schools both for boys and girls, the Committee should undertake a general inquiry to ascertain the causes of this increase and to suggest remedies.

Among other subjects discussed was the standard of ability required of boys to be recommended for direct admission to Woolwich and Sandhurst.

Dr. KING (Clifton) and Canon WATERFIELD (Cheltenham) suggested that the War Office be asked to furnish printed instructions for the guidance of head masters and the satisfaction of parents.

Mr. YOUNG (Bishop's Stortford) secured the approval of the Conference for the extension of the national scheme of pensions for teachers to such non-grant-earning schools as desired to avail themselves of it.

The majority of the Conference agreed with Mr. VAUGHAN (Wellington) in deprecating a recent decision of the Bishops to exact Latin from candidates for Ordination who have served in the War.

The Conference decided to repeat this year's experiment and to meet again in September 1918 instead of in December as hitherto. In the meantime the activity of the Conference will be concentrated in its Committee.

THE GIRL AND THE CONTINUATION SCHOOL.

ONE ASPECT: THE NON-INSTRUCTIONAL SIDE. HE reforms advocated in Mr. Fisher's Education Bill

so drastic and so far-reaching that it is difficult to

foresee their ultimate effect upon our national life. That they will be beneficial alike to the youth and manhood of this country no one can doubt who has any real understanding of present-day conditions and present-day problems in the industrial world, a term which practically includes all that concerns the Empire.

The most important clauses in the Bill are those dealing with the raising of the school age and with compulsory continuation schools. If the Bill passes into law, as undoubtedly it will-in spite, probably, of a certain amount of opposition to it by a small section of the community-hundreds and thousands of our boys and girls will be saved from drifting into blind-alley occupations, reformatories, and jails; while the nation's industrial output is likely to be greatly increased by the addition of a large body of trained and disciplined workers, in the place of the youthful wastrels, in the production of whom England, previous to the War, was so prolific.

The problem of the girl worker is in many ways more difficult than that of the boy, because on the whole the " female of the species" is less able to protect herself during the dangerous period of adolescence than the male. Bad as it is for the boy to run wild in the streets of a great city, he yet often emerges from his lawless mode of living without much harm the fact appears to be that boys have an extraordinary amount of healthy vitality which enables them to disregard and throw off much that is evil in their surroundings and to develop into decent manly men.

Not so with girls. The dangers of the streets, of the early loosening of all parental control, and of independence assumed before the power of judgment has been developed, too often prove fatal to the girls, as a visit to reformatories and rescue homes emphatically demonstrates. Those who have visited or taught in such institutions know that in many instances it is ignorance-in some cases, indeed, real innocence, want of advice, and the utter inadequacy of the home, rather than wickedness that have brought the inmates to a place of detention.

The present system of evening education, inadequate and misdirected as it often is-though the conscientiousness and devotion of those actually engaged in working a most unsatisfactory system cannot be too strongly respected-has yet helped greatly in keeping the girls, especially those who

have only recently left school, from the streets, and has encouraged them to work steadily and persistently at some subject, intellectual or practical, which interested them.

The evening institutions are a great step forward in the right direction and have done an immense amount of good work, but they have many defects and they do not attract as they might. At present there is very little sense of any corporate life; and hence esprit de corps, such a valuable factor in education, if education is to be something more than mere instruction, is practically non-existent.

Again, the relation between teacher and taught, except in rare instances, is often so slight as to be practically negligible; yet much of the value of continued education depends on the nature of that relation. Pupils come to evening classes without exchanging a word with either their companions or their teachers; they sit in bare, ugly rooms; they learn (or, in many cases, don't learn) what the teacher, often tired after a day's work in an elementary school, imparts. There is little pleasure in the learning, most of the pupils taking up a subject for its purely commercial value. Except in rare instances, it is difficult to arouse enthusiasm in an evening-school class, and this is indeed not surprising when it is realized that both teachers and taught come to their work after many hours of labour elsewhere. It is truly preposterous to expect that a young creature can work in a factory or office or workroom for ten hours or so a day and then use his brain to any advantage afterwards; and it is almost as preposterous to demand intellectual work from an adult who has already spent the best part of the day in the schoolroom. As one who has now had several years' experience of evening classes I desire, in the name of education, to raise a most emphatic protest against this absolutely wrong system, which cannot be defended on any grounds.

