harbor one principle of Federalism. He was neither an Angloman, a monarchist, nor a separatist. He sincerely wished the people to have as much self-government as they were competent to exercise themselves. The only point on which he and I ever differed in opinion was that I had more confidence than he had in the natural integrity and discretion of the people, and in the safety and extent to which they might trust themselves with a control over their government. He has expressed to me a thousand times his determination that the existing government should have a fair trial and that in support of it, he would spend the last drop of his blood. (To Mr. Melish, 1813. C. VI., 97.)

WHIGS AND TORIES.-The Hartford Convention, the victory of Orleans, the peace of Ghent, prostrated the name of Federalism. Its votaries abandoned it through shame and mortification; and now call themselves Republicans. But the name alone is changed, the principles are the same. For in truth the parties of Whig and Tory are those of nature. They exist in all countries, whether called by these names or by those of Aristocrats and Democrats, Coté Droite and Coté Gauche, Ultras and Radicals, Seroiles and Liberals. The sickly, weakly, timid man fears the people, and is a Tory by nature. The healthy, strong and bold cherishes them and is formed a Whig by nature. (To Marquis de LaFayette, 1823. C. VII., 324.)

WHISKY.-Considering it only as a fiscal measure, this was right. But the prostration of body and mind which the cheapness of this liquor is spreading through the mass of our citizens, now calls the attention of the legislator on a very different principle. One of his important duties is as guardian of those who from causes susceptible of precise definition, cannot take care of themselves. Such are infants, maniacs, gamblers, drunkards. The last as much as the maniac, requires restrictive measures to save him from the fatal infatuation under which he is destroying his health, his morals, his family, and his usefulness to society. One powerful obstacle to his ruinous selfindulgence would be a price beyond his competence. As a sanatory measure, therefore, it becomes one of duty in the pub

lic guardians. Yet I do not think it follows that imported spirits should be subjected to similar enhancement until they become as cheap as they are made at home. A tax on whisky is to discourage its consumption; a tax on foreign spirits encourages whisky by removing its rival from competition. The price and present duty throw foreign spirits already out of competition with whisky, and accordingly they are used but to a salutary extent. You see no persons besotting themselves with imported spirits, wines and liquors, cordials, etc. Whisky claims to itself alone the exclusive office of sot-making. Foreign spirits, wines, teas, coffee, sugars, salt, are articles of as innocent consumption as broadcloths and silks; and ought like them, to pay but the average ad valorem duty of other important comforts. (To Samuel Smith, 1823. C. VII., 285.)

WOMAN.-But our good ladies, I trust have been too wise to wrinkle their foreheads with politics. They are contented to soothe and calm the minds of their husbands returning ruffled from political debate. They have the good sense to value domestic happiness above all others, and the art to cultivate it above all others. There is no part of the earth where as much of this is enjoyed as in America. Recollect the women of this capital, some on foot, some on horses, and some in carriages hunting pleasure in the streets, in routs and assemblies, and forgetting what they have left behind them in their nurseries; compare them with our own countrywomen occupied in the tender and tranquil amusements of domestic life, and confess that it is a comparison of Americans and Angels. (To Mrs. William Bingham, written in Paris, 1788. F. V., 9.)

APOTHEGMS.

(The following pithy sentiments are found scattered through the writings of Jefferson in passages not otherwise significant and therefore not included in the main body of the Writings.)

I.

Conscience is the only clue that will eternally guide a man clear of all doubts and inconsistencies.

2.

Under difficulties I have ever found one and only one rule, to do what is right, and generally we shall disentangle ourselves almost without perceiving how it happened.

3.

To contribute by neighborly intercourse and attention to make others happy is the shortest and surest way of being happy ourselves.

4.

I have ever deemed it more honorable and profitable, too, to set a good example than to follow a bad one.

5.

I never consider a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend.

6.

Foreign relations are the province of the Federal Government; domestic regulations and institutions belong in every State to itself.

7.

Of all the duties imposed on the executive head of a government, appointment to office is the most difficult and most

irksome.

8.

In a government bottomed on the will of all, the life and liberty of every individual citizen becomes interesting to all.

9.

The government which can wield the arm of the people must be the strongest possible.

IO.

History in general only informs us what bad government is.

II.

Nothing can establish firmly the Republican principles of our government but an establishment of them in England.

12.

The duty of an upright administration is to pursue its course steadily, to know nothing of these family (party) dissensions and to cherish the good principles of both parties.

13.

Where an office is local we never go out of the limits for the officers.

14.

It will be forever seen that of bodies of men even elected by the people, there will always be a greater proportion aristocratic than among their constituents.

15.

A merchant is naturally a Republican [Democrat] and can be otherwise only from a vitiated state of things.

16.

The happiness of society depends so much on preventing party spirit from infecting the common intercourse of life that nothing should be spared to harmonize and amalgamate the parties in social circles.

17.

The Presidency is the only office in the world about which I