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would have sent two thousand claymoress to the Jacobite side. But that word he would not speak; and the consequence was, that the conduct of his followers was as irresolute and inconsistent as his own.

of Wilson,6 the fantastic peaks bathed, at sunrise and sunset, with light rich as that which glows on the canvass of Claude, suggested to our ancestors thoughts of murderous ambuscades and of bodies stripped, gashed, and aban

While they were waiting for some indica-doned to the birds of prey. The only path was tion of his wishes, they were called to arms at narrow and rugged: a horse could with diffionce by two leaders, either of whom might, culty be led up: two men could hardly walk with some show of reason, claim to be con- abreast; and, in some places, the way ran so sidered as the representative of the absent close by the precipice that the traveller had chief. Lord Murray, the Marquess's eldest son, great need of a steady eye and foot. Many who was married to a daughter of the Duke years later, the first Duke of Athol constructed of Hamilton, declared for King William. a road up which it was just possible to drag his Stewart of Ballenach, the Marquess's confiden- coach. But even that road was so steep anl so tial agent, declared for King James. The strait that a handful of resolute men might people knew not which summons to obey. He have defended it against an army; nor did whose authority would have been held in pro- any Saxons consider a visit to Killiecrankie found reverence, had plighted faith to both as a pleasure, till experience had taught the sides, and had then run away for fear of English Government that the weapons by which being under the necessity of joining either; the Celtic clans could be most effectually subnor was it very easy to say whether the place dued were the pickaxe and the spade. which he had left vacant belonged to his steward or to his heir apparent.

The country which lay just above this pass was now the theatre of a war such as the HighThe most important military post in Athol lands had not often witnessed. Men wearing was Blair Castle. The house which now bears the same tartan, and attached to the same lord, that name is not distinguished by any striking were arrayed against each other. The name of peculiarity from other country seats of the the absent chief was used, with some show of aristocracy. The old building was a lofty tower reason, on both sides. Ballenach, at the head of rude architecture which commanded a vale of a body of vassals who considered him as the watered by the Garry. The walls would have representative of the Marquess, occupied Blair offered very little resistance to a battering Castle. Murray, with twelve hundred followers, train, but were quite strong enough to keep the appeared before the walls and demanded to be herdsmen of the Grampians in awe. About admitted into the mansion of his family, the five miles south of this stronghold, the valley mansion which would one day be his own. The of the Garry contracts itself into the celebrated garrison refused to open the gates. Messages glen of Killiecrankie. At present a highway were sent off by the besiegers to Edinburgh, as smooth as any road in Middlesex ascends and by the besieged to Lochaber.9 In both gently from the low country to the summit of places the tidings produced great agitation. the defile. White villas peep from the birch Mackay and Dundee agreed in thinking that the forest; and, on a fine summer day, there is crisis required prompt and strenuous exertion. scarcely a turn of the pass at which may not On the fate of Blair Castle probably depended be seen some angler casting his fly on the foam the fate of all Athol. On the fate of Athol of the river, some artist sketching a pinnacle might depend the fate of Scotland. Mackay of rock, or some party of pleasure banqueting hastened northward, and ordered his troops to on the turf in the fretwork of shade and sun-assemble in the low country of Perthshire. Some shine. But, in the days of William the Third, Killiecrankie was mentioned with horror by the peaceful and industrious inhabitants of the Perthshire lowlands. It was deemed the most perilous of all those dark ravines through which the marauders of the hills were wont to sally forth. The sound, so musical to modern ears, of the river brawling round the mossy rocks and among the smooth pebbles, the masses of grey crag and verdure worthy of the pencil 4 A mountain system in Scotland.