Hence, if Mr. Fisher's proposals are to be embodied in law, it will be necessary to revise thoroughly the present aims, methods, and arrangements for continuation schools. Merely to shift classes from the evening to the afternoon will avail nothing, unless the old ideals are shattered and new and more enlightened ones take their place. Radical reform is required: tinkering the old machinery will not do. And now is the time for formulating our aims and plans; it will be too late when the Bill is passed and a cast-iron system is imposed from above. The best brains of the country are required for this task, on the right fulfilment of which the future of our Empire, to a large extent, depends.

What, then, is the continuation school to be for the girl of fourteen to eighteen? It must not be merely a place of instruction-it would not be worth creating new machinery for this purpose, when so much already exists. It must be a place where the girl will always find someone to help and advise her, where she will have a pretty, cheerful room-a club, indeed, with books, newspapers, and easy chairs, and flowers and cheap attractive food-all things that the girl appreciates and from which she can learn so much. Those in better circumstances cannot perhaps realize the effect of bright, cheerful surroundings on girls and boys who come from mean streets."

66

Probably it would be possible to make some of the girls' clubs centres of continuation work, an arrangement which would be attractive to many girls and enable the voluntary and paid worker to combine their forces. Certainly the classes must not be held in ugly schoolrooms, if they are to exercise a real and lasting influence on young workers who, neither in their homes nor in their employments, have many opportunities of being brought into touch with what is beautiful or harmonious.

But, important as is the question of environment, that of the personnel of the staff is yet more important: in truth, everything depends on the right choice of the responsible teacher, and before the right woman is chosen Selection Boards must make up their minds as to the kind of woman wanted for this important post. At present the responsible teacher is so over-burdened by the work of organization, by the necessity of visiting employers, and by the regulations of the various Boards and Committees, that she has prac

tically no time to give to her most important functions-that of being guide, philosopher, and friend to her students. For that is really what is wanted: a woman, not necessarily highly certificated, but of a cultured, broad mind, who has both experience and understanding of life, who possesses a "motherly "character and a real sympathy with young

life.

There are many such to be found, women of forty and over-too old perhaps to do strenuous organizing work that requires physical energy and activity, but certainly not too old to influence well and wisely the girls who are so ready to respond to kindness and often so pathetically grateful for any individual attention on the part of a teacher.

Just at the period of dawning womanhood, when the girl of the educated class is being especially guarded and looked after by her mother, the girl of the working class is turned out to fend for herself. It is natural in adolescence to desire change, excitement, pleasure, to love pretty dresses, and to seek admiration usually from the other sex. There is no harm in all this, provided the girl has some sensible adult to talk to and confide in. And in all classes it is by no means the mother who of necessity occupies this position; indeed, it is at this period of life that the high-school girl has her adorations and hero worshipping. The working girl is deprived of this healthy outlet for her emotions: there is no one whom at this critical age she can idealize and idolize.

Now the right kind of responsible teacher, with plenty of leisure, could wield untold influence over her girls. To do so she should always be accessible, never in a rush, ever eager to hear the troubles and difficulties of her scholars. She can discuss social and moral problems with them-and it is wonderful how interested the working girl is in these questions tactfully advise on dress, behaviour, &c., and in a thousand ways bring her knowledge of life to bear on the education of these young girls, who are such a curious mixture of absolute ignorance and knowledge of the world.

