mark of the species, which, I believe, has
not hitherto been described."
"The name of Charqueados is derived
from the Charqued Beef, which the district
prepares and exports. When the cattle are
killed and skinned, the flesh is taken off from
the sides in one broad piece, something like a
flitch of bacon; it is then slightly sprinkled
with salt, and dried in the sun. In that
state it is the common food of the peasantry
in the hotter parts of Brazil, is in itself by no
means to be despised; and as it will keep
long forms an excellent sea stock, and would
bear carriage to distant parts of the world.
Some idea of the immense quantity of beef
thus prepared may be formed from the fact
that, in one year, an individual, Jozé An-
tonio dos Anjos, slaughtered fifty-four thou-
sand head of cattle, and charqued the flesh.
The piles of bones which lay in his premises,
far surpassed my utmost conceptions, and
there were thousands of Urubus, the Vulture
of South America, flying round, and feeding
on the offal.

slaughtered. There are few sheep, and they | malady, the Guinea-worm. The patient was
are remarkably light and ill made, with a a negro-boy, about fourteen years of age,
short ordinary woo!; which, however, might among whose countrymen the disease chiefly
easily be improved. This wool is, at pre- prevails. The animal, if so it may be called,
sent, used partly unstripped from the skins, appeared coiled up beneath the skin; after
as saddle-covers and the like, partly for the some time, what was said to be the head
stuffing of beds and mattresses. The country protruded itself, this was seized with a small
is so thinly peopled, its inhabitants have so forceps, and the worm drawn out to the
little liking to mutton, and the wild dogs length of two inches; the extracted part was
and other beasts and birds of prey are so nu- then wound about a small stick, to prevent
merous, that there can be little inducement its return. In a few hours after another por-
to increase the flocks.
tion was drawn out, and secured in the same
way; by a similar process, the greatest care
being always used not to break it, the whole
was extracted, and then appeared like a thin
dry thread of catgut, and was several feet in
length. The boy had these worms in every
part of his body, had been treated for them
in his own country, and was deemed incura-
ble, and, on that account, had been sold by
his parents for two yards of checked linen.
He remained in the hospital about three
weeks, was placed, I believe, in a state of
complete salivation, and then discharged
cured. For five years afterward, during
almost every day of which I saw him, he re-
mained free from the complaint, and proved
an excellent servant, often expressing his
gratitude to his master in warm and simple
terms. "My father in Africa," he would
say, "sold me; you are my father, I love
you best." I have pleasure in adding, that I
met with the lad in Paris, in October, 1819,
and that he continued perfectly well. Í
believe he is now, June 21st, 1820, at
Buxton."

"In every farm there is at least one enclosed place, called the rodeio, generally on the highest spot; here the cattle are occasionally collected, marked, and treated as circumstances may require. So accustomed are they, particularly the horses, to this practice, that when the servants of the farm ride along, swinging their lassos or their hats, and loudly pronouncing the word rodeio, they all walk slowly to the spot. In a country so little enlivened by variety, this assemblage forms one of its most rural and pleasant scenes.

