PRIVATE SCHOOLS, ADVANCED COURSES, AND THE BOARD.

To the Editor of The Journal of Education.

SIR, With the main contention of the article in your last issue on "The State and Private Schools " I fully agree, and would even go farther than you. I desire, as Matthew Arnold desired half a century ago, a census of all schools, public and private. Whether conducted directly by the State or by Local Authorities is a minor matter, as is also the date at which the census should be completed. France has already such a census. The Board of Education has made a beginning-so small that it seems to you a negligible quantity, but I think you cannot be aware of what it has done in the past. Since 1907 any private secondary school which was prima facie not ineligible for recognition as efficient could obtain inspection for that purpose gratis, and the number that have been thus inspected far exceeds the number recognized. By the Fisher Bill this privilege is extended to schools and institutions of all types and grades, and, whether it passes or not, the Board is using its best endeavours to encourage private schools to apply.

In your "Occasional Note" on "The New Regulations" it seems to me that the writer has interpreted too literally the standard set for Advanced Subjects. Doubtless, after the conferences between the Board and the Modern Language, the English, and other Associations, to be held this autumn, the definition of courses will be amended and made more clear, but I am credibly informed that already proposed courses have been accepted by the score, and at least as many more are under consideration. I hold no brief for the Board, and only desire to enforce on my fellow-teachers Matthew Arnold's injunction, "Coge ingredi."-Yours, &c., MAGISTER.

UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS.

University Commission.

WALES.

The second Report of the University Commission contains the evidence given between November 1916 and 1917. The Commission examined seventy-two witnesses, who dealt with many aspects of University work in Wales. Evidence was presented by several Local Education Authorities, the Appointments Board for Wales, the National Museum, and the National Library, and educational associations were represented by the Assistant Masters' Association, the National Union of Teachers, and the Assistant Lecturers' Association. The South Wales Business Committee on Scientific Research and Technology, the British Science Guild, and several similar organizations also appeared before the Commission, so that this volume contains a great mass of most interesting information, though it is not always easy to understand how far it is relevant to the special inquiry in which the Commission is engaged.

The proposals of the Business Committee on Scientific Research and Technology, which were very ably explained by the witnesses, are of a very revolutionary character and advocate, in fact, the complete severance of all the advanced work in science and technology from the control of the University. It is suggested that all work of this standard should be co-ordinated under one scheme and be under the supervision of one body, independent of the University. The financial resources at the disposal of the Committee are so great that they can practically compel the colleges to submit to their scheme, supported as it is by the majority of the wealthy magnates of South Wales. But to relieve the University of all responsibility for the teaching of science seems a doubtful policy, for it is surely the true function of a University to exercise supreme control over the teaching of science, no less than of all other subjects. The Commission has a difficult problem to solve in this proposal.

The case for the College, to which we have already referred, was well set out by the local witnesses, though Swansea Technical on two or three points there was no unanimity College. of opinion. One of the objections to the scheme as originally outlined is that no provision was contemplated for the teaching of Arts subjects in the College, and the Commission seemed to be doubtful whether they would be justified in recommending recognition of the College as a University centre until this omission was partially rectified. But so far the financial aid which has been promised is not nearly enough to enable the authorities to establish departments in Arts, as the sum of £60,000 or £70,000 which will probably be raised is barely sufficient even to organize satisfactorily the departments in Science and Technology, on which the College proposes to lay special stress. One of the witnesses suggests as a way out of the difficulty that one literary course should be compulsory on all students graduating in science. The final report of the Commission will probably be issued before the close of the year.

Mr. Fisher's Tour.