In order to have the required leisure, a sine qua non for such a position, the work of organizing must be a thing apart. Each centre should have its responsible teacher, paid well and possessing great freedom, and in addition a Secretary to deal with the organization of the continuation schools of the district. Such an arrangement would, of course, involve considerable expense, but a nation that has accustomed itself to think in millions as we have done during the last three years, cannot for very shame grudge whatever money is required for a scheme which will build up a new England-an England, let us hope, worthy of the noble sacrifices made by the youth of England who, when living, we have, to our everlasting reproach, too often neglected. F. B. Low.

intricate jungle penetrable only by men. Since women are now to join in the making of laws, we can hardly withhold from girls the principles of law. Justinian tells Of International Law.

us (Lib. I, Tit. ii) that international law (jus gentium) is that quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, which natural reason lays down for all mankind. We are confronted by the difficulty of finding a sanction for it. Meanwhile German outrages have given impetus to the study-it is the study that lies in our province-of the subject in France. M. Laurentie's book, Les lois de la guerre (Paris: Marchal et Godde, 4 fr. 50), has been favourably reviewed. A new Doctor of Law, Mlle Annette Mailler, has recently been crowned by the Faculté de Droit of Paris for her dissertation on La distinction des combattants et des non-combattants comme base du droit de guerre, in which she has sought, to quote her own words, "justifier la stupeur de tous les peuples civilisés devant une pareille méconnaissance des lois de l'humanité et de l'honneur," by examining, one by one, in the light of close historical criticism and with good evidence in hand, all the violations of international law of which Germany has been guilty. Is it cowardice to recommend her work to the attention of the German Air Service? Berlin may be deaf to her; but Mlle Mailler has vindicated by her example the power of a woman to grasp large principles as well as to understand the legal safeguards of her private rights.

The French Ministry of Public Instruction fulfils an office not known, we think, to our Board of Education. Bequests and It examines the conditions under which gifts Gifts. and legacies are tendered for educational purposes, acceptance or rejection hanging on its decision. A few examples of its judgments have recently been made public. Mlle Ségalas, in her will, left an income of 500 francs to the French Academy for the founding of a prize to be bestowed annually in recognition of a woman's work. The Secretary of the Academy is authorized to accept it. M. and Mme Roger Levylier, still living, have also received approval for a worthy plan. They offered bonds for 1,000 francs 5 per cent. French Rentes, the income to be divided annually by the French Academy between the heads of the two French families, of whatsoever religion, but with at least four children, that should have distinguished themselves most by their devotion to the education of their young. M. Charles Desguerrois was in his day a man of letters. Dying he bequeathed to the Academy 50,000 francs that there might be given, every five years, a prize to the author of the best literary study on his works. The Secretary of the Academy is drily bidden to refuse this artful bid for immortality.

Nation.

The text is now published of the law of July 27, under which France adopts the children deprived of father or Pupilles de la other supporter by the War as "Wards of the Nation." A National Office at Paris, subordinate offices in the chief towns of the Departments, State aid to supplement local contributions, the appointment of immediate guardians -all these are provided by the Act, and women are joined with men in the administration of it. The right education found, France will discover that in seeking to befriend her orphans she has enriched herself.

COLONIAL AND FOREIGN NOTES.

Law for Girls.

FRANCE.

Many are the demands for admission to our time tables; above all, just at present, to those for girls. Law, says Mme Jeanne Crouzet - ben - Aben (Revue Universitaire, XXVI, 7), is a claimant for a regular place that will have to be considered by the Commission extra-parlementaire now studying the education of women. M. Girault of Poitiers has been urging in the Journal des Débats that the subject, once obligatory in the fifth school year, then made optional, should once more be made obligatory. Did not Fénelon, in the seventeenth century, assert the right of girls to it in a celebrated chapter of his Education des filles ? Is it not still more indispensable to-day? This is no question of multiplying women advocates. But law as applied to the family, to marriage, to the nuptial relation, to wills and successions, to contracts, to purchase and hiring at least, the elements of it-a woman should know in order to defend her own interests. How many young widows of the War, left guardians of their children, will regret bitterly their ignorance of legal rules and practice! We in England could tell of many a woman who has suffered from the belief that law is an

About Libraries.

UNITED STATES.