*

"During the slaughtering season, it is not uncommon for large packs of dogs to "On the bank of the St. Francisco was make their appearance, and assist the recently found, beneath the surface of the vultures in picking the bones; and it is said water, a very extraordinary crystal, formed that the ounce will do the same. The bones round the root of a tree, and upwards of thus picked, are generally reduced to lime. twenty-four inches long. Next to the wood It is certain that, not in this part of the was a coating, about half an inch thick, country only, but in almost every part of white at the surface, and gradually changing Brazil, there are considerable nuinbers of toward the wood into the common appearwild dogs; and that the different species of ance of flint, but at the bottom somewhat these animals have acquired distinguishing darker. On it stood, in regular order, white Indian names. Yet I cannot think that they and transparent pyramids, half an inch high, were aboriginal natives of South America, each made up of four equilateral triangles, but believe them to have been introduced, in of which pyramids there were about fifteen a domesticated state, by the first European in every circle. The root was much decayed, settlers, and to have quickly gone wild." ** and dropped out, leaving a long tube, whose "The reader has regarded with wonder, bore was three inches in diameter, and whose perhaps with incredulity, the account before internal surface displayed the impression of given of the size of the farm of Pellotas; the knots and marks of the wood, retaining and, indeed, the reported extent of farins in also fragments of the bark attached to it. this part of the American Continent can This crystal was found by four men, who, scarcely be mentioned with boldness, by one disagreeing about its value, broke it into as who has himself little doubt of the truth of many parts, and each took one. William the accounts. The smallest are stated at Harrison, Esq. of Rio de Janeiro, became four square leagues, or more than twenty possessed of one of these pieces, and sent it, thousand acres; the largest are said to reach I believe, to his friends in Liverpool. There to a hundred square leagues, or near six were apparent indications of the manner in hundred thousand acres. To each three which this fossil advanced to its full size, by square leagues are allotted four or five thou- laminae successively laid on the pyramids, sand head of cattle, six men, and a hundred and the base thickening in consequence. Not horses; though, according to circumstances, only as it seemed to me, do such fossils grow, such as the distance from navigable waters, but I apprehend that, where the situation or from church, there must be a variety in and circumstances are favourable, they are the number of oxen kept for the business of produced in a comparatively short period. a farm. The proportion of horses will ap-But how formed, and from what materials, I pear a very large one; but it is to be remembered that they cost nothing in keeping, as they are turned out on the plains; that no one about the farin, not even a slave, ever goes the shortest distance on foot; and that each manager will change his horse two or three times in a day. About a hundred cows are allowed for the supply of milk, butter, cheese, and veal, to a farm of the average size. Hogs are usually found near the houses, but little care is taken of them; they wander about, root up the earth, devour reptiles, and make a good part of their subsistence on the waste parts of the cattle

presume not to say."

*

"The death of an old governor gave an opportunity of witnessing a curious funereal ceremony. The corpse was dressed in the same full military uniform which the general wore when commanding in a battle remembered with honour in the neighbourhood. An arm-chair supported the body, and the people went to pay it their respects, much the same as to a living governor. This custom is not peculiar to St. Catherine's; through the whole of Brazil a ceremonious visit is usually paid to the dead."

"Here I saw an instance of that singular

"Joining the party on the beach, I was introduced to the servants, by an acquaintance, who said to them, this is my friend, if he steal any thing I am accountable for it." To an English ear such an introduction sounded grating; but to a Brazilian, instead of intimating that the person in question is in the least addicted to pilfering, it is equivalent to declaring, that his character for rectitude and propriety of conduct is so established, that no one will believe another who attempts to slander him. This is the sense in which the negroes universally understand the phrase; and such distorted modes of expression are so common here, with persons of all ranks, as to form a very observable feature in a portrait of the country.

"The party left the city by water about four o'clock in the morning of a Dia Santo, carrying provisions and the most essential articles of table furniture. Having landed the servants and baggage, my friends proceeded to a neighbouring chapel and heard mass. Breakfast was taken on their return, and proved a scene of noisy mirth and good humour. Afterward every one exerted himself to promote his own diversion and that of his companions. Both sexes contended in feats of speed, agility, or strength, with unbounded gaiety and frolic, and gave full play to the buoyancy of their spirits. All this, it is allowed, was not very conformable to our measured deportment in society, and by many will be denounced as indecorous. To me the scene presented the playfulness of nature, untrammelled by forms, remote from

prudery and suspicion, from the consciousness of evil committed or intended. And why not be active and airy while nature allows us? Why resolve that all who are so, let their previous customs and habits be what they may, must necessarily be vicious or vulgar?

When the sun rose too high to admit of continued exertion, conversation, cards, and music, filled up the interval before dinner. The servants, as it was a fish-day, had been employed in drawing the seine, and had procured an ample supply for those of the company who were unprovided with a dispensation. A priest, however, who joined our party, kindly offered his utmost influence with the Creator of all good things, to prevent his being displeased with those who might on such an occasion dine on flesh; yet, agreeable to the established rule, he would not hear of any one mixing flesh with fish in his meal. With a small part of the company I spent an hour in going, in a canoa, to the neighbouring rocks, to draw up from the deep some of those singular animals with which the harbour of Rio abounds, and which, I think, would fully repay the Icthyologist's minute investigation.

