rect efforts to arouse and awaken the public to a clearer appreciation of the true character of this monstrous evil. If it is only by the full application of the Gospel that war can be abolished, surely it is the duty of the church to labor for its proper $200 application. 2 00 14 95 But, in view of the apathy that so generally prevails, we feel constrained to appeal directly to our Christian brethren, individually and collectively, earnestly entreating them to take this subject into prayerful consideration in all its bearings. Can 1 50 we believe that if the members of the Christian church everywhere were entirely to refrain from taking part in carnal war250 fare, that professedly Christian nations could any longer continue the custom? If we believe this, we must also believe that the responsibility for the continuance of war rests upon the church. Dear fellow professors, can you rest satisfied in continuing to bear the weight of this awful responsibility? 150 1 20 While statesmen and publicists are laboring to relieve suffering humanity from the blight of this dreadful curse, the church of Christ remains silent. Surely it is time for it to arise from its slumber and to proclaim its supremacy! Is not eighteen hundred years long enough for its white robes, which should be pure and spotless, to have been stained in blood? Must the 3 50 skirts of the visible church be longer polluted with the gore of the battlefield, and stained with the tears of the orphan and the 44 80 widow? While war, as has been said, seems to aim at setting up the kingdom of Satan in the earth, alas! the church remains to be its very bulwark. $167 11 INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY, ON BEHALF OF THE CAUSE It is well known to our Christian brethren that the Religious Society of Friends has ever believed that all war is entirely forbidden by the Gospel, and that, in accordance with that belief, its members have as a rule, refrained from taking any part in carnal warfare; and for refusing to comply with military requisitions, or to pay fines for thus refusing, many, in years past, have suffered distraint of goods to large amounts, and not a few have been imprisoned. Beside a passive testimony thus borne by members individually, the Society has, from time to time issued its public protest against this heathen and wicked custom. But while we have cause to feel thankful for the ameliora tion of military laws, whereby our members are now generally exempt from suffering, we are pained in knowing that war, with all its horrors, is yet allowed and practiced by all the Christian nations, and sanctioned by the larger portions of the Christian Church. As Christians, we all believe in the fulfillment of prophecy. Dr. Chalmers, more than fifty years ago, testified that "the mere existence of this prophecy of peace is a sentence of condemnation upon war, and stamps a criminality on its very forehead. So soon as Christianity shall gain a full ascendency in the world, from that moment war is to disappear." Surely it is time to wipe out this reproach against Him, at whose coming into the world, peace on earth and good will to men was proclaimed, and engage in this holy warfare against the supremacy of Satan's kingdom. Therefore, in behalf of suffering humanity, and in behalf of the cause of the blessed Prince of Peace, whose mission on earth is not fulfilled while wars continue-in true Christian love, we again entreat you to give this subject the consideration it justly merits. On behalf and by direction of the Peace Association of Friends in America. ROBERT L. MURRAY, President, New York. DANIEL HILL, Secretary, New Vienna, Ohio. MURRAY SHIPLEY, Treasurer, Cincinnati, Ohio. New Vienna, Ohio, First mo. 1, 1874. John Hemmenway.-A most remarkable book of one of the THE APOSTLE OF PEACE.-Memoir of William Ladd.-By greatest and best men that ever lived, well spiced with anecdotes, will be read with lively interest by the old and the young, and should be in every family and Sunday school in the land. This contains about 300 pages, with a fine likeness of Mr. Ladd. Substantially bound in muslin, $1.00. Will be sent by mail, Address Rev. H. C. postage paid, on reception of the price. Dunham, No. 1 Somerset St., Boston. NOT SO IN THE BEGINNING.