5 An English county which then included a great part of the metropolis of London.

of them were quartered at such a distance that they did not arrive in time. He soon, however, had with him the three Scotch regiments which ad served in Holland, and which bore the names of their Colonels, Mackay himself, Balfour, and Ramsay. There was also a gallant regiment of infantry from England, then called Hastings's,

6 Richard Wilson, English landscape painter. 7 Claude Lorrain, French landscape painter.

8 An Englishman or Lowlander, as opposed to the Highlanders, who are Celts.

9 Mackay was at Edinburgh, Dundee in the district of Lochaber.

but now known as the thirteenth of the line. With these old troops were joined two regiments newly levied in the Lowlands. One of them was commanded by Lord Kenmore; the other, which had been raised on the Border, and which is still styled the King's Own Borderers, by Lord Leven. Two troops of horse, Lord Annandale's and Lord Belhaven 's, probably made up the army to the number of above three thousand men. Belhaven rode at the head of his troop: but Annandale, the most factious of all Montgomery's followers, preferred the Club and the Parliament House to the field.*

Dundee, meanwhile, had summoned all the clans which acknowledged his commission to assemble for an expedition into Athol. His exertions were strenuously seconded by Lochiel.10 The fiery crosses11 were sent again in all haste through Appin and Ardnamurchan, up Glenmore, and along Loch Leven. But the call was so unexpected, and the time allowed was so short, that the muster was not a very full one. The whole number of broadswords seems to have been under three thousand. With this force, such as it was, Dundee set forth. On his march he was joined by succours which had just arrived from Ulster. They consisted of little more than three hundred Irish foot, ill armed, ill clothed, and ill disciplined. Their commander an officer named Cannon, who had seen service in the Netherlands, and who might perhaps have acquitted himself well in a subordinate post and in a regular army, but who was altogether unequal to the part now assigned him. He had already loitered among the Hebrides so long that some ships which had been sent with him, and which were laden with stores, had been taken by English cruisers. He and his soldiers had with difficulty escaped the same fate. Incompetent as he was, he bore a commission which gave him military rank in Scotland next to Dundee.

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Castle, important events had taken place there. Murray's adherents soon began to waver in their fidelity to him. They had an old antipathy to Whigs; for they considered the name of Whig as synonymous with the name of Campbell. They saw arrayed against them a large number of their kinsmen, commanded by a gentleman who was supposed to possess the confidence of the Marquess. The besieging army therefore melted rapidly away. Many returned home on the plea that, as their neighbourhood was about to be the seat of war, they must place their families and eattle in security. Others more ingenuously declared that they would not fight in such a quarrel. One large body went to a brook, filled their bonnets with water, drank a health to King James, and then dispersed. Their zeal for King James, however did not induce them to join the standard of his general. They lurked among the rocks and thickets which overhang the Garry, in the hope that there would soon be a battle, and that, whatever might be the event, there would be fugitives and corpses to plunder.

Murray was in a strait. His force had dwindled to three or four hundred men: even in those men he could put little trust; and the Macdonalds and Camerons were advancing fast. He therefore raised the siege of Blair Castle, and retired with a few followers into the defile of Killiecrankie. There he was soon joined by a detachment of two hundred fusileers whom Mackay had sent forward to secure the pass. The main body of the Lowland army speedily followed.

Early in the morning of Saturday the twentyseventh of July, Dundee arrived at Blair Castle. There he learned that Mackay's troops were already in the ravine of Killiecrankie. It was necessary to come to a prompt decision. A council of war was held. The Saxon officers were generally against hazarding a battle. The The disappointment was severe. In truth Celtic chiefs were of a different opinion. GlenJames would have done better to withhold all garry12 and Lochiel were now both of a mind. assistance from the Highlanders than to mock" Fight, my Lord," said Lochiel with his usual them by sending them, instead of the well ap-energy; "fight immediately: fight, if you have pointed army which they had asked and expected, a rabble contemptible in numbers and appearance. It was now evident that whatever was done for his cause in Scotland must be done by Scottish hands.

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only one to three. Our men are in heart. Their only fear is that the enemy should escape. Give them their way; and be assured that they will either perish or gain a complete victory. But if you restrain them, if you force them to remain on the defensive, I answer for nothing. If we do not fight, we had better break up and retire to our mountains."'