Our dinner, like its prelude, had too little form to be, in general, pleasing to an English taste, and its modes would hardly chime with our usual conceptions of comfort; but, as is commonly the case here, it proved a hearty meal, and fitted most of us for repose. Few could have the accommodation of a bed; many preferred a siesta out of doors, and for them mats were spread under the trees. About four the party reassembled, seated themselves on the grass, talked, sang, and enjoyed some frolic of a gentler kind, until the hour of Ave Marias. We then entered canoas, attended divine service at the Lazaretto, and retired to our respective homes."

best preserved; and the songs of several of About the middle of the sixth century, the bards who there predicted the restoration Procopius relates a fact which proves not of the British dominions, and animated the only the bold and adventurous spirit, but the fugitives, have been handed down to our day. increased power of the Scandinavian coloThese prophecies were not fulfilled, though nists of England. We allude to the victorious the Saxons going to war with each other expedition of the East Anglians against the afforded a favourable opportunity, had the Varni, a nation on the Rhine, whose king Britons been strong enough and united. About Radiger had slighted the sister of the Anglian 568, Ethelbert the fourth successor of Hen- prince. More than half a century posterior gist, at the age of sixteen, invaded Ceowlin to this romantic and remarkable event, which king of Wessex, but was defeated at Wim- compelled the monarch of the Varni to rebledon, in the first battle that occurred be-pudiate his wife, sister to Theodebert king tween the Anglo-Saxon sovereigns. Ceowlin, of the Francs, and to marry the lady whom in his turn, was more successful in his de- he had offended, namely about the year 617, signs upon Sussex, which kingdom he seized Redwald, one of the Bretweldas above menon the death of its king Cissa in 584, and rioned, king of these Anglians, annexed Deira annexed to Wessex. But his nephew Ceolric to Bernicia, and forced its infant monarch conspiring against him, he was defeated at Edwin, the son of Ella, to fly into Wales, Wodnesbeorg, Wilts (which village stands on where he was educated. This Edwin was the remarkable dyke called Wansdike), and the cause of a future war between Redwald the domestic feuds that ensued enabled Ethel- and Ethelfrith, in which the latter fell, and bert not only to preserve Kent, but at length the highest authority was assumed by his to gain that insulary authority among his conqueror. Edwin was restored, and finally fellow kings, which they called the Bretwelda, became Bretwelda: and the Saxon kingdoms or Ruler of Britain. were at this period continued by his success, This curious title is given by Bede, in suc- uniting two under his own rule, in their recession, to Ella of Sussex; Ceowlin of Wes-duced number of a hexarchy. In 633, Edwin sex; Ethelbert of Kent; Redwald of East was slain in a battle at Hatfield Chace, YorkAnglia; and Edwin, Oswald, and Oswy of Nor- shire, where Cadwallon, the son of his anthumbria: but the nature of its powers and cient protector in Wales, and Penda king of duties cannot now be ascertained, and we are Mercia, defeated his hosts with tremendous ignorant whether it was assumed by him who carnage. The victors then wasted Northumthought himself strongest, or was granted by bria; and its division, once more, into the common consent, in any national council-kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, restored the whether it was an imitation of the British Un-heptarchy. Cadwallon scourged the Angles bennaeth, or a continuation of the Saxon and Saxons, and victory in fourteen great custom of electing a War-cyning. battles and sixty skirmishes, seemed to proBut whether under a Bretwelda or a sim-mise the fulfilment of the Cwmry prophecies; ple king, the Britons, in many places, still but uncertain was the issue of the fight in offered occasional and bloody resistance to these tempestuous times: Oswald, who had their oppressors. Ethelfrith, the grandson succeeded to the throne of Bernicia, overof Ida in Bernicia, gave the northern Britons threw and killed him (A.D. 634), on the and their sovereign Aidan a terrible overthrow banks of the Denise, probably the Erringat Degsastan (supposed to be Dalston near burn, and the hopes of the Britons were Carlisle, or Dawston near Jedburgh); and crushed for ever. Ceolwulf, the West Saxon king, was almost uniformly victorious over the assertors of their independance. Four or five years after The Anglo-Saxon Octurchy.* the defeat of Aidan, we find Ethelfrith again In the year 560, the eight Anglo-Saxon engaged in war with the Cwmry. He reachgovernments which we have particularized ed Chester through a triumphant course, in our former Numbers, were established in and about A. D. 607, or thence to 612, comBritain; and after a contest, which the na- mitted the dreadful slaughter of twelve huntives maintained for nearly a century and a dred monks of Bangor, whom he discovered half from the landing of Hengist in Kent, away from the protection of the Welsh force the invaders became firmly and generally pos- of Brocmail king of Powys, and put to the sessed of the territories described in a former sword while praying for the success of their Gazette, imposing their own names on every countrymen. It was upon this occasion that district, place, and boundary, and speaking ancient Bangor was destroyed, and an irreonly their own language wherever they were parable injury done to British literature by spread. The mass of the Britons were forced the demolition of the noble monastery in to submit to the yoke; but some emigrated which the most precious monuments of the to Armorica or Bretagne, others to Cornwall ancient Britons, the collection of ages, utterly and Wales, and some, it is supposed, even perished. Now was the condition of the to Holland. The traditions respecting the unsubdued part of the population miserable Cwmry who sought refuge in Wales are the indeed. Subsisting in the most secluded ↑ Abridged from Mr. Sharon Turner's admi-recesses of the island, where rock, or forest, rable History of the Anglo-Saxons. + Heptarchy was an erroneous appellation, given in consequence of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia being classed as one under the name of Northumbria, thus reducing the whole number to Seven.