A library has been called "the physic of the soul." But the particular remedies that each library offers must be made known. It is a task to which the United States addresses itself with peculiar vigour. Thus, Toledo (Ohio) had last year a library publicity week," in which strong measures were taken to impress on the city the nature and value of its collection of books; indeed, 10,000 slips relating to the library were distributed in laundry packages! The Bulletin of the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Public Library (XIII, 6) yields illustration of a co-operating of library with school. For more than twenty years the City Library has been organizing branch libraries in school buildings, the School Board paying for light, heat, and service, the Library Board supplying books and catalogues, together with instruction for children in the use of these boons. Again, Grand Rapids has travelling libraries," and when a teacher is treating, for example, the French Revolution, she sends to the Central Library for a box of from twenty-five to two hundred works germane to her subject. To circulate books in remote districts there are employed in the United States "book wagons, now usually automobiles, in charge of some agent familiar with books and with the needs of the region that he traverses. The St. Louis Public Library works a movable library in connexion with the summer playgrounds. It is a motor-truck, having within it a bookcase on wheels, which contains three hundred and eighty

44

volumes. By this means books are lent to the children at the playgrounds, who thus may recreate alternately body and mind. Great teachers teach with the voice and the whole personality as well as with the content of their words, and Instruction by direct communion with a teacher is always to be Correspondence. desired. When this is not to be got, tuition by correspondence becomes the next resource. Correspondence study" used to be contemned in the United States; it has won its way to recognition in some of the strongest academies. In 1915-16 the University of Wisconsin numbered 10,000 students in its Correspondence Division, and employed for them 25 full-time and 15 parttime instructors. The latest Report of the University of Chicago showed a registration of 5,000 students taught, and 126 instructors teaching, by correspondence. At the University of California the enrolment in the Bureau of Correspondence Instruction rose in a year from 1,506 to 3,399. The figures are an indication of the still growing zeal with which education is sought in the United States. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, celebrates its foundation on February 22; Degree (Commencement) Day At Johns is in June. Hopkins. The conferring of degrees was marked this year by a certain solemnity; for many of the recipients will go forth to war. The titles bestowed were as follows:-Bachelor of Arts, 42; Bachelor of Science in Engineering, 37; Bachelor of Science, 2; Master of Arts, 13; Doctor of Philosophy, 42; Doctor of Medicine, 90.

The Universities.

GERMANY.

Germany is faced by the certainty that after the War, at least for some years, she will have fewer students in her academies, and by the probability that she will be less able to spend money for instructing them. Far be it from us to exult over the fact or to forget, even in this hour of embitterment, her long services to science and to literature. It may be worth while to print here statistics as to her Universities (Commercial and Technical Hochschulen excluded) in the year before the War (1913-14); in which year, we add to assist comparison, London had a teaching staff of 1,078, with 4,740 internal students, and expended 3,700,000 marks, medical schools not taken into account.

The Student as Politician.

tific and Industrial Education sends, year by year, young men to foreign countries for industrial and scientific education; 156 students have returned after finishing their courses; 28 were selected to be sent to Europe in the present year. But why should not such education be available at home? India needs more lathes and forges, and fewer politicians as well as fewer mosquitoes. In England the student relieves himself innocuously of his political opinions to the Debating Society; in India he becomes at times a public nuisance or even a public danger. The Madras Government has issued a press communiqué condemning appeals to the young and inexperienced to join in political agitation, whereby tares of indiscipline are sown. So the Bombay Government, in view of the fact that students from schools and colleges have lately been attending political meetings in large numbers, calls attention to the rules forbidding their attendance, and warns the heads of educational institutions against any conniving at it. The Indian student will be better employed in collecting the materials of which sound judgments may be formed than in receiving and diffusing the crudities of stump oratory. Germany produced a conspicuous example of the political student in here-brained Karl Ludwig Sand, who, having thought to strike despotism down in killing Kotzebue, was executed at Mannheim in 1820. Freedom did not shriek when Sand fell.

