pannag, honey, oil, and balm, or rofin. Damafcus, in wine and white wool; bright iron, caffia, and calamus came from Dan and Javan; fine cloths for chariots, from Dedan; lambs, rams and goats, from Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar. Sheba and Raamah sent their merchants with all manner of fpices, precious ftones and gold. And Haran, and Canch, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Afhur and Chilmad, were faid to deal in all forts of merchandize, as well as blue cloths, embroidered work, and in chefts made of cedar, filled with rich apparel.

THIS was the state of that moft magnificent city, when the pride of their nation brought on them the desolation the prophet pronounced against them, which was punctually fulfilled, in the ruin that came upon them, according to the word of God.

I HAVE here been the more particular in recounting the feveral countries which traded to Tyre, because it points out to us the places where the defcendants of Shem, Ham, and Japhet went to, and were established in, so many hundred years after the flood; retaining the ancient names, and no doubt the languages they feverally carried with them under their different heads, and, as the Scripture says, after their nations; from whence it will be no difficult matter to trace those of them, which are the subjects of my defign, to their utmost habitations; where the remains of the fons of Gomer, and of his brothers, are yet unmixed with any others, with respect to their language, to this day; which I shall endeavour to make appear, when I come to treat of the language of the Celts, or rather Gomerians and Magogians. We shall, however, first

follow

follow them from the places the Scripture fettles them in, till we find the remains of them in the ne plus of their migrations.

Ir has been thought, by the Chaldee paraphrafts, that Gomer went to Africa; but this fhews, that they took a liberty not at all to be countenanced, because it directly contradicts the Mofaic, as well as the prophetic, account of Ezekiel, which place him north and north-eaft; as does Jeremiah, in his 51ft chapter, verfe 27, place Afkenaz with Minni and Ararat, kingdoms far enough from Africa, and in the neighbourhood of Armenia: nor is it improbable, that part of his iffue fettled about the Euxine Sea, or, according to Bochart, Axine Sea, which he supposes to be a corruption of Askenaz by the Greeks. See his Phaleg. 1. iii. c. 9.

THE families of RIPHATH, Gomer's fecond fon, seem to be fituated about Paphlagonia, from the opinions of Jofephus, Bochart, Stephanus and Pliny; the former of these two mentions a country of the fame name, whose people were called Rhebai; and Pliny places here a nation, called Rhiphai.

As to Togarma, the Sacred Scriptures have, as I have mentioned it already, been very clear in declaring his fituation; and it was from him and his fucceffors that that great country, called Tibet, was peopled, who being either forced to file off that way, for want of room, or from feuds and difcords, fettled in, and extended over, it with their language and religion, which is now corrupted into the idolatrous worship of the lamas, of which I shall mention more hereafter; thus his, and the children of

some others of his relations, fpread over the north-east quarters of the world.

We must now follow Magog, and his offspring, to the north-weft, and fpread them all over Ruffia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark and Germany, as well as to the borders of North Tartary: we must remark, that these were very numerous, and made a rapid migration through all these parts; because his brothers, Mefbech and Tubal, were with him, and all their offspring; for it appears, by the prophet Ezekiel, that they were his subjects, and their offspring, that still occupied those northern parts, continued to be fo, even to the time of that prophefy; while, in the mean time, which included the space of eighteen hundred years, and upwards, the descendants of them all had gone and peopled all the north and north-western parts of Europe, mentioned above, even into Ireland and Scotland, as did the defcendants of Togarmah, and others of his relations, all Southern and Eaftern Tartary, even to the land now called Camschatschi. And these descendants of Gog and his brothers, were the people which, in after-ages, had the appellation of Scythians, as it is agreed on by many authors of authority, as Jofephus, ferom, and most of the fathers.

HAVING now, in a general way, diftributed the two brothers, Gomer and Magog, with Mefbech and Tubal, and the migrations of their descendants; let us now follow the other three brothers, Madai, Javan and Tiras. And in this we shall be led by the Scripture account, which is fo clear, however short, that there is no miffing the way:

Madai was the third fon of Japhet, and is by many faid to be the founder of the Medes, whofe country was, after his name, called Media; there are many reasons to fupport this opinion, notwithstanding that a learned author has endeavoured to place him in Macedonia; but the fituation of Media beft fuits him, because it places him in the neighbourhood of his two elder brothers, Gomer and Magog, who, according to his right of feniority, muft have had the third lot; and, in general, this was the rule obferved by Noah; for his own three fons dwelt with him, and the fons of each of these round about them, a little farther off in the countries adjacent; befides, there is an eafy fimilarity in the etymology of the word Media, from Madai, in which opinion I have eafily concurred with the learned authors of the Univerfal Hiftory, by the change of the first a into e; whereas, it must be very hardftrained, to derive Macedonia from Madai. But there is yet a stronger argument to prove he had nothing to say to Macedonia; because this country, lying contiguous to Greece, of which it was once a province, would rather fall to Javan's lot; or the western part of Leffer Afia, from whence he and his fons had an easy paffage into Macedonia, and the ifles of the Gentiles, which was all Greece, and other parts, where the Scriptures place them, ver. 5 of the tenth chapter of Genefis, and where we find them trading to Tyrus eighteen hundred years after the flood, under the appellation of Javan's fons, from whom they defcended. See Ezekiel, quoted before. Now fome have thought that the fifth verfe, which fays, "By these were the ifles of "the Gentiles divided in their lands;" had reference to

all

all the fons of Japhet; but this opinion is contrary to the facts laid down in Ezekiel, 27th and 38th chapters, wherein it appears, that fome of his fons were called from the north quarters, where they and their defcendants dwelt, both on account of fulfilling the prophefy with refpect to the children of Ifrael, and to trade in horsemen, horses and flaves, with the merchants of Tyrus: from which circumftances we must conclude, that Javan and his fons only were referred to, in the words cited above.

Javan, therefore the fourth son of Japhet, undoubtedly fettled in the fouthern and weftern parts of Afia Minor, from whence, as I have just observed, his four fons moved gradually into the ifles of the Gentiles, fpreading over and poffeffing all Greece, which were called the ifles of Elisha, from his eldest fon; as was another part called Tarfus, or Tarshish, from his second son, as it is mentioned expressly by the prophet; and near him Kittim, the third fon, planted his colony; this was in Macedonia, which is clearly pointed out in the hiftory of the Maccabees, in two places. In the first verse of the first chapter, book the first, we find these words: " And it happened after "that Alexander, fon of Philip the Macedonian, who

came out of the land of Chettim, had fmitten Darius, king of the Perfians and Medes, that he reigned in his "ftead the firft over Greece." This is a very plain hint for ascertaining the land of Kittim; but it is confirmed, in the fifth verfe of the eighth chapter, in the following terms where Judas Maccabæus is informed of the power of the Romans, and refolves to fend ambaffadors