(To be Continued.)

HISTORICAL SKETCHES.

or marsh supplied some means of defence;
they were the common butt of all martial
and predatory enterprize; and Angles, Saxons,
nay even Gwiddelians of Ireland, incessantly
assailed and preyed upon the wretched but
enthusiastic strugglers for liberty.

Penda, the quondam associate of Cadwallon, continued his career, and raised Mercia to great importance, though he was sixty years of age at the time that Edwin was routed. In 642 he attacked Oswald, and slew the Northumbrian king at Oswestry, Shropshire, in the thirty-eighth year of his age and ninth of his reign. The ferocious conqueror hewed his corpse into pieces, and exposed the mangled remains on stakes. He then attempted to burn the royal city of Bebbanburh, but a shift in the wind caused the flames to revert upon the besiegers. Satiated with ravaging Northumbria, he next turned his arms against the tranquil East Angles, under Sigebert son of Redwald (the supposed founder of that school whence the university of Cambridge arose). Sigebert, drawn from his literary and holy retirement in a monastery, which he had. also founded, and Ecgric his kinsman, to whom he had consigned a portion of the charge of royalty, were both slain. At the age of eighty, the fierce Penda, the destroyer of five kings, finished his sanguinary life, being beaten by Oswy, the successor of Oswald, in Bernicia, at Wimwidfield near Leeds. This battle took place in 655, and the flower of

to five in number.

Oswy, the last of the Bretweldas of Bede, in the Saxon octarchy, died in 670. Alfred his mighty son, was set aside as illegitimate, and the younger Ecgfrid repelled an invasion of the Scots, and himself invaded Ireland. That country was miserably spoiled by Beorht, the Northumbrian general; the lands of Bregh were plundered, and many churches and monasteries destroyed. But the natives fought bravely, and the Angles retreated from a country even then celebrated for literature and civilization. Ecgfrid was killed at DrumRechton, in the following year, while carrying a new war into the territories of the Picts, and the kingdom of Northumbria rose no more to its former eminence the Irish and Scotch immediately disclaiming its preponderancy, and Wessex and Mercia mounting into superiority.

live.

"The description I have attempted giving you of their dirty habits, is by no means an exaggerated picture. I can claim no merit in my relations to you, but that of their entire truth; if I am uncertain or doubtful of any point, I pass it over in silence, lest I should assert falsehood, and I know not what pleasure or credit can arise from becoming a detailer of lies. I should deem it not only unworthy in myself, but likewise an affront to the person I addressed, by using my own credit with them to attempt imposing upon their understanding, when they had not the power to satisfy themselves in ascertaining the truth."