-War, like other civil customs, Believing that it is only by a full and proper application of is a custom of men- -by men begun, carried on and ended; by the Gospel in the affairs of nations, as well as individuals, that men it can be changed or abolished, as other evil customs have the prophecies in regard to war will be fulfilled; and believ-been. Therefore, while the Church is condemning all other ing, as a branch of the church which has so long seen the true evil customs, is it not time to condemn this also? The early character of this heathen abomination, that we were not doing Christians living nearest to the time of Christ and the apostles. all that we should do toward enlightening our brethren on this believed that war was entirely forbidden by the gospel, and durimportant subject, most of the Yearly Meetings of Friends ing the first two centuries not a Christian soldier was known, have united in the organization of "The Peace Association of Were they right, or were they wrong? It is well known that Friends in America," to which is delegated this important the religious Society of Friends, at its rise more than two hunwork, with instructions to labor expressly on their behalf in the dred years ago, adopted the same belief and practice, and its more general promotion of the cause of peace. members have uniformly refrained from taking part in carnal warfare. If the early Christians were right, are not the Friends right in their belief and practices? And if they are right, are other branches of the Church right in their support of war? These are questions of serious import. The Association, in the fulfillment of its trust, has thus far mostly confined its labors to the printing and circulation of books and tracts, and the publication of a monthly paper called the Messenger of Peace. During the few years of its existence, millions of pages have been distributed far and wide, and many acknowledgments have been received of the convincing effects of the truth therein inculcated. The attitude of millions in the prime of manhood, now kept constantly armed and equipped for mutual slaughter by the nations of Europe, and the sudden uprising of the war spirit in our midst, convince us of the necessity of further and more di Be assured that humility is the sweetest and fairest flower that groweth in the mind; that it perfumes the owner with the most attractive sweets, that it shows in the fairest point of view every virtue which adorns and dignifies human nature, and shades every imperfection which tarnishes and disgraces it. Address American Peace Society, Boston, sent by mail 25 for 15 cents, 100 for 50 cents, 250 for $1.00, 1000 for $3.00. Use them. We present above a specimen of a new pictorial envelope, which we are sure will be regarded as one of the most beautiful and expressive things of the kind. The Society has now four kinds of envelopes, three pictorial, and one other containing brief paragraphs in relation to war and the object of Peace Societies. They are not only envelthe Cause perhaps a hundred or a thousand miles away. The opes, but peace tracts in miniature, and their use will promote price of these envelopes has been reduced to 15 cents a package, 50 cents a hundred, $1.00 for two hundred and fifty, and $3.00 per thousand. Being so cheap, and what almost every one has to purchase somewhere, we are selling thousands every week, and those who buy them are sending these messages of Peace all over the Continent. THE MESSENGER OF PEACE is published monthly by the Secretary of the "Peace Association of Friends in America." It is filled with facts and arguments to prove that war is unchristian, inhuman and unnecessary. That if men and women of intelligence were as anxious to find a remedy as they are to find an apology for war, this self-imposed scourge of our race would soon be banished from the civilized world. It advocates the brotherhood of mankind, and that we cannot injure another without injuring ourselves. Terms, 50 cents per annum, in advance, or 5 copies sent to one address for $2. Free to ministers of the Gospel of all denominations who will read it and recommend it to their congregations. Also, a well-selected stock of peace publications, both for adults and children. Address, DANIEL HILL, New Vienna, Clinton County, Ohio. THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. 62011 ON EARTH PEACE, . NATION SHALL NOT LIFT UP SWORD AGAINST NATION, NEITHER SHALL THEY LEARN WAR ANY more. ... THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. The Feasibility of an International Code.. Views of War in Olden Time.... 91 Sojourner Truth Robert Lindley Murray.. Dymond on War.. New Publications.. Membership A Speck of War.... Words of Cheer. 91 International Meeting.. 2 A Book for the Million!!. Commendation of the Peace Cause by Promi Von Moltke's Opinion of War 91 Solomon Sloop..... 92 The Battle of Blenheim.. 4 Receipts for October, 1874.. 3 An Appeal to Christians 3 Address of Hon. Israel Washburn Charles Sumner on Peace and War.. 3 The Three Allied Powers. 95 A Question For You 4 The Apostle of Peace...... 