(59) The elector to Buderus, Prague, May 20, 1811. (60) Buderus to the elector, undated, Carlshausen Archives. (61) The elector to Buderus, Prague, Aug. 28, 1811, Carlshausen Archives. (62) The elector to Buderus, Prague, Aug. 28, 1811, Carlshausen Archives. (63) Buderus to the elector, Carlshausen, Sept. 21, 1811, Carlshausen Archives. (64) Buderus to the elector, Carlshausen, Sept. 21, 1811. Carlshausen Archives. (65) Buderus to the elector, Carlshausen, Sept. 25, 1811, Carlshausen Archives. (66) Buderus to the elector, Hanau, Feb. 24, 1812, Carlshausen Archives. (67) The elector to Buderus, May 24, 1812. Carlshausen Archives. (68) An extract is published in translation in Les Rothschild, p. 132 and following pages. (69) Les Rothschild, p. 135. (70) Bacher to Savary, Feb. 17, 1812. Les Rothschild, p. 144. (71) Les Rothschild, p. 153. (72) Israel Jacobsohn, Privy Revenue Councilor. Most respectful plea to his Highness, the Prince President of the Confederation of the Rhine, concerning his new settlement and regulation for the protection of the Jews in Frankfort-on-the-Main. Brunswick, 1808. (73) Meyer Amschel Rothschild to a Land Registrar, Frankfort, Jan. 29, 1811. See facsimile in the Frankfort Municipal Library. (74) Dispatch from Weyland to Emperor Francis, Vienna, Oct. 27, 1814. Police Archives. (75) A copy was enclosed in Hügel's report to Metternich. Frankfort, Jan. 22, 1815. State Archives, Vienna. (76) Decree of the Grand Duke Carl Dalberg. Fulda, Oct. 17, 1812. (77) The Will, which is in the Municipal Archives of Frankfort-on-the-Main, is published in Berghoeffer, p. 201 and following pages.

CHAPTER III

(1) In 1834, on the occasion of a dinner to a friend, Nathan spoke about his career in England. This is described in the Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart., edited by his son Charles Buxton, Esq. (London, 1848), pp. 333 and foll. It has been often quoted and reprinted, but we should bear in mind that an account given by Nathan during a good dinner should not be taken too literally, and that it also had the object of increasing the prestige of the House of Rothschild. Critically regarded, the account is worthy of consideration. (2) See Démachy and Les Rothschild, p. 168. (3) Mollien to Napoleon, Mar. 26, 1811. See Histoire financière de la France depuis 1715, Marion (Paris, 1914), IV, p. 358. (4) Marion; see above, p. 358. (5) Wellington to R. H. J. Villiers, Ciomba, May 25, 1809. The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington During His Various Campaigns, from 1799 to 1811, IV, p. 374. (6) Wellington to Huskisson, Corticada, July 28, 1809. Wellington Dispatches, IV, p. 473. (7) Wellington to the Earl of Liverpool, from Sanct Marinca, Mar. 23, 1811. Wellington Dispatches, VII, p. 392. (8) Wellington to Earl Bathurst. Madrid, Aug. 18, 1812. Dispatches, IX, p. 368. (9) In the somewhat boastful dinner conversation in 1834 with

