supplication for Israel-Joshua vii. 10-12. And if this traffic be indeed in any measure the cause of the Lord's displeasure, may He give his people grace to confess it, and may He rouse our nation to such a degree of righteous repentance as will produce that holy indignation of which the apostle speaks (2 Cor. vii. 11), that we may cast away

from us the accursed thing, if so be that the Lord's anger be not kindled against us, and that He take not from us those provinces, to preserve which we have made too much use of the wages of iniquity.

Yours, &c.,

THE number of the wealthy is, after all, by no means great. With respect to the mighty mass of the population, they possess merely support for the passing day; the possessors of fortunes, properly so called, are only a handful. The law that taxed the people has revealed the fact, that heroines must hereafter be sought in humble life, for the income-tax proves that rich people are few. The number of aristocrats, merchants, shopkeepers, &c., who responded to the call of the Chancellor of the Exchequer's deputy was only 265,796, in 1854, and of these fortunate few 20,544 confessed to incomes under £100 each. Arranged in single file they will stand thus:

20,544 had incomes under £100

W. R. M.

Annuitants, shareholders, &c. . Merchants, traders, professionals, &c.

£2,888,688

367,331

757,339

2,057,924

367,910

The amount collected in Ireland was £552,007.

The few only are rich-a fact which In thinking people may moralize on. Great Britain and Ireland there are only 1,261 persons enjoying an annual income of £5,000 a-year and upwards.

COST AND FOLLY OF WAR.

In the Year Book of Nations is an account of the standing armies of Europe, which we believe to be correct. It is as follows:

Russia..... France

£2,000 3,000

700,000 men.

4,000

570,000

5,000

10.000

50.000

above

50,000

Annuitants, shareholders, and govern

ment officers, fare as follows:

15,224 had incomes under ...... £110 24,994

150

Britain, soldiers cost about eighty cents per day; in France, forty cents; and in Austria, thirty cents-that for everything. On an average, the soldiers of Europe cost about fifty cents per day each. The cost of this armament, then, is about 1,250,000 dollars per day, or more than 450,000,000 dollars per annum. Now, it will be inquired, what has this vast expenditure of men and money accomplished? It has accomplished nothing-but debt, taxation, and destruction. Nothing else! Some one may, perhaps, say, Has not some one or all these nations gained by conquest? Not at all! Examine the map of Europe, and you will see that no one of these nations has really gained anything by conquest in Europe. Great Britain has gained a great deal by conquests on other continents. Prussia has been consolidated out of smaller German provinces, and Poland was divided by fraud, not by conquest. Since the reign of Louis XIV. the map of Europe has substantially remained unchanged. In substance, nothing whatever has been gained in all the wars of Europe and by all its vast armies.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. It appears from the speech with which the last year's rector of the University of Athens, Dr. Olympios, accompanied the transferment of the rectorship to his successor, Prof. Asopios, that the University continues to be in a flourishing condition, and enlists the liveliest interest of the whole Greek nation, far beyond the frontiers of the kingdom. It had, during the last University year, 590 students, of whom 219 studied law, 229 medicine, 79 philosophy, and 42 pharmacy, and only 21 theology. This shows an increase of 135 over the number reported in Baird's interesting work on Modern Greece. 335 students were natives of the kingdom of Greece, and 255 foreigners, mostly from the Turkish provinces and the Danubian

principalities. The income of the University has been greatly increased during the last year by a number of considerable legacies. Thus Gabriel Bagdatlis, of Jassy, has bequeathed to it a large landed property, situated in Athens. From N. B. Makris, of Janina, it received a bequest amounting to 5,000 drachmas yearly. Dimitrios Ratygenoos, of Trieste, bequeathed 290,000 drachmas. In Bucharest, some friends of Greece and Greek literature purchased a building, the upper part of which is to be occupied by the Greek Consul-General, while the lower part is to be rented out, and the proceeds to be yearly transmitted to the University of Athens. ECCLESIASTICAL STATISTICS OF

IRELAND.

In Ireland, it appears, there are 1,397 Established Churches, 534 Presbyterian ditto, and 132 registered buildings, of which 56 belong to the Wesleyan Methodists, 22 to the Reformed Presbyterians, 9 to the Baptists, 14 to the Independents, 5 to the Moravians, and 16 to denominations not specified.

EMIGRATION.