A Belated Arrival.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

The Report of the Acting Superintendent-General of Education that came at the end of August is dated 1916, and refers to the year closed September 30, 1915. It is a supplement to Sir Thos. Muir's Report, already noticed, dealing with the first nine months of the year. The Acting Superintendent-General calls attention to the increase in the enrolment since School Boards were instituted-54 per cent. for European pupils, 36 per cent. for non-European pupils in the ten-year period 1905-15. The proportion of trained to untrained teachers rises, and Cape children still love singing. These are, perhaps, the most pleasing facts to be learned from the belated supplement.

Salaries.

QUEENSLAND.

The anxiety of Queensland teachers at the present time is mainly of the economic sort. At a recent Conference it was decided to register the Queensland Teachers' Union as an industrial Association. This has been done, and the Union is now qualified to approach the Arbitration Court for the purpose of obtaining an award under the Industrial Arbitration Act of 1916. The teachers hold that the minimum salary of a classified teacher twenty-one years old should be £180 a year, and that an all-round increase of 25 per cent. has become a legitimate demand.

INDIA.

1,530,720 1,115,000

Children used once to be told not to kill flies because it was cruel to do so. Science made progress, and the Down with the American child, in particular, was instructed to Mosquito! wage war on the fly as on a propagator of disease. An editorial note in Indian Education (XV, 12) suggests that the systematic pursuit and destruction of the mosquito should be included among the civil occupations prescribed for Indian Boy Scouts. It is the business of the Scout to deal with hidden enemies, and India has no worse foe than the malaria insidiously diffused by mosquitos.

THE UPLANDS SUMMER MEETING, 1917

THE

HE third Summer Meeting of the Uplands Association was held at Bangor from July 31 to August 16. The Annual General Meeting of the Association was held on August 14 and was well attended.

A few parents took advantage of the Committee's offer of "children's classes," and five children varying in age from seven to eleven years spent a happy time together. A camp was set up by them where they could play and work and live their life apart from the grown-ups. Lessons in simple cookery, with preliminary shopping expeditions, handicrafts, literature, and expression through drama, and a daily lesson in eurhythmics kept them profitably employed. Two open lessons were watched by members of the meeting with keen interest, and provoked much helpful discussion.

A new feature of this Summer Meeting were the discussions or conferences which on several days occupied the first half of the morning session. The subject of "Continued Education," opened by Principal D. R. Harris (The Normal College, Bangor), aroused keen discussion. Other topics discussed were: "Adaptation of

General Education to Different Types of Children, with Special Reference to the Needs of the Visualizer," opened by Dr. Shippard; "Training of the Child for Social Service," opened by Miss Alice Woods (late Principal Maria Grey Training College); "The Child's Religious Education," opened by Miss Morton (Mistress of Method, Bingley Training College) with a paper entitled "The Child and the Things that are not Seen."

On other mornings lectures dealing with general principles were given. Three lectures by Prof. J. J. Findlay (University of Manchester) aroused special interest. The first two dealt with reconstruction: "Problems of Reconstruction arising out of the War and "The Basis of Reconstruction in the Common Mind," while the third investigated the basis of reconstruction from the standpoint of the relationship between the individual and the group, viz. "Corporate Life."

Mr. E. G. Lamborn, Head Master of East Oxford School, and author of Rudiments of Criticism, also delivered three lectures, on" The General Curriculum of the School." His general attitude was that teachers should regard their work, not in the narrow sense of teaching, but from the larger standpoint, as part of a scheme of -social betterment; he urged, We have too many teacher's books; we want man's books-books that deal with life as a whole." During the second half of the morning session students divided into two groups. One group studied Child Study and Social Psychology," under Mr. S. F. Jackson (The Training College, Sunderland); while the other investigated "The Elements of Language Training" and "The beginnings of reading and writing" in detail, under the guidance of Prof. Findlay.

In the afternoons students were again able to choose between Gardening and Nature Study," conducted by Miss E. Christine Pugh; 'Eurhythmics," under Miss Elsy Findlay; and Handicrafts for Young Children," under Miss Winifred Harrison, of the Froebel Educational Institute.