Mr. Fisher's speeches during his educational tour were read with great interest by Welsh educationists, and his reception at the five centres which he visited was cordial, and even enthusiastic. He delivered addresses at Bangor and Carnarvon in the north, Aberystwyth in mid-Wales, and at Swansea and Cardiff in the south, and he must have been impressed by the evidence which was submitted to him as to the great progress which has been made in recent years in educational matters. As far as we can see, Wales is whole-heartedly in favour of the principles of the Education Bill, and nowhere were they approved of more unreservedly than in the different Chambers of Commerce and similar organizations of business men which he addressed. His references to secondary education were few, though they were generous and complimentary to the efforts which Wales has made during the last quarter of a century. Wherever he went he was confronted with tangible proofs that, as far as our limited resources allowed, great progress had been made in University and secondary education. New University buildings had been erected at Bangor and Cardiff, then there are the fine new premises of the National Library at Aberystwyth, of the Welsh National Museum, and of the Welsh National Medical School at Cardiff.

Mr. Fisher's speeches dealt chiefly with the policy of his Bill, and were therefore of general interest; but in his speech at Bangor he made some reference to the movement for establishing a Welsh National Council, and it is this speech, therefore, which has probably attacted most attention in Wales. Mr. Fisher is evidently

not prepared to meet all the demands of the promoters of the scheme, though he expressed his opinion that a large measure of autonomy was desirable and practicable. The " provincial areas" might well be expanded in time so as to become practically autonomous, and he advised Wales for the present to be content with this measure of local government, leaving developments to the future. For, in the first place, the reorganized University will have a right to be regarded as a strong educational influence in the country, and it will not be possible to neglect it in any general scheme of local control. Secondly, he deprecates the separation of Wales from England, especially at this juncture, when all kinds of educational experiments are being tried, and he would regard it as a loss to Wales if it were to lose the expert advice of the Board of Education. It is therefore, in his opinion, very desirable that there should be a pooling of experiences. This is no doubt a very serious objection to the proposed National Council, for there are many influential and practical educationists in Wales who do not consider that the advantages of local control outweigh the disadvantages of a complete severance from England. To many it is a fatal objection to the whole scheme, and it must be faced squarely by its promoters if they are to secure general support. The third point which Mr. Fisher emphasized was that the particular aspects of our educational life-Welsh literature and musicwould not necessarily flourish more vigorously under local committees. It will therefore be seen from this brief summary that the Welsh authorities need to keep all their persuasive and argumentative powers in good trim if they are to secure all their demands. The outlook for them is not altogether hopeful after this address.

Cardiff College.

The Education Committee at Llanelly has decided to take steps towards the establishment of a technical college Llanelly Technical College. at this busy industrial centre. The Mayor is of opinion that no difficulty will be met in raising sufficient capital to equip a thoroughly efficient technological institute. Llanelly is one of the greatest centres of the tinplate and allied industries, and it is therefore hoped that the advantages of such a college will be realized by both masters and workmen. If such a college is established it will react unfavourably on the proposed Swansea College, and it is therefore very desirable that the two Authorities should come to some agreement as soon as possible. In the annual report of the College it is stated that 565 students have joined the Forces and the staffs have provided another 42. In a section of the report, which is exceedingly interesting, we have a fairly full account of the projects which the College have submitted before the Royal Commission for their approval. They are very comprehensive in character and comprise plans for the recognition or affiliation of post-secondary institutions with the College, the formation of a scheme for the co-ordination of scientific and technological studies in South Wales and Monmouthshire, and the addition of schools of commerce, law, architecture, &c., to the present departments. To meet the new requirements, it is anticipated that an additional annual expenditure of £20,000 will be necessary. This is a large sum, but it is hoped that Local Education Authorities will be prepared to meet it partly by levying a penny rate and that the remainder will be provided from the Exchequer and public benefactions. The Council is hopeful that these plans, as well as others, including the remodelling of the scientific laboratories, will be carried into effect in the near future, so that the College may become a real boon to the community and a great force in the educational life of the country.

English teachers in that country, but the Russian authorities rightly insisted that these teachers must know Russian and be University graduates, as were all the native professors in secondary schools.