The total number of emigrants from Ireland from the first of May, 1851, to the first of September, 1857, was 460,640 males, and 450,326 females-together, 910,966. In the first eight months of the present year, the number of emigrants from Ireland was 72,186. It is estimated that the population of the island is now 6,015,768; against 6,552,286 in 1851.

DEATHS IN FRANCE.

According to recent observations, the ratio of deaths amongst young men in France from 20 to 25 years of age was 108 in 10,000, or 1 to about every 92, only 25 years ago, whilst lately that proportion had increased to 134 in 10,000, or nearly 1 to every 75, being 26 more deaths, or an augmentation of one fourth.

THE Luman teeth have three great purposes; to serve as an ornament, to aid the vocal function, and to masticate our food. Now all these various offices are or may be fulfilled by the teeth in exact proportion to their perfection, while they are all defeated in just proportion to their imperfection. Hence the importance of knowing the laws of the teeth, and of obeying them. Hence too, the convenience and necessity of the science of dentistry. For though no dentist can exactly imitate na

VOL. XV.

ture's own work, or furnish a perfect substitute for it, yet there may be, by those who understand their business, quite an approximation to it. The dentist may often arrest the progress of decay, which of itself is a matter of no small consequence; but what is of vastly greater importance still, he can make and insert artificial teeth, both singly and in whole sets; and this, his workmanship, can be relied on.

There are hundreds and thousands in

K

our wide-spread community, who, though they have not a sound tooth in their heads, nor anything like a complete set, of such as they have, yet carry about with them half-a-dozen or a dozen miserably foul and defective ones, injuring their breath, impairing their speech and appearance, and half spoiling their digestion. And why? Probably for the same reasons which long influenced the writer of this article.

1. They have many doubts whether dentistry is good economy, at least whether they can afford to resort to it.

2. They are afraid of the pain and suffering connected with the operation.

3. They doubt, after all, whether the new teeth will answer their expectations.

Now for the benefit of those who have these difficulties-in whole or in partbefore their minds, I have long thought it a duty to make a more full statement than I have hitherto done, of the benefits I have derived from a dernier ressort to dentistry.

My inheritance, in this respect, was unfortunate. Ancestral transgression of physical law, combined with other causes, had given my mother, whose constitution I follow, a very bad set of teeth. Though I am but twenty years younger than she, I cannot remember the time when she was not a sufferer in consequence of their decay and pain. At the age of thirty-five she had not a sound tooth in either jaw. This tendency to premature decay, still stronger in my own case than in hers, was increased at the age of fourteen, by an injudicious use of mercurial medicine.

From that time, for about forty years, I suffered almost constantly. My teeth were painful, but my articulation was still worse. And though I took great pains to masticate my food, even when the pain it occasioned would force the tears to flow, yet I am compelled to believe that my digestion was somewhat impaired by it, after all.

Filling was indeed resorted to, but it was rather late. It would in a little time become loose, or disengaged. Perhaps the fault was, in part, that of the dentist; for in some instances, experience has led me to this conclusion. At last, however, I determined to put an end to all temporizing, and procure a complete set of artificial teeth.

With this view, some three years ago, I employed a dentist to remove all my remnants of teeth, preparatory to the work of insertion. The operation was much less severe than I had expected. Six months afterwards, he made and applied a new set of teeth.

I ought to say, in this place, that I had little hope of any advantage from artificial aid, except in the single item of personal appearance. I did not believe the human

voice, at my age, could be essentially improved. As for any advantage to be derived from artificial teeth in the work of masticating food, I was utterly sceptical. I told my dentist, my family, and my friends, that the very idea of holding them in my mouth while I had food in it, was to me like an utter impossibility. And for some time my scepticism was not removed. I met with many little difficulties, and some serious ones. Nor am I certain, even now, at the end of two years or more, that my speech is greatly improved, though I certainly speak much easier than before. But this, to a person that is compelled to much speaking, is a matter of no small importance.

The greatest benefit I have received, however, is precisely where the least advantage was expected. I can now masticate all sorts of food, not unreasonably hard, with as much ease and pleasure as when I was but ten years old. Not a day passes over my head in which I am not astonished at the power of art, in this particular. It is, indeed, a most won

derful triumph.

When it was suggested by my dentist, by way of encouragement, that the time would probably come when I would not be willing to part with my new teeth, provided no others could be obtained, for one hundred guineas, I thought him quite extravagant. But that time has already come. I would not be without them for a sum much larger. And what proves to me so valuable, I can conscientiously recommend to others who are in similar circumstances.