Informal arrangements were made for the evenings; sometimes discussions begun in the mornings were continued in the evenings; sometimes musical evenings or dramatic performances were arranged by a Students' Committee elected during the first days of the meeting; and on one occasion a delightful evening was spent in hearing Mrs. Gwynneddon Davies sing Celtic folk-songs, which were introduced and interpreted by her husband.

MR. F. H. BOWRING, who was elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1844, has died at Hampstead, aged ninetyfour.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON: PUBLIC LECTURES.-Prof. A. F. Pollard will deliver a course of six public lectures on " History and the War" on alternate Thursdays at 5.30 p.m., beginning on October 4. Admission to the course is by ticket only, applications for which should be addressed to the Secretary of the College, and should be accompanied by a stamped addressed envelope. On Monday, October 8, at 5.30 p.m., Prof. L. W. Lyde will lecture on "Types of Climate in the Empire." On Thursday, October 11, at 5.15 p.m., Dr. Walter W. Seton will lecture on A Visit to the Italian War Front."

MR. J. R. BLAKISTON, formerly Chief Inspector of Schools for the North-west of England, died on September 21 at the age of eighty-eight. He was second master at Uppingham under Thring. Subsequently he was Head Master of Preston Grammar School and after that of Giggleswick School.

MR. W. H. WAGSTAFF, who has been since 1903 Head Master of the Central Foundation School, Cowper Street, E.C.2, where he succeeded Dr. Richard Wormell, has resigned.

MR. H. R. WOOLRYCH, who was second master of Blackheath School from 1884 to 1894, and Head Master from 1894 to 1902, died last month.

DOVER COLLEGE is moving to Leamington for the remainder of the War. St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate, has been at Chester for some time past.

ROLL OF HONOUR.-Lieut.-Colonel Brian S. Phillpotts, R.E., D.S.O., second son of Mr. J. S. Phillpotts, formerly Head Master of Bedford Grammar School, died on September 4 of wounds received in action. Captain A. H. Sidgwick, R.G.A., has also been killed. He was the younger son of Mr. Arthur Sidgwick, of Rugby and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was at Winchester and Balliol (classical scholar), won the Chancellor's Prize for English Essay, and was elected a Fellow of University College in 1905. He was appointed a Junior Examiner at the Board of Education a year later. Others who have fallen are Lieut. A. T. Long, Royal Scots, Assistant Master at Stramongate School, Kendal, and Second-Lieut. S. A. C. Gibson, M.C., Wiltshire Regiment, formerly Assistant Master at Darnford House, Langton Maltravers, Dorset.

KENT Education Committee have arranged a new and better scale of salaries for teachers in secondary schools. The figures are as follows:-Head masters, 400, rising to £500; head mistresses, £300, rising to £400; assistant masters, £150 to £170, rising to £250 to £300 (£325 in the case of a second master); assistant mistresses, £120 to £150, rising to £200 or £250 (£275 in the case of a second mistress). These scales are for teachers whose names are on the Teachers Register; the maxima for others will not be so high. Essex Education Committee have awarded a bonus of £20 for the year to teachers in the county schools.

TRADE SCHOLARSHIPS FOR Boys, 1918.-The London County Council offers about 260 trade scholarships to boys between the ages of twelve and a-half and sixteen years, whose parents are resident in London. The scholarships provide free education (with maintenance grants ranging from £6 to £15 a year) for one, two, or (in certain cases) three years at trade schools approved by the Council. Application forms (T. 2/258) and full particulars of the scholarships may be obtained from the Education Officer (T. 2), L.C.C. Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C. 2, to whom all applications must be forwarded not later than Saturday, October 13.

WE have received the prospectus of the Society for the Study of Orthopsychics. Courses are provided in Normal and Abnormal Psychology and Psychogenesis, the special field of study being character and the problems connected therewith which arise in Education, Criminology, and Sociology. The General Course begins in October and extends over two years, the annual fee being £12. 12s. There is also a Post-graduate Course and a Social Workers' Course. For further information apply to the Hon. Secretary, 30 Brunswick Square, W.C. 1.