3 Editorial Contributors. By a new postage law which goes into effect the first of This remarkable January, 1875, we are obliged to prepay the postage on our the reading public. papers, the Advocate and the Angel. This imposes upon us a very considerable tax, and one which we cannot well afford to pay at the low rate at which our papers, and especially the Angel, are furnished. But we are unwilling now to change for a new grant of several hundred copies of this most excellent our terms, hoping our readers, in view of the fact above stated, Peace Document. We call the special attention of ministers to will promptly pay their subscriptions, will exert themselves to the fact that it will be sent to them free, whenever they remit increase the circulation of the papers, and will be disposed to six cents postage. It is a book of 124 octavo pages. Its retail increase their donations to the Society, thus rendering it unnecprice 50 cents. Address all your orders to Rev. H. C. Dunessary to change our terms. ham, No. 1 Somerset St., Boston. A BOOK FOR THE MILLION !! The Life and Times of Charles Sumner, his boyhood, education and public career, by Elias Nason. Three hundred and sixty pages, substantially bound, with a capital likeness and finely illustrated. Mr. Nason, evidently con amore, has wrought out with a vivid hand the facts in the life and times of the great statesman and advocate of peace, allowing him to speak for himself by giving the reader many passages of the masterly speeches which electrified and purified the nation. This book which will repay many times reading, ought to go into every library and family in the land, especially into the hands of every young man and student as an inspiration to pure and lofty aims; for Charles Sumner "being dead yet speaketh" to his countrymen and the world of justice and peace. Price only $1.50 and will be sent, postage paid, for price, by addressing Rev. H. C. Dunham, No. 1 Somerset St., Boston. NOTICE. Any of our friends having the Advocate of Peace for March or MEMBERSHIP. The payment of any sum between $2.00 and $20.00 constitutes a person a member of the American Peace Society for one year, $20.00 a life member, $50.00 a life director, and $100.00 an honorary member. The Advocate of Peace is sent free to annual members for one year, and to life members and directors during life. If one is not able to give the full amount of a membership, or directorship at once, he can apply whatever he does give on it, with the understanding that the remainder is to be paid at one or more times in the future. The Advocate is sent gratuitously to the reading rooms of Colleges and Theological Seminaries-to Young Men's Christian Associations-to every pastor who preaches on the Cause of Peace and takes a collection for it. Also, to prominent individuals, both ministers and laymen, with the hope that they will become subscribers or donors, and induce others to become such. To subscribers it is sent until a request to discontinue is received with the payment of all arrearages. Commendation of the Peace Cause by Prominent Men. OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY. "The cause of Peace we regard as an eminently philanthropic and Christian enterprise of great importance, and worthy of sympathy and support. It has already accomplished much. good, and would doubtless accomplish vastly more, if it possessed adequate means. We think it deserves, as it certainly needs, a large increase of funds. The American Peace Society, charged with the care of this cause in our own country, and whose management has deservedly secured very general approbation, we cordially commend to the liberal patronage of the benevolent." A. P. Peabody, D. D. LL. D., Cambridge, Mass. A. A. Miner, D. D., Pres't Tufts' College, Boston, Mass Hon. Wm. A. Buckingham, Ex-Gov. of Conn Luke Hitchcock, D. D., Cincinnati, Ohio. Leonard Bacon, D. D., New Haven, Conn. Rev. John H. Aughey, St. Louis, Mo. Stephen H. Tyng, D. D., New York. Howard Malcom, D. D., LL. D., Philadelphia. Bishop Thomas A. Morris, Springfield, Ohio. Rev. T. D. Woolsey, D. D., LL. D., Ex-President Yale College. E. O. Haven, D. D., Evanston, Ill. Hon. David Turner, Crown Point, Ind. J. M. Gregory, LL. D., Champaign, I. R. M. Hatfield, D. D., Chicago, Ill. Hon. Wm. R. Marshall, Ex-Gov. of Minn. Hon. James Harlan, U. S. Senator, Iowa. Rev. P. Akers, D. D., Jacksonville, Ill. Rev. Noah Porter, D. D., LL. D., Pres. Yale College. Rev. Prof. Samuel Harriss, D. D., LL. D., Yale Theo. Seminary. Mark Hopkins, D. D., LL. D., Williams College. Emory Washburn, LL. D., Cambridge, Mass. Hon. Reverdy Johnson, Baltimore, Md. David Dudley Field, LL. D., New York. Hon. Gerritt Smith, Peterboro', New York. Hon. Peter Cooper, New York. George H. Stuart, Esq., Philadelphia. Hon. F. R. Brunot, Chairman Indian Commission, Pittsburg, Pa. Hon. Elihu Burritt, New Britain, Ct. Hon. Edward S. Tobey, Boston, Mass. Amasa Walker, LL. D., No. Brookfield, Mass. George F. Gregory, Mayor of Fredericton, N. B. Hon. Wm. E. Dodge, New York Hon. G. Washington Warren, Pres. Bunker Hill Mt. As'uon. Hon. John J. Fraser, Provincial Secretary, N. B. C. H. B. Fisher, Esq., Fredericton, N. B. T. H. Rand, Chief Superintendent Education, N. B. A. F. Randolf, Esq., Fredericton, N. B. J. B. Morrow, Esq., Halifax, N. S John S. Maclean, Esq., Halifax, N. S. D. Henry Starr, Esq., Halifax, N. S. M. H. Richey, Ex-Mayor, Halifax, N. S. Geo. H. Starr, Esq., Halifax, N. S. Jay Cooke, Esq., Philadelphia. John G. Whittier, Amesbury, Mass. Hon. Charles T. Russell, Cambridge, Mass. Joseph A. Dugdale, Iowa. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Brooklyn, N. Y. GOVERNORS. SIDNEY PERHAM, Governor of Maine. . C. C. CARPENTER, Governor of lowa HONORARY PRESIDENT. HOWARD MALCOM, D.D. LL.D., Philadelphia. PRESIDENT. HON. EDWARD S. TOBEY, Boston. VICE-PRESIDENTS. HON. ALEXANDER H. RICE, Boston. ANDREW P. PEABODY, D.D., LL.D., Cambridge, Mass. JOHN G. WHITTER, A. M. Amesbury, Mass. D. C. SCOFIELD, ESQ, Elgin, Ill. MYRON PHELPS, Esq., Lewiston, Ill. Gov. CONRAD BAKER, Indianapolis, Ind. BISHOP THOMAS A. MORRIS, Springfield, Ohio. R. P. STEBBINS, D.D., Ithaca, N. Y. HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP, Brookline, Mass. HON. FELIX R. BRUNOT, Pittsburg, Pa. HON. REVERDY JOHNSON, Baltimore, Md. THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, D.D., LL.D., New Haven, Conn HON. EMORY WASHBURN, Cambridge, Mass. HON. WM. CLAFLIN, Boston, Mass. REV. MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D., Williams College. REV. W. A. STEARNS, D.D., LL.D., Amherst College. REV. DORUS CLARKE, D. D., Boston. HON. WM. E. DODGE, New York. GEORGE H. STUART, ESQ., Philadelphia. HON. JACOB SLEEPER, Boston. REV. E. E. HALE, Boston. WILLIAM H. BALDWIN, ESQ., Boston. HON. HENRY L. PIERCE, Boston. SAMUEL RODMAN, New Bedford, Mass. THOMAS GAFFIELD, ESQ, Boston, Mass. JUDGE MAY, Lewiston, Me. REV. SIDI H. BROWNE, Columbia, South Carolina. WM. G. HUBBARD, Delaware, Ohio. ABEL STEVENS, LL.D., Brooklyn, N. Y. REV. PHILLIPS BROOKS, Boston, Mass. REV. G. N. BOARDMAN, D. D., Chicago, Ill. HIRAM HADLEY, Esq., Chicago, Ill. T. B. COOLEDGE, ESQ,, Lawrence, Mass. JAY COOKE, Esq., Phila., Pa, SAMUEL WILLETTS, ESQ., N. Y. HON. EDWARD LAWRENCE, Charlestown, Mass. HON. C. W. GODDARD, Portland, Me. ALPHEUS HARDY, ESQ., Boston. DANIFL PALMER, ESQ., Charlestown, Mass. A. S. MORSE, Esq., Charlestown, Mass. REV. B. K. PIERCE, D. D., Boston. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. H. H. LEAVITT, ESQ., Boston. HON. G. WASHINGTON WARREN, Boston. HON. C. T. RUSSELL, Cambridge. S. D. WARREN, Esq, Boston. REV. DORUS CLARKE, D. D., Boston. JOHN W. FIELD, ESQ., Boston. REV. JOHN W. OLMSTEAD, D. D., Boston. REV. S. E HERRICK, Boston. REV. J. B. MILES, D. D., Cor. Sec., and Asst. Treasurer REV. H. C. DUNHAM, Recording Secretary. REV. DAVID PATTEN, D. D. Treasurer. ON EARTH PEACE. . . . NATION SHALL NOT LIFT UP SWORD AGAINST NATION, NEITHER SHALL THEY LEARN WAR ANY MORE. NEW SERIES. BOSTON, DECEMBER, 1874. VOL. V. No. 12. THE FEASIBILITY OF AN INTERNATIONAL the long and bloody wars which have desolated some of the fairest regions of the earth. CODE. BY PROF. EMORY WASHBURN. The following article is a part of the very able paper of Judge Washburn, which was read at the Geneva Conference. The paper was received with great favor, and we need not ask for it an attentive reading. A Congress of wise and eminent jurists, publicists and civilians from different nationalities, at a central point in Europe, is an event which calls for something more than a passing remark. And when we are reminded of the purposes for which they come together, as well as the character of the men who compose it, its importance can hardly be exaggerated. The central idea of this august assembly is nothing less than the fellowship of nations under the dominion of law, in the bonds of peace. The vastness of the field embraced in such a scheme, if taken in connection with the fact that this Congress comes together without the pretence of any delegated authority from the States it represents, and the magnitude of the cause in which it is engaged, suggest a grave inquiry, in which many will be disposed to indulge, how far the undertaking is a feasible one, and how much of the confidence of its friends is to be ascribed to the zeal of an ill-regulated enthusiasm ? The leading purpose for which this Congress is convened, as understood by its friends, is to devise some plan by which a Code of International Law may be presented to the world, by which the intercourse and relations of nations with each other, may be regulated in peace as well as in war. The very proposition carries upon its face what, to most minds, must, at first thought, imply little else than a political solecism-sovereignty and independence subservient to and dependent upon the will and command of a superior. The first idea of a nation is a body politic, distinct from and independent of all other like bodies, except the incidental restraints of fear or notions of policy which may arise from some superiority of power or advantages of situation which one more favored than another may chance to possess. Law, in the next place, implies a right to command on the part of the law-giver, and a corresponding duty to obey on the part of them to whom it