One thing more. Although it requires a little pains to keep artificial teeth clean, just as it does natural ones, yet with proper care it can be done. And it is not a small matter to be able to have a clean mouth, saying nothing of the importance of a good breath, a somewhat improved appearance, and better digestion. WM. A. ALCOTT.

THE POOR LABOURER'S WIFE. THE long-tried and consistent piety of the afflicted wife of a poor labourer, had attracted the regard of her wealthier neighbours. She was one of those happy Christians, whose holy cheerfulness of manner adorn their profession of the gospel. She "rejoiced," and "wrought righteousness," and "remembered the Lord in his ways." She had gained the esteem of all who knew her, and now that a slow but sure decline rendered her incapable of supporting herself, some pious friends agreed together to provide her regularly with those little comforts which were so necessary to her sinking condition. The Lord thus met her necessity by their instrumentality.

But she knew not that he had awakened this thought within the hearts of any of them. Her own was stayed upon the heart of her God.

As she stood one afternoon in her humble doorway to breathe the balmy air, she observed three objects of misery soliciting alms in the street. Her heart pitied the famished mother and her two tattered children; but all the money that she possessed was her last and only sixpence. Every article of provision in the house had been consumed. Without delay or hesitation, however, she drew from her pocket the little coin which was needed for her own necessities, and freely bestowed it on the widow and the fatherless. considered that all her own wants for the day had been supplied, and that she ought not to be distrustful for the morrow. "I have a heavenly Friend," she said within herself, "to provide for me; and, perhaps, this poor woman does not know the God that is above. I have no one to think of; she has these two children to struggle for. I know my own need, but they are more needy than me!"

She

It

That very evening the individual deputed by her unknown friends visited her dwelling to inform her of their kind determination; and great was her astonishment and gratitude, to hear that a sum double the amount she had given to the poor wanderers, was to be her daily allowance during the remainder of her life. pleased the Lord to spare her for two years, as she declared in "plenty and comfort" thus making her a living testimony to the faithfulness of the Scripture declaration, "Thou meetest him (her) that rejoiceth, and worketh righteousness; those that remember thee in thy ways!"

HOW TO SPEAK TO CHILDREN. Ir is usual to attempt the management of children either by corporeal punishment, or by rewards addressed to the senses, and by words alone. There is one other means of government, the power and importance of which are seldom regarded-I refer to the human voice. A blow may be inflicted on a child, accompanied with words so uttered as to counteract entirely its intended effect; or the parent may use language quite unobjectionable in itself, yet spoken in a tone which more than defeats its influence. What is it which lulls the infant to repose? It is not an array of mere words. There is no charm, to the untaught one, in letters, syllables, and sentences. It is the sound which strikes its little ear that soothes aud composes it to sleep. A few notes, however unskilfully arranged, if uttered in a soft tone, are found to possess a magic influ

ence.

Think we that this influence is

confined to the cradle? No; it is diffused over every age, and ceases not while the child remains under the parental roof. Is the boy growing rude in manner, and boisterous in speech? I know no instrument so sure to control these tendencies as the gentle tones of a mother. She who speaks to her son harshly does but give to his conduct the sanction of her own example. She pours oil on the already raging flame. In the pressure of duty, we are liable to utter ourselves harshly to children. Perhaps a threat is expressed in a loud and irritating tone; instead of allaying the passions of the child, it serves directly to increase them. Every fretful expression awakens in him the same spirit which produced it. So does a pleasant voice call up agreeable feelings. Whatever disposition, therefore, we would encourage in a child, the same we should manifest in the tone in which we address it.

PREMATURE EDUCATION.

THAT the education of children should not be forced, like lettuces in hot-houses, is becoming a popular idea. The more haste in such business, the less speed. We find the following opinions of learned authorities on this important subject:

Of ten infants destined for different vocations, I should prefer that the one who is to study through life, should be the least learned at the age of twelveTissot.

Intellectual effort in the first years of life is very injurious. All labour of mind which is required of children before the seventh year, is in opposition to the laws of nature, and will prove injurious to the organization, and prevent its proper and mature development.-Hufeland.

IMPORTANCE OF REGIMEN IN DISEASE.