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officers, "you hear the opinion of one who | troopers. The horses had been ill fed and ill understands Highland war better than any of tended among the Grampians, and looked miserus.'' No voice was raised on the other side. ably lean and feeble. Beyond them was Lochiel It was determined to fight; and the confed- with his Camerons. On the extreme left, the erated clans in high spirits set forward to en- men of Sky were marshalled by Macdonald of counter the enemy. Sleat. The enemy meanwhile had made his way up the pass. The ascent had been long and toil some: for even the foot had to climb by twos and threes; and the baggage horses, twelve hundred in number, could mount only one at a time. No wheeled carriage had ever been tugged up that arduous path. The head of the column had emerged and was on the table land while the rearguard was still in the plain below. At length the passage was effected; and the troops found themselves in a valley of no great extent. Their right was flanked by a rising ground, their left by the Garry. Wearied with the morning's work, they threw themselves on the grass to take some rest and refreshment.

In the Highlands, as in all countries where war has not become a science, men thought it the most important duty of a commander to set an example of personal courage and of bodily exertion. Lochiel was especially renowned for his physical prowess. His clansmen looked big with pride when they related how he had himself broken hostile ranks and hewn down tall warriors. He probably owed quite as much of his influence to these achievements as to the high qualities which, if fortune had placed him in the English Parliament or at the French court, would have made him one of the foremost men of his age. He had the sense however to perceive how erroneous was Early in the afternoon, they were roused by the notion which his country men had formed. an alarm that the Highlanders were approach- He knew that to give and to take blows was ing. Regiment after regiment started up and not the business of a general. He knew with got into order. In a little while the summit of how much difficulty Dundee had been able to an ascent which was about a musket shot before keep together, during a few days, an army comthem was covered with bonnets and plaids. posed of several clans; and he knew that what Dundee13 rode forward for the purpose of sur- Dundee had effected with difficulty Cannon veying the force with which he was to con- would not be able to effect at all. The life tend, and then drew up his own men with as on which so much depended must not be sacrimuch skill as their peculiar character permitted ficed to a barbarous prejudice. Lochiel therehim to exert. It was desirable to keep the fore adjured Dundee not to run into any unclans distinct. Each tribe, large or small, necessary danger. "Your Lordship's busiformed a column separated from the next col-ness," he said, "is to overlook everything, and umn by a wide interval. One of these bat- to issue your commands. Our business is to talions might contain seven hundred men, while another consisted of only a hundred and twenty. Lochiel had represented that it was impossible to mix men of different tribes without destroying all that constituted the peculiar strength of a Highland army.

execute those commands bravely and promptly." Dundee answered with calm magnanimity that there was much weight in what his friend Sir Ewan had urged, but that no general could effect anything great without possessing the confidence of his men. "I must establish my character for courage. Your people expect to see their leaders in the thickest of the battle; and to-day they shall see me there. I promise you, on my honour, that in future fights I will take more care of myself."

On the right, close to the Garry, were the Macleans. Nearest to them were Cannon and his Irish foot. Next stood the Macdonalds of Clanronald, commanded by the guardian of their young prince. On their left were other bands of Macdonalds. At the head of one Meanwhile a fire of musketry was kept up on large battalion towered the stately form of both sides, but more skillfully and more Glengarry, who bore in his hand the royal steadily by the regular soldiers than by the standard of King James the Seventh.14 Still mountaineers. The space between the armies further to the left were the cavalry, a small was one cloud of smoke. Not a few Highlandsquadron consisting of some Jacobite gentle-ers dropped; and the clans grew impatient. men who had fled from the Lowlands to the The sun however was low in the west before mountains and of about forty of Dundee's old

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Dundee gave the order to prepare for action.
His men raised a great shout. The enemy,
probably exhausted by the toil of the day,
returned a feeble and wavering cheer.
shall do it now," said Lochiel: "that is not

"We

the cry of men who are going to win." He had walked through all his ranks, had addressed a few words to every Cameron, and had taken from every Cameron a promise to conquer or die.