Sir Thomas Buxton, Nathan estimated the value of this gold at £800,000. (10) James Rothschild to Nathan Rothschild, Paris, Apr. 6, 1812, Les Rothschild, p. 183. (11) Report of the Chief of Police in Hamburg of Jan. 24, 1812, Les Rothschild, p. 106. (12) Marshal Davoust, Duke of Auerstädt, to Emperor Napoleon, Hamburg, Feb. 13, 1812, Les Rothschild, p. 108 and following pages. (13) From Hubert, the Commissioner of Police in Mainz, to Desmarets in Paris, Mainz, Mar. 3, 1812. Les Rothschild, p. 117. (14) Count von Réal, dispatch to Paris, Feb. 6, 1812, Les Rothschild, p. 77 and following pages. (15) James Rothschild to Nathan, Mar. 28, 1812, Les Rothschild, p. 181 and following pages. (16) Marion, see former ref., IV, p. 359. (17) The elector to Emperor Francis, July 14, 1813, State Archives, Vienna. (18) Die Judenfrage auf dem Wiener Kongress, Baron (Vienna and Berlin, 1920), p. 32. (19) Herries, Memoirs, p. 86. (20) Buxton, see former ref., p. 343. (21) Metternich, der Staatsmann und der Mensch, Srbik, I, p. 130. (22) As in 1808, when Metternich was ambassador in Paris, 80,000 francs, and in September, 1813, 43,000 gulden for his personal expenses. These advances were made out of state money, and the emperor's action was to be kept strictly secret. Autograph letters from Emperor Francis, Dec., 1808, and Sept., 1813. Instructions from Count Stadion, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (23) Humboldt to Goethe, Jan. 10, 1797. Goethes Briefwechsel mit den Gebrüdern von Humboldt, Bratranek, p. 24 and following pages. (24) Count Ugarte to Count von Metternich, Memorandum dated Sept. 15, 1813, State Archives, Vienna. (25) Baron von Wessenberg to Count von Metternich, London, Oct. 30, 1813, Court Archives, Vienna. (26) Emperor Francis to Count Ugarte, Dec. 12, 1813, Court Archives, Vienna. (27) Count Ugarte to the emperor, Dec. 24, 1813, Count Archives, Vienna. (28) Imperial Order from Freiburg, dated Jan. 11, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (29) The elector to Emperor Francis, Cassel, Apr. 14, 1814, State Archives, Vienna. (30) Barbier to Count Ugarte, Frankfort, July 28, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (31) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier, Frankfort, July 28, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (32) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier, Frankfort, Aug. 1, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (33) Barbier to Count Ugarte, July 28, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (34) Barbier to Count Ugarte, Frankfort, Aug. 6, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (35) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier, Frankfort, Aug. 8, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (36) Barbier to Ugarte, Frankfort, Aug. 18, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (37) Count Ugarte to Barbier, Vienna, Aug. 11, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (38) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier (written by Amschel), Aug. 22, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (39) Barbier to Count Ugarte, Aug. 29, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (40) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier, Frankfort, Aug. 8, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (41) Barbier to Ugarte, Aug. 9, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (42) Barbier to Ugarte, July 13, 1814, Court Archives, Vienna. (43) Meyer

Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Barbier, July 29, 1814, from Frankfort, Court Archives, Vienna. (44) Count Ugarte to Barbier, Aug. 17, 1814, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (45) Baron von Hügel in Frankfort to Metternich, Jan. 11, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (46) Ehrenberg; see former ref., p. 65. (47) Histoire des grandes opérations financières, M. Capefigue (Paris, 1858), III, pp. 5 and 49. (48) Herries; see former ref., p. 92 and following pp. (49) Buderus to Lorentz, Cassel, May 13, 1814, Carlshausen Archives. (50) Baron von Hügel to Baron von Stein, Frankfort, Aug. 31, 1814, State Archives, Vienna. (51) Metternich to the attorney, Dr. Buchholz, Vienna, June 9, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (52) For particulars see Ehrenberg, pp. 68-69. (53) Selbstbiographie und Bildnisse, Grillparzer (Vienna, 1923), p. 143. (54) Ibid., p. 118. (55) Ibid., p. 132. (56) Stadion to Prince Metternich, Vienna, Apr. 22, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (57) Privy Council office to Count Stadion, May 4, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (58) See Chapter II. (59) From Neumann, Counselor of Legation in London, to Baron von Hügel at Frankfort, London, May 22, 1815. State Archives, Vienna. (60) See National Biography, Vol. XLIX, p. 307. (61) Neumann to Schwinner, London, May 5, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (62) Schwinner to Neumann, Frankfort, Nov. 13, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (63) Limburger to Schwinner, Frankfort, Sept. 2, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (64) Solomon and Carl Rothschild to Hardenberg, from Paris (undated; from its position in the files, was probably written in the summer of 1815), Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (65) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Hardenberg and Metternich, Paris, Aug. 29, 1815, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (66) Hardenberg to Metternich, Paris, Oct. 12, 1815. Above source. (67) Buol to Metternich, Frankfort, Dec. 5, 1815, State Archives, Vienna. (68) Barbier to Count Stadion, Paris, Nov. 10, 1815, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (69) Barbier to Count Stadion, Paris, Jan. 10, 1816, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (70) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Gontard to Barbier, Paris, Jan. 6, 1816, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (71) Baron Frimont to the vice-president of the treasury Count von Herberstein, Colmar, Apr. 29, 1816, State Archives, Vienna. (72) Thus three million francs on Jan. 31, 1816. Barbier to Stadion, Jan. 1, 1816, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (73) Herries, see former ref., p. 108. (74) Mr. Herries's memorandum to Lord Liverpool and Vansittart, July 12, 1816. Herries, former ref., p. 247. (75) Mr. Herries's memorandum to Lord Liverpool and Vansittart, July 12, 1816. Herries, former ref., pp. 86-87. (76) Count Stadion to Barbier, Mar. 2, 1816, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (77) Report of the finance minister Count Stadion of July 18, 1816, State Archives, Vienna. (78) Report of the finance minister, Count Stadion of July 30, 1816, State Archives, Vienna. (79) Advice of Baron von Lederer, Aug. 6, 1816, State Archives, Vienna. (80) Note by Count Zichy (known as "Zuputz" among his colleagues) on Baron von Lederer's advice, State Archives, Vienna. (81) Emperor Francis to Metternich, undated, State Archives,