The University Court has provisionally entered dissent to the new Arts Ordinance of St. Andrews University, on the ground that it entitles St. Andrews University to revoke a sub-section of the existing Ordinance for the Arts degree, which requires every candidate to satisfy the examiners in at least five subjects, and that this minimum requirement ought to be a matter of common agreement between the four Universities. It is not at all likely that St. Andrews will revoke the sub-section, and there will probably be no difficulty in adjusting the Ordinance. The Court also gave notice of dissent to the Edinburgh University Ordinance for the institution of a degree in Commerce. There is a general feeling that the Universities should confer with one another in order that they may act on common lines in connexion with the institution of these degrees.

In response to an application by the University Court, the Secretary for Scotland has issued an Order extending for one year the term of office of the Rector of the University, M. Raymond Poincaré, President of the French Republic, who was appointed in 1914. M. Poincaré has written to Principal Sir Donald MacAlister, expressing his gratification that his Rectorship has been prolonged and hoping that, before the end of the supplementary period, he may be able to visit Glasgow and to celebrate, with his colleagues of the University, the definitive victory of the allied nations.

The late Mr. D. M. Scott, Bearsden, has bequeathed £600 to the University, to be applied at the discretion of the University Court.

The Senate has resolved to confer the honorary degree of LL.D. on Mr. Walter H. Page, the American AmbassaEdinburgh. dor, on the occasion of his visit to Edinburgh. Sir Robert W. Philip has been appointed to the new Chair of Tuberculosis in the University. The new Professor founded in 1887 the first tuberculosis dispensary. He is senior Lecturer and Examiner in Clinical Medicine at the University, and he is well known as an author in various departments of medicine, especially in relation to the etiology and the treatment of tuberculosis. The University has in contemplation the institution of a third Chair in Chemistry (Technical Chemistry), a Chair in French and a Chair in German, and Lectureships in Spanish and Italian. The Union between the Educational Institute, the Secondary Education Association, and the Class Teachers' Educational Federation was formally inaugurated at the annual Institute. meeting of the Institute at Edinburgh. Addresses were given by the Secretary for Scotland, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and Sir Alfred Ewing (Principal of the University). Mr. John Strong, Rector of the Royal High School, Edinburgh, was elected President. Last year 1,429 new members were admitted, and the effective membership is now about 14,500. The total amount contributed to the Scottish Teachers' Fund for war relief is £46,808. In connexion with the special fund for disabled teachers and dependents, a sum of £22,000 has been invested, and a considerable number of grants has already been made.

IRELAND.

Owing to the appointment of Mr. Arthur Samuels, K.C., to the office of Solicitor-General for Ireland, a writ for the election of a member for Dublin University was issued at the beginning of the month, and on October 5 the election took place. No other candidate having been nominated, Mr. Samuels resumes his seat as member. In proposing the election, the Primate, Dr. Bernard, after referring to the valuable work already done by Mr. Samuels as representative of the University, spoke of the Convention which had been holding its sittings throughout the past few months in Trinity College. No happier family, he said, had ever met in that building than those who had been meeting there to take thought for the future of Ireland. The Convention had drawn together men of various classes, creeds, and politics in a way which those who met there could never forget and had blotted out a great deal of the bitterness that existed in the past.

A meeting of the National University was held on October 1 for the purpose of conferring medical degrees, Dr. Coffey, the Pro-Vice-Chancellor, presiding.

The Belfast Corporation Library and Technical Instruction Committee have made arrangements with the authorities of London University by which students attending classes at the Municipal Technical Institute will be able to sit not only for the matriculation, but also for the intermediate and degree examinations in arts

and science of the University in Belfast, without the expense of a journey to London.

A report of the Intermediate Education Board, lately issued, shows that of the £40,000 grant received during the year ending March 31 last, £39,614 odd was distributed to the schools, the balance being allotted to administrative expenses. The total number of Intermediate schools furnishing returns was 350, with an aggregate of 19,124 pupils; of these, 229 schools, with 13,204 pupils, were under Roman Catholic management; and 121 schools, with 5,920 pupils, under non-Roman Catholic management. the former class the number of duly qualified lay teachers was 164; in the latter, 295.