He could hardly understand how the conquerors could be so unwise as to allow him even that moment for deliberation. They might with ease have killed or taken all who were with him before the night closed in. But the energy of the Celtic warriors had spent itself in one furious rush and one short struggle. The pass was choked by the twelve hundred beasts of burden which carried the provisions and baggage of the vanquished army. Such a booty was irresistibly tempting to men who were impelled to war quite as much by the desire of rapine as by the desire of glory. It is probable that few even of the chiefs were disposed to leave so rich a prize for the sake of King James. Dundee himself might at that moment have been unable to persuade his followers to quit the heaps of spoil, and to complete the great work of the day; and Dundee

gether, and of the English regiment, which had poured a murderous fire into the Celtic ranks, and which still kept unbroken order. All the men that could be collected were only a few hundreds. The general made haste to lead It was past seven o'clock. Dundee gave the them across the Garry, and, having put that word. The Highlanders dropped their plaids. | river between them and the enemy, paused for The few who were so luxurious as to wear a moment to meditate on his situation. rude socks of untanned hide spurned them away. It was long remembered in Lochaber that Lochiel took off what probably was the only pair of shoes in his clan, and charged barefoot at the head of his men. The whole line advanced firing. The enemy returned the fire and did much execution. When only a small space was left between the armies, the Highlanders suddenly flung away their fire locks, drew their broadswords, and rushed forward with a fearful yell. The Lowlanders prepared to receive the shock: but this was then a long and awkward process; and the soldiers were still fumbling with the muzzles of their guns and the handles of their bayonets when the whole flood of Macleans, Macdonalds, and Camerons came down. In two minutes the battle was lost and won. The ranks of Balfour's regiment broke. He was cloven down while struggling in the press. Ramsey's men turned their backs and dropped their arms. Mackay's own foot were swept away by the furious onset of the Camerons. His brother and nephew exerted themselves in vain to rally the men. The former was laid dead on the ground by a stroke from a claymore. The lat ter, with eight wounds on his body, made his way through the tumult and carnage to his uncle's side. Even in that extremity Mackay retained all his self-possession. He had still one hope. A charge of horse might recover the day! for of horse the bravest Highlanders were supposed to stand in awe. But he called on the horse in vain. Belhaven indeed behaved like a gallant gentleman: but his troopers, appalled by the rout of the infantry, galloped off in disorder; Annandale's men followed: all was over; and the mingled torrent of redcoats and tartans went raving down the valley to the gorge of Killiecrankie.

Mackay, accompanied by one trusty servant, spurred bravely through the thickest of the claymores and targets, and reached a point from which he had a view of the field. His whole army had disappeared, with the exception of some Borderers whom Leven had kept to

was no more.

At the beginning of the action he had taken his place in front of his little band of cavalry. He bade them follow him. and rode forward. But it seemed to be deered that, on that day, the Lowland Scotch should in both armies appear to disadvantage. The horse hesitated. Dundee turned round, stood up in his stirrups, and, waving his hat, invited them to come on. As he lifted his arm, his cuirass rose, and exposed the lower part of his left side. A musket ball struck him: his horse sprang forward and plunged into a cloud of smoke and dust, which hid from both armies the fall of the victorious general. A person named Johnstone was near him and caught him as he sank down from the saddle. "How goes the day?" said Dundee. "Well for King James;" answered Johnstone: "but I am sorry for Your Lordship." "If it is well for him," answered the dying man, "it matters the less for me. never spoke again: but when, half an hour later, Lord Dunfermline and some other friends came to the spot, they thought that they could still discern some faint remains of life. The body wrapped in two plaids, was carried to the Castle of Blair.

He

JOHN HENRY, CARDINAL
NEWMAN (1801-1890)

SITE OF A UNIVERSITY†

them with due honours. Not content with patronizing their professors, he built the first of those noble porticos,§ of which we hear so much in Athens, and he formed the groves, which in process of time became the celebrated Academy. Planting is one of the most graceful, as in Athens it was one of the most beneficent, of employments. Cimon took in hand the wild wood, pruned and dressed it, and laid it out with handsome walks and welcome fountains. Nor, while hospitable to the authors of the city's civilization, was he ungrateful to the

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tended their cool, umbrageous branches over the merchants, who assembled in the Agora, for many generations.