Vienna. (82) Emperor Francis to Ugarte, Vienna, Sept. 25, 1816, Old Gratz Registry, Vienna. (83) Emperor Francis to Ugarte, Vienna, Oct. 21, 1816, Old Gratz Registry, Vienna. (84) Count Stadion to Count Ugarte, Vienna, Sept. 30, 1816, Old Gratz Registry, Vienna. (85) Design for the Rothschild coat-of-arms, Old Gratz Registry, Vienna. (86) Escutcheon Inspector von Holza. Most Obedient Report, Vienna, Jan. 28, 1817, Old Gratz Registry, Vienna. (87) James Rothschild to Barbier, July 2, 1817, from Paris, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (88) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons and J. Friedrich Gontard and Sons to Barbier, from Paris, July 8, 1817, Treasury Archives, Vienna. It is not my intention, and it is in any case impossible to give a full account of the money transactions of the House of Rothschild; I have given as examples those which helped it to attain its unique position. (89) Barbier to Stadion, July 9, 1817, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (90) Stadion to Barbier, Vienna, Aug. 3, 1817, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (91) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons and J. F. Gontard and Sons to Barbier, Paris, July 8, 1817, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (92) Ehrenberg, see former ref., p. 81. (93) Jordan to Buol, Berlin, Nov. 8, 1816, Prussian Secret State Archives. (94) Amschel Rothschild to Metternich, Frankfort, November, 1817, State Archives, Vienna. (95) Amschel Rothschild to Stadion, Frankfort, November, 1817, State Archives, Vienna. (96) Carl Rothschild to Count Zichy, Berlin, Nov. 5, 1817, State Archives, Vienna. (97) Count Zichy to Metternich, Berlin, Nov. 23, 1817, State Archives, Vienna.

CHAPTER IV

(1) Les hommes de mon temps, Ignotus (Paris, 1889), p. 289. (2) Amschel Meyer to Hardenberg, Frankfort, Jan. 16, 1818, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (3) King Frederick William III of Prussia to Prince Hardenberg, Berlin, Nov. 25, 1817, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (4) Hardenberg's notes on the above. (5) Simon Moritz von Bethmann und seine Vorfahren (Frankfort-on-theMain, 1898), p. 227. (6) Rother to King Frederick William III, Berlin, Mar. 9, 1830, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (7) Prince Hardenberg to Rother, Feb. 10, 1818, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (8) This report of Humboldt has often been printed, as in Ehrenberg, p. 86, and Balla, Die Rothschilds, p. 96. The Prussian loan of 1818 in England is dealt with only shortly here, as Ehrenberg's work, referred to above, deals with the matter exhaustively and admirably. (9) Rother to King Frederick William III, Berlin, Mar. 9, 1830, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (10) Ehrenberg, see former ref., p. 9. (11) Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen, 1815-1817, Vol. VI, p. 320. (12) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to the Elector of Hesse, Frankfort, July 10, 1818, Carlshausen Archives. (13) The Elector of Hesse to Buderus, Cassel, July 26, 1808, Carlshausen Archives. (14) Buderus