is given. And, even, if the existence of such a power is assumed, when referred to nations, it must be universal in its application in order to be efficient, in the same manner as the law of a State embraces within its scope the entire body of its citizens. It must, moreover, in order to its being effectively administered, be confided to some adequate tribunal to judge of its interpretation, and empowered to apply to it the sanction of its possible enforcement. In none of these particulars, however, has any nation, in modern times, yielded a jot of its sovereignty or independence. Is the scheme feasible, or is it the dream of some wild reformer? Be this as it may, there is enough in the very conception of such a possibility, to awaken vigorous thought in the mind of every man who wishes well for the race. It brings in its train, if feasible, the no far distant fulfilment of the promise, that the absurdities and atrocities of war shall give place to the amenities of peace, throughout the whole earth. In treating of this subject, the question naturally arises, what is meant by the word "Law" as applied to the intercourse and transactions of nations? And by whom is it to be made and enforced? It will be found, it is believed, that there is far less difference between the law here spoken of, and that by which the citizens of a single State are governed, than might, at first, be supposed. The main difference between a nation and the individuals of which it is composed is that in one men act collectively, in the other they act upon one another as integers only. But with both the same motives, instincts and passions are brought into play, though exhibited upon a different stage of action. The individual seeks wealth, and strives for social influence and personal aggrandizement; but experience, as well as his own good sense, soon shows him the folly of disregarding the rights and interests of others, while pursuing his own ends, even those of his interiors, upon the grounds of policy, if he is governed by no higher motive. Nor is it difficult to see how such habits of self-restraint and of respect for the rights of others, may in time become fixed and grow into the force of law, giving not only character to the forms and obligations of trade and business, but shape and sanctity to the relations of social life. These become, indeed, to individuals a law, through the prevailing sentiment of what is right and proper without the need of any formal legislation, The same, in no small degree, is true of nations in their intercourse with each other. Experience comes in, in aid of the promptings of a general consciousness of right, in teaching the wisdom of mutual courtesy and forbearance in the infliction of wrong and injury, of respecting the rights, even of inferiors, and upholding the oppressed against the power of the wrong doer. And what may, at first, be deemed measures of policy, become, in this way, a prevailing habit of thought, till it assumes, in their interchange of offices with each other, the functions of a law. In other words, there is in the policy of States, whether in their domestic or outlying economy, not a little of what answers to law, which is the growth and fruit of circumstances, independent of any formal enactment. It is, indeed, a rule of action, and imposed by a superior, but it is often the force of moral power alone, where a common consciousness makes itself felt with a force and energy stronger, even, than a fear of disobeying the will of a master. The inference to be drawn, by the way of corollary, from these familiar propositions is, that the same course of policy and the same axioms of prudence and wisdom may be predicated of And yet, it is gravely proposed that a body of citizens com- international law, as a system, which have been found true of ing together of their own accord, not even speaking a common any other system of unwritten law, and that whatever may language, with no other commission than the stamp of intelli- have been feasible of the Roman or the English common law, gent manhood which each may have received from nature and is alike practicable in respect to that of nations. Their history education, should take upon themselves to devise a feasible has been all but identical. They have alike kept pace with the plan, whereby a Code of Law should be, not only framed, but progress of civilization and have adapted themselves alike to the adopted; by which the nations of the earth are hereafter to sub-changing condition of society. Everybody knows what amount mit to be governed. And in so doing, these nations are to be called upon to surrender, without a struggle, that attribute of sovereignty, to maintain which millions have been sacrificed in of learning and sagacity were put in requisition in codifying the discordant elements of which the laws of Rome and France were composed, and, to apply the same processes to the law of |