AT the South-western Polytechnic Institute, Manresa Road, Chelsea, S.W.3, a course of work in experimental physiology and hygiene has been arranged for Saturday mornings, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., commencing September 29. On each morning a short lecture or demonstration will be followed by practical work, which will include dissections, microscopical and chemical work, use of and experiments with physiological apparatus illustrating the structure and mechanism of the human body. There will be discussions on ventilation, fatigue, prevention of disease, feeding of children, hygiene, vital statistics, and similar subjects in so far as they relate to school life. It is hoped the course will prove of value to teachers, whether engaged in teaching these subjects or not.

ON August 30, Mr. Reginald G. Burgess, Head Master of

Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, was drowned in a gallant attempt to save a Swiss Governess who was bathing at Castlerock, Londonderry, with Mr. and Mrs. Burgess. Mr. Burgess graduated in Classical Honours, Queen's College, Oxford, in 1901, and from 1904 to 1914 was assistant master in Merchiston Castle School.

MR. C. A. BANG, the Hon. Organizer of the Montessori Society, appeals to the public for aid to establish an English branch of "The White Cross," an association formed in America to prepare volunteers to undertake the intellectual care of children by a theoretical and intensely practical course in the Montessori method." The White Cross workers, when fully trained by Dr. Montessori in the method, and in a knowledge of nervous diseases, special psychology, language, &c.," are to be sent out in groups of four or six to Serbia, Roumania, Russia, and other European countries, and so "gather up and save the new human generation by a special method of education."

"

UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS.

St. Andrews.

SCOTLAND.

Professor W. C. McIntosh, M.D., has intimated his resignation of the Chair of Natural History in the University, to which he was appointed in 1882. He is a graduate of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and during his tenure of the Chair he has devoted himself to observation and research, principally in connexion with the development of the food fishes. Owing to his reputation as a zoologist the Gatty Marine Laboratory, the first of its kind in Britain, was established at St. Andrews, and Prof. McIntosh was appointed its Director. On his retirement he has given to the University his collection of lecture drawings, engravings, photographs, maps, charts, microscopes, &c., with his scientific library and special apparatus used in the study of marine zoology. He intends to devote more time to research work in his special subject.

The new Arts Ordinance, which has been issued by the University Court, gives power to the University to make regulations altering or revoking the provisions of the previous Ordinance regarding curricula, subjects, &c., for the degrees of M.A., B. Phil., and B.Litt. It thus gives to the University the freedom in this respect which has been already obtained by the other Scottish Universities.

As the result of an appeal for subscriptions and a grant of £2,500 from the Carnegie Trust a hostel for women students has been provided at University College, Dundee. The hostel will provide accommodation for twelve students, and there is sufficient space for extension. Miss L. Watt has been appointed Warden of the hostel. Sir William Watson Cheyne, Professor of Clinical Surgery, King's College, London, has been unanimously elected M.P. for the Universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews. He was a distinguished student of medicine at Edinburgh in the days of Lister, he served his country in the South African War, and he is at present a Surgeon-General in the Navy.

Edinburgh.

The number of members of the University on military service is now between 5,000 and 6,000. Over 1,500 cadets and former cadets of the O.T.C. have received commissions since the outbreak of war. About 130 honours have been gained, and there has been a similar number of mentions in despatches. Up to July 15 last there have been 368 deaths of men on service.

Teachers'

Salaries.

The Secretary for Scotland has appointed a Committee, consisting of members of School Boards, teachers, and one of the Chief Inspectors of Schools, with Sir Henry Craik as Chairman, to advise the Education Department on any questions arising in connexion with the Department's minute of July 11, 1917, which may be referred to them; to consider the general question of the remuneration of teachers in Scotland with a view to recommending suitable scales of salary for different classes of teachers, having regard to the length and character of the training necessary, the special qualifications obtained, the nature of the duties which have to be performed, and any other relevant considerations; and to advise the Department as to suitable scales of salary for officers of the training centres employed for the purposes of instruction or discipline. WALES.

