hesychius, was no doubt a corruption. Maaλáva, I patch, cobble, &c. perhaps from uxadır, or mádiv, rursus.' But μ is equivalent to 6. A much more plausible etymon is Beλóva, a cobbler's awl. The above ingenious attempts at etymology we have never seen excelled, but in two instances: the palm might be disputed by the humble imitator of Volney, and, if he were alive, by Joannes Harmarus, the author of a Lexicon Etymologicon Linguae Graecae, who justly styles his work 'Opus quale antehac nunquam prodiit.' We propound for the consideration of Mr. Leake, two or three of bis etymologies. 'Ayvòs, castus, vel quasi ayovs, infœcundus; vel ab ayar et yaves, laetitia, quod casti prae aliis, habent unde gaudeant: vel ab ayla, admiror, quod casto rari sint, ideoque admirandi: vel quasi ayvos, sine uxore.' ̓Αγυιά, vicus, ἀπὸ τοῦ δι' αὐτῆς ἄγειν ἡμᾶς τὰ γυῖα, quod pedibus vicos perambulemus. Ducatur etiam ab & conjunctivo, et yvior, membrum quod in vicis aedificia usque adeo sibi sint vicina et contigua, ut in unam quasi compagem, coalescere videantur.' "Benoa, tussiendo exspuo. Inde fortasse. Angl. breast, quod locus est unde exspuimus.' To these might perhaps be added the legal etymologies of the great Sir Edward Coke, who afforded a singular instance of the blunders of which men of the greatest abilities are sometimes guilty, when they venture to speculate in a science, for which they have not been qualified by previous study. To assist the student in his pursuit of the Romaic language, Mr. Leake has inserted a useful catalogue of recent Romaic authors, which seems to have been extracted from the periodical publication of Anthimus Gazi, entitled 'Eguñs ó Aóyios, of which we have now three volumes; for in many instances Mr. Leake gives us the very words of that Journal. The catalogue may be augmented from the later numbers of the 'Literary Mercury,' amongst other names, with that of Constantine Vardalachus, who has published a system of Physics, and promises another work on Philology. He takes for his motto the following line, Τὸ εὖ γράφειν τὸ κάλλιστόν ἐστι τῆς φύσεως ἔργον. Ο Αγγλος Βουγιγγάμ. We had some difficulty in recognising the well known line, Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well, as well as the author's name; although we had been prepared by the previous occurrence of Пów, and Boλraig, and had met with the names of Καδογὰν and Δαλχουσίε in the despatch of Δρ Βελλίγτων πρὸς τὸν Κόμητα Βαβούρστ, detailing the battle of Vittoria, as translated into Romaic in the Ελληνικός Τηλέγραφος. Νο. 140. July 28, 1813. Two questions remain to be briefly considered; whether the Romaic language be susceptible, as some have supposed, of such a degree of improvement, as may assimilate it to its parent stock; and, secondly, if it be, whether such improvement is likely to be effected. If it be true, as Philelphus has reported, that so lately as the fifteenth century the language of polished society in Greece bore no faint resemblance to the pure and harmonious dialect of the classical ages, one would be led to conclude that the lapse of four centuries cannot have wrought so complete a change, but that a concurrence of favourable circumstances might in time work out its regeneration. That versatility of character, for which the modern Greek is so remarkable, may probably have in some measure contributed to the rapid change which has taken place in his language; and may, if a proper turn be given to it, be equally favourable to its improvement. He has no partiality for the language which he speaks, any further than as it is Greek; and in spite of the general ignorance of the people, such is their veneration for every thing connected with their ancestors, that they would gladly pursue any method of assimilating themselves to them. Mr. Leake is of opinion, that their ignorance of ancient Greek music, and of the principles of ancient harmony, and the discordance of Greek and Latin accent, would be the chief obstacles to the revival of Hellenic. We cannot see how any one of these circumstances can operate as an obstacle. As to the ancient Greek music, we know no more of it than they do; and we are not aware that any knowledge of music is essential to the acquirement of a language; or that the discordance of Greek and Latin accent can have any other effect than that of rendering their pronunciation less grateful to our ears. Whether |