If we would know what a University is, considered in its elementary idea, we must betake ourselves to the first and most celebrated home of European literature and source of European civilization, to the bright and beautiful Athens, -Athens, whose schools drew to her bosom, and then sent back again to the business of life the youth of the Western World for a long thousand years. Seated on the verge of the conti-instruments of her prosperity. His trees exnent, the city seemed hardly suited for the duties of a central metropolis of knowledge; yet, what it lost in convenience of approach, it gained in its neighbourhood to the traditions of the mysterious East, and in the loveliness of the region in which it lay. Hither, then, as to a sort of ideal land, where all archetypes of the great and the fair were found in substantial being, and all departments of truth explored, and all diversities of intellectual power exhibited, where taste and philosophy were majestically enthroned as in a royal court, where there was no sovereignty but that of mind, and no nobility but that of genius, where professors were rulers, and princes did homage, hither flocked continually from the very corners of the orbis terrarum, the manytongued generation, just rising, or just risen into manhood, in order to gain wisdom.

Those merchants certainly had deserved that act of bounty; for all the while their ships had been carrying forth the intellectual fame of Athens to the western world. Then commenced what may be called her University existence. Pericles, who succeeded Cimon both in the gov ernment and in the patronage of art, is said by Plutarch to have entertained the idea of mak

ing Athens the capital of federated Greece: in this he failed, but his encouragement of such men as Phidias and Anaxagoras led the way to her acquiring a far more lasting sovereignty over a far wider empire. Little understanding the sources of her own greatness, Athens would go to war; peace is the interest of a seat of commerce and the arts; but to war she Pisistratus had in an early age discovered went; yet to her, whether peace or war, it matand nursed the infant genius of his people, tered not. The political power of Athens waned and Cimon, after the Persian war,2 had given and disappeared; kingdoms rose and fell; cenit a home. That war had established the naval turies rolled away,-they did but bring fresh supremacy of Athens; she had become an im- triumphs to the city of the poet and the sage. perial state; and the Ionians,3 bound to her by There at length the swarthy Moor and Spanthe double chain of kindred and of subjection, iard were seen to meet the blue-eyed Gaul; and were importing into her both their merchan- the Cappadocian, late subject of Mithridates, dise and their civilization. The arts and phil-gazed without alarm at the haughty conquerosophy of the Asiatic coast were easily carried ing Roman.* across the sea, and there was Cimon, as I have said, with his ample fortune, ready to receive

1 the world

2 B. C. 500-449. Cimon, having signally defeated

the Persians in 466 B. C., made liberal use of his spoils in adorning Athens.

3 Greeks of Asia Minor.

From The Rise and Progress of Universities, originally published in 1854. Newman's large purpose, in this and his related works, of setting forth an ideal of University life and training, cannot be conveyed in an extract; but the present selection may afford some hint of it, besides exemplifying the author's imagination and rhetoric in their more gracious aspects.

A ruler of Athens in the sixth century B. C., who established the groves and gymnasium known as the Lyceum, and who is said to have commissioned a body of scholars to collect and write down the poems of Homer.

Revolution after revolution

passed over the face of Europe, as well as of Greece, but still she was there,-Athens, the city of mind,-as radiant, as splendid, as delicate, as young, as ever she had been.

Many a more fruitful coast or isle is washed

The Market, or Exchange.

5 Sculptor of the frieze of the Parthenon, etc. 6 A philosopher.

Porches, or independent covered walks, often built in magnificent style, and used as outdoor resorts for conversation, study, or pleasure. In the Academy, mentioned just below, Plato taught for nearly fifty years. *After the death of Mithridates, a powerful enemy of the Romans, Cappadocia passed into Roman control. The significance of the passage is that Athens was at the center of the great conflicts of races-of the South against the North, and the East against the West.

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