The President of the Board of Education proposes to visit Swansea on October 9 and Cardiff on the 10th, Mr. Fisher's and there is much speculation as to his purpose Visit. in selecting Wales for his educational tour. The two Authorities are already busy preparing for his visit, and arrangements are being made to lay before him the special needs

The National Eisteddfod.

we

of the two towns, especially in the spheres of University and technical education. But it is expected that Mr. Fisher will deal with the more general problems of education and will use the opportunities provided by his first intercourse with Welsh Authorities for expressing his views on the proposed National Council of Education. It is all to the good that Mr. Fisher should become personally and directly acquainted with local conditions, as are convinced that he will be impressed by the earnestness with which Wales has pursued, and is pursuing, her educational development. The Executive Committee of the Welsh Conference will lay before him their proposals and other organizations will also submit to him their views, and it is hoped that he will take away from these discussions and interviews a fairly clear idea of our special needs and aspirations. It is unnecessary to recapitulate here our special grievances or to explain the ambitious scheme which Wales has outlined for itself, as they are generally known; and it is hoped that as the result of his visit Mr. Fisher will be induced to take a sympathetic interest in them. In connexion with the National Institution which was held at Birkenhead, some interesting papers were read at the different Societies which meet at the same time. At the National Union of Welsh Societies, which was attended by delegates from Brittany, the Isle of Man, Ireland, and Scotland, a resolution was passed that ample provision should be made in the Universities for the study and teaching of the Celtic language, literature, and history. Evidence on this point has already been submitted to the Royal Commission on University Education. Principal Griffiths gave an illuminating address on "Scientific Education and Welsh Industries" at the meeting of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, in which he predicted a great advance in the study of technological subjects in Wales. The business men of South Wales had already drawn up an excellent scheme of co-ordination of technological studies, in which stress was laid on a close partnership between the University and Local Authorities. He regarded the bridging of the gulf between the University and industrial interests as one of the most important factors in the proper development of scientific research. The Glamorgan County Federation of the National Union of Teachers are claiming that the whole of the grant shall be used exclusively for the purpose of improving the scales of salaries of teachers. They point out that the Education Committee claim that of the £48,000 to be received as supplemenary grant, £39,000 would be apportioned to the teachers by the operation of the scales. This claim, it is stated, cannot be substantiated. For the Board of Education state that the supplementary grant is £57,000; and, further, the operation of the scales will absorb only £39,000 of it. It is also pointed out that the Committee intended to improve the scales of salaries by an amount equal to a fourpenny rate, but these grants make it unnecessary for any further appeal to the rates, and therefore the teachers claimed that the whole of the Fisher grant should be utilized for salaries. The County Council have, however, adhered to their original proposal, and it now remains to be seen what steps the Association will take.

The Fisher Grants.

The Cardiff Education Committee have allocated about 80 per cent. of the total grant to the salaries of the masters and mistresses in their secondary schools.

The Board have issued the results of the examination much earlier this year than usual. They were published Central Welsh before the end of August, to the great conveniBoard. ence of the schools. IRELAND.

A special meeting for the purpose of conferring medical degrees was held in Trinity College on September 19, the Board being anxious that no students intending to join the Forces should suffer any delay.

The Board of Trinity College have appointed the Rev. Hugh Alan McNeile, D.D., a distinguished student of Cambridge and the author of several exegetical works, to the Regius Professorship of Divinity, left vacant by the death of the late Dr. Gwynn. The pass and prize lists of the Intermediate Board have been issued during the month, the examination numbers and marks of the successful candidates being given without names or indication of the schools at which they have been prepared. The number of candidates examined this year was 11,415; in 1900, when pupils under fourteen years were admitted to the Preparatory Grade, since abolished, it was 7,608; the amount distributed in rewards has, on the other hand, fallen from £19,313 in 1900 to Of the £6,526 in the present year, owing to lack of funds. money thus distributed, £4,175 went to boys, £2,351 to girls. The Ulster Head Masters met lately to consider the recent report of the Intermediate Board, and drew up a statement expressing general approval of the tenor of the changes sug(Continued on page 590.)