to the elector, Hanau, Aug. 4, 1818, Carlshausen Archives. (15) The elector to Buderus, Cassel, Aug. 12, 1818, Carlshausen Archives. (16) Buderus to the elector, Hanau, Aug. 15, 1818. Carlshausen Archives. (17) Concluding letter, dated Oct. 15, 1818, Carlshausen Archives. (18) The Elector of Hesse to Buderus, Feb. 6, 1819. Carlshausen Archives. (19) The Elector of Hesse to Carlshausen, Feb. 9, 1819, same source. (20) Meyer Amschel von Rothschild and Sons to Carlshausen, Frankfort, Mar. 10, 1819, Carlshausen Archives. (21) Tagebücher von Friedrich Gentz (Leipzig, 1874), Vol. I, pp. 365 and 430; Vol. II, pp. 27, 37, 39 and following. (22) Gentz, see above, Vol. II, p. 280. (23) Die Judenfrage auf dem Wiener Kongress, Baron (Vienna, 1920), pp. 191 and 192. (24) Meyer Amschel von Rothschild and Sons to Hardenberg, Frankfort, Sept. 11, 1818, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (25) Geschichte der Freien Stadt Frankfurt a. M., Schwemer (Frankfort, 1910), Vol. II, p. 138. (26) Gentz, see former ref., Vol. II, p. 277. (27) Gentz, Vol. II, p. 280. (28) Briefwechsel zwischen Friedrich Gentz und Adam Heinrich Müller, 1800-1829, Gentz (Stuttgart, 1857), p. 267. (29) Briefwechsel Gentz an Müller, as above, p. 267, Munich, Dec. 12, 1818. (30) Baron von Handel to Prince Metternich, Darmstadt, Dec. 12, 1818, State Archives, Vienna. (31) Will of Carl Frederick Buderus von Carlshausen, Hanau, Aug. 2, 1818, Carlshausen Archives. (32) Police report from Frankfort, dated June 19, 1819, Police Archives, Vienna. (33) A reference to the raising of the family to the nobility. (34) Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, Heinrich von Treitschke (Leigzig, 1897), Vol. III, p. 756. (35) A derisive cry dating from the medieval hatred of the Jews. The term appears to have been derived from the sound which a goat makes, having reference to the traditional appearance of the Jews, with their goatee beards. (36) Le Monnier, secretary of the legation, to the president of the police Count Sedlnitzky, Frankfort, Aug. 6, 1819, Police Archives, Vienna. (37) Himly to the Frankfort Senate, Aug. 11, 1819, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (38) Burgomasters Metzler and Usemer to Himly, Aug. 11, 1819, Prussian Secret State Archives, Berlin. (39) Extract from a letter from James Meyer von Rothschild to David Parish, in Carlsbad, Paris, Aug. 18, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (40) Baron von Handel to Metternich, Frankfort, Sept. 3, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (41) The Treasury to the Commercial Department, Sept. 16, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (42) Ritter von Stahl to Count Stadion, Vienna, Sept. 27, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (43) Count Stadion to Count Saurau, Vienna, Sept. 26, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (44) Count Saurau to Ritter von Stahl, Vienna, Sept. 29, 1819, State Archives, Vienna. (45) Police Report of Le Monnier, from Frankfort, Oct. 8, 1819, Police Archives, Vienna. (46) Barbier to Count Saurau, Paris, Oct. 8, 1819, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (47) Barbier to Stadion, Paris, Sept. 23, 1819, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (48) Meyer Amschel Rothschild and Sons to Count Stadion, Dec. 20, 1819, Treasury Archives, Vienna. (49) See "Kaiser Franz