We shall conclude with one other extract, the observations applicable in common to all the people of this province.

the Mercians died with their veteran and taken a fancy to me, which she has express- there is nothing surprising in this, if we cruel leader. Mercia was joined to the do-ed more than once in her own manner, by consider the manner in which the Bretons minions of Oswy, as was also Deira, whose giving me a hug, or a kiss so suddenly, that king Oswin, Oswy caused to be murdered; I could not get out of her way. In the and thus the Saxon kingdoms were limited midst of all this we fare very well, with the exception of the sandy sour bread, which is almost intolerable. Our plates, &c. I am oblige to wash before we use them, as cleansing with water is considered somewhat superfluous in Britanny. But to give you a complete idea of a domestic menage in this country, although, perhaps, beneath the dignity of a traveller, you must descend with me into the kitchen or common hall of the inn: if we get down the tottering staircase without falling, it is well; but certainly not without our gowns doing the office of a broom, and clearing away a little of the superabundant dirt. The kitchen has no flooring but the substantial earth. When it rains, the kennel from the street runs over through the door, and makes a soft mud "The Bretons do not resemble in councarpeting. Great oaken beams form the tenance either the Normans or French, nor ceiling, from which hang depending the have they much of the Welsh character. spoils of the field, exhibiting all sorts of They are a rude, uncivilised, simple people, game, besides fowls, joints of meat, &c. A dirty and idle in their habits. Their coslarge chimney, that would hold a dozen tume is generally a broad flapped hat, bepeople, is filled by black boiling pots, that neath which their hair hangs long and loose. hang above the burning faggots. Near the a coat lined with scarlet, and sometimes the fire-side stands the landlady's bed, supported upper part of the coat of dark mulberry by a hen-coop full of little chickens. In colour, and the other lower half or skirts of the centre of the room, there is, as usual, the same colour, but of a faded tint, this dia convenient slush pool, and close to it a versity appearing to be entirely the effect of long oak table, black from time and grease: taste or choice, and not that of necessity; a there the viands are prepared; and whilst white waistcoat, lined also with scarlet, and many an humble traveller is regaling at this a broad belt round the waist, corresponding household board, they draw the entrails with the colour of the lining, or sometimes from fowls, &c. which, to save trouble, are plaided, like a Scotch cloak. The goatthrown upon a pile of like delectable com- skin dress is also very commonly worn, parbination, in one corner of the room. The ticularly in Bas Bretagne. Very few go solitary window retains but two unbroken barefooted; wooden shoes, being generally panes of glass; to supply the rest, rags are used by men, women, and children. The hung up to keep out the weather. Assem- women are invariably dressed in the peculiar bled in this chaos of filth-this combination costume I have described; it differs here and of villanous smells, are six or seven women, there, but not importantly, in some of the who all seem cooks, and from their dress districts. Many of the women of the very and fire-burnt faces, look like so many in-poorest kind, wear this dress till it becomes fernal beings. The little maid is a sort of drudge to the head-cook, a woman nearly eighty years old, who exercises her authority in the querulous tones of peevish age; her decrepit form, and withered arms, (the protruding veins of which are visible in spite of a thick coating of dirt that encircles them, and seem starting through her dry and shriveled skin,) confer on her the appearance of presiding hag at the midnight orgies of the

Having now brought the history of the Octarchy to the accession of Alfred, who succeeded his brother, we consider this a fit period for a pause, though we shall have to go back to several princes whom we have already mentioned, in order to describe their connection with that important event, the introduction of christianity.

We ought, before concluding this sketch, however, to record, that in 664, a terrible pestilence desolated Britain and Ireland; and induced many of the natives to emigrate. Among these Cadwaladyr, the son of Cadwallon, and the last of the Cwmry princes, accompanied a body of the Welsh to Bretagne, and thence went to Rome and devoted himself to religion. The fabulous histories from Arthur, in the British chronicles, end

with him.

BRITANNY.