In

The manner of the distribution of the grant still causes dissatisfaction to the class for whose benefit it is ostensibly intended. A meeting of the Carlow Branch of the Association of Secondary Teachers, held on October 4, passed strong resolutions condemning the system whereby head masters are enabled to obtain the grant without being obliged to distribute it to the teachers in its entirety, and also the action of the majority of head masters in making the minimum salary allowed under the rules of the grant the maximum, even for teachers of long experience.

A deputation from the Irish National Teachers' Organization, headed by Mr. Cunningham, the President, waited on the Chief Secretary at Dublin Castle on September 24 and laid before him the decisions arrived at by the conference of teachers on September 22 with regard to the new education proposals and their effects on the position and emoluments of teachers. The interview lasted over two hours. The teachers explained their reasons for rejecting the proposals and laid before Mr. Duke the scheme of salaries and promotion adopted by the conference. Mr. Duke, while professing sympathy with the teachers' grievances, stated that the grant, to which they objected as inadequate, was given on the same basis as in Scotland, and did not hold out any hopes of it being increased; it was a question of "take it or leave it." With regard to some of the other proposals rejected by the teachers, these proposals had not yet been finally formulated, but were still under consideration; and he promised that certain questions which the deputation had brought to his notice should be reconsidered.

Speaking at the annual prize-giving of the Blackrock Technical Institute on October 9, Mr. T. P. Gill, Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, spoke of the enormous strides which had been made in agricultural and technical education in Ireland during recent years, far in advance of any other branch of education, and of their profound significance for the future of Ireland owing to the conditions brought about by the war. Ireland was going to be more than ever the chief food supplier for herself and Great Britain. A resolution endorsing the claims put forward by the Technical Congress for an additional annual grant for purposes of technical, agricultural, and industrial education was unanimously adopted.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THe Chief Medical OffiCER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION.-Sir George Newman's Report is a bold and honest statement of the present state of the School Medical Work, of where it has failed or succeeded, and of its far-reaching aims for the future. "The European War has given new emphasis to the importance of the child as a primary national asset," and yet the tendency has been to starve this important branch of work in favour of work of more directly impressive military significance. In spite of this considerable loss of staff, substantial progress is reported in some quarters. On the other hand, the progress is very unequal in different parts of the country owing to negligence and false economy on the part of some Local Authorities. It is greatly to be regretted that the medical inspection of 1916 has had to be limited to ailing cases only, as the children are in especial need of inspection during the War owing to the changed conditions of food supplies, &c. The future aims and possibilities of the work are clearly and emphatically emphasized, especially in the following particulars :-(1) The necessity of caring for the whole career of the child, i.e. that of the infant before school age and of the child leaving school, who should have especial care that its work be suited to its constitution. In this branch there is a great danger of overlapping of authorities. (2) The necessity for the development of the scheme for the education of mothers-i.e. infant welfare and maternity centres. (3) The necessity of the improvement of the physical training system. Special teachers and more time should be devoted to this part of the work. By this means and by strict attention to the nutrition (special school meals, &c.) of the child, the national physique of the future should be vastly improved.

BOOKS OF THE MONTH.

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(Continued on page 684.)

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TRINITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC,

MANDEVILLE PLACE, MANCHESTER SQUARE, LONDON, W.1.

Chairman of Board: SIR FREDERICK BRIDGE, C.V.O., M.A., Mus.D. Director of Studies: C. W. PEARCE, Mus.D.

Director of Examinations: E. F. HORNER, Mus.D..

Students may enter at any time, and are received for a single subject or the course. Day and Evening instruction, also by correspondence in Theoretical subjects. Thirty Open Scholarships tenable at the College, entitling holders to free tuition. Prospectus on application to C. N. H. RODWELL, Secretary.

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.

Messrs. BELL announce that, as a consequence of the continuous increase in all costs incidental to the production of books, they are compelled to increase the retail prices of their textbooks as from October 1st. A new edition of their Catalogue, cancelling previous issues, is in preparation, and details of the augmented prices may be obtained from Messrs. Bell.

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