IN the treatment of diseases, regimen-that is, the regulation of the various functions of the body, as affected by rest or exercise, by temperature, by air, by mental excitement or quietude, &c.-has always been considered as of great importance. The tendency of modern medical practice is to set a higher value upon it than ever. The regulation of the diet alone (forming one single subsidiary department of the general doctrine of the regimen) is, indeed, sometimes in itself sufficient to arrest the action and progress of disease. In the first day of a catarrh, for instance, simple abstinence from fluids generally effects a rapid and speedy cure; a proper vegetable diet is sufficient in most instances to remove the most aggravated cases of scorbutus; the inculcation of a

due animal diet forms, in the same way, the sheet anchor of the physician in the treatment of diabetes; and there are few cases of constipation or of dyspepsia,

however chronic or obstinate, that cannot be ultimately rectified by dietetic means alone, and without the aid of medicine.Dr. Simpson.

Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. By THOMAS PERCY. With Memoir and Critical Dissertation, by GEORGE GILFILLAN. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. James Nichol.

MR. NICHOL and his Editor are steadily holding on their way, and having sent forth, in their own splendid manner, the bulk of the more popular poets, they have now laid their strong hands on one of the most renowned of our poetical publications -a very heavy undertaking, seeing that it will appropriate to itself three of those goodly octavo volumes. Heretofore Percy has been to multitudes little more than a vague name; now, however, he has come in for his share in the mighty resurrection of Letters, which Mr. Nichol is so steadily carrying on. We have here a copious sketch of the life of Bishop Percy, together with an Essay on Ancient Minstrels in England, which the lovers of literary antiquity will read with the deepest interest. The Notes of the volume are very copious, and remarkable for information. The publication, when completed, will be a great achievement on behalf of polite literature. The ancient orthography, which, at first, presents difficulties, will be no great bar to the popularity of the work. In many of the pieces it is but slightly apparent, and custom will soon enable the reader to proceed with comfort.

The Elements of Moral Science. By FRANCIS WAYLAND, D.D. With Notes and Analysis, by JOSEPH ANGUS, D.D. Religious Tract Society.

WE do unfeignedly rejoice in the appearance of this celebrated work under the distinguished auspices of the Tract Society, and with Notes by Dr. Angus. The volume is a suitable companion to " Butler's Analogy," edited also by the same gentleman. We consider it decidedly the best book of its class, the most minute, complete, and comprehensive exhibition of the subject extant. For academic institutions it is the best text-book ever produced.

The Sheepfold and the Common; or, Within and Without. Vol. II. London and Glasgow Blackie & Sons.

We have now the pleasure of announcing that Vol. II. of this splendid work is at length published. We need hardly say that it is in all respects worthy of the

first. We might almost affirm that the composition, masterly and admirable as it was from the outset, improves rather than retrogrades as we advance. The whole presents a fine specimen of genuine English. The cast of thought, too, is strongly characteristic of the true English mind. Nothing can exceed the clearness of the work; every sentence seems as if written with a pencil of light. The doctrinal statements bear the deep impress of a scriptural catholicity. The monitory and didactic portions are in uniform and perfect harmony with the Word of God, while much of the description abounds with passages of pathos which would have done credit to Richardson in his highest moods of tenderness. The illustrations, while numerous, are remarkable for their beauty and exquisite finish. The volumes deserve to occupy a first place in every library.

Masters and Workmen. A Tale for the Times. By SARAH PATTERSON. Nelson & Sons.

WE have already several publications on this subject, all from the pen of the stronger sex; but this is the first issuing from the delicate hand of female authorship, excepting the multifarious productions of Miss Martineau, who has largely contributed to what may be termed the political economy of common life. We attach much value to the publication, which is the best piece of moral fiction that has come to our hands for a long time.

Theology in Verse. By J. P. SHORTHOUSE. Aylott & Co.

THIS we deem a laudable endeavour in furtherance of the best interests of mankind. Mr. Shorthouse versifies with ease, and a fine vein of evangelical sentiment pervades the volume. It was a me morable saying of Pope, that he preferred verse to prose, even in writing on philosophical subjects, since he had a much greater facility in expressing thought in the former than in the latter. However strange this may seem, we believe it was the fact, for he seems far more natural and at home in verse than in the Correspondence which has come down to us. But this is not merely a book of verse; there is appended to it a series of short but valuable Essays on all the great points discussed. This ingenious combination is greatly calculate