"But, to return to my room, suppose me seated by a large old oak chimney, the wood burning upon iron dogs, and casting a red gleam around, that serves both to lighten the gloom and dispel the damps of the apartment. The walls, from the united effects of time, smoke, and filth, send forth a disagreeable musty smell. The table upon which I write, retains the dirt of many generations; the floor is eaten by worms, and inhabited by flees, that sting the disturbers of their mouldy retreat.

fiends.

so dirty, patched, tattered, and ragged, that you can scarcely trace what it had originally been; and I have seen several children so wretchedly off for cloathing, that they run about almost in a state of nature. The wo men who appear tolerably respectable, and are dressed decently in their singular costume, look florid and healthy; while those attired in the ragged garments, bear a squalid and meagre aspect: this arises, I am induced to believe, from the greater dirt and poverty of the latter class.

"I am persuaded my illness did not arise from the dangerous practice they have in are many large forests composed entirely of merely from fatigue, but more probably "The chesnut abounds in Britanny; there this country, of making one sleep in linen that tree: their produce, boiled in milk,

a

"The bed, (which is made by being beaten with an old broom-stick, left constantly upon the bolster,) is the only tolerable accommodation, and even that is rendered obnoxious, so extremely damp, a thing to which Eng-supplying a means of subsistence for the poor by blankets of great antiquity, that have ne-lish people are not accustomed; although, ver known ablution, and are daily exposed I am convinced, habit may reconcile such to the tossing of a servant girl, whose face, practice without any fear of dangerous conhands, and apparel, are literally disguised sequences; for it is surprising in what a with dirt. This poor simple creature is very state of humidity the people both of Norobliging, and, like a kindly plant that mandy and Bretagne wear their linen, and springs up midst noisome weeds, has much receive no injury from it whatever. I do goodness in her nature. She has unluckily not feel quite comfortable in the prospect of our tour, as I find a certain complaint, called la gale, is very general here; but

Continued, from Mrs. Stothard's Tour.

during the greater part of the year. The people collect the chesnuts in sacks, and pile them up within their cabins: several families are even so needy, that they seldom taste the luxury of bread; but these are amongst the children of wretchedness in the extreme degree. I am informed that, in the neighbourhood of Brest, the lower orders resort to acorns, as well as chesnuts, for food, which have some nutritious quality when

world again; a caution they would willingly have dispensed with, as they did not fail gratifying their curiosity by taking a peep at him from behind the columns of the cloisters during the time he was employed."

The Romish fashions in Normandy are of a similar stamp.

boiled in milk. The Breton houses (ex-long expecting her coming. She made me cepting in the towns) are generally built of sit down before she unveiled, and was polite mud, without order or convenience. It is enough to say, she was glad to see me, even absolutely a common thing, in Britanny, for if I had no other motive than that of coming men, women, children, and animals, all to to pay iny respects to the superior of such a sleep together in the same apartment, upon convent as hers. She then threw up her no other resting place, than that of the sub- veil, and exhibited the countenance of a stantial earth, covered with some straw. very cross old lady, who looked more ac- At Bayeux, Mrs. S. relates-"I was walkWe once saw, near Josselin, a man drive customed to scolding than devotion. But, ing with an English lady, this morning, into his cabin a cow, and a horse, followed as the law of physiognomy is sometimes who resides here, when I observed some by a pig, and afterwards entering himself, he rather hard judging, I determined to ob- priests coming out of a baker's shop, with shut to the door. serve her manner, ere I set down the sharp the holy water. I asked my companion if "I can confidently aver, from my own nose, and contracted brows, as the infalli- she knew what they had been doing there. observation of the Welsh and the Bretons, ble marks of a scold. Before I left her, IThe lady said, she had no doubt that they that the latter are by no means so civilised, was however confirmed in my physiognomi- had been sprinkling. When I enquired the so industrious, so rich, or well being, and cal observations; for the excessive sharpness, meaning of this ceremony, I found that are in all respects inferior to the Welsh. and peremptory examination of the mother some of the Roman Catholic clergy practise Indeed, they do not appear as if springing relative to who I was, &c. convinced me she a system of extortion, peculiar to their from the same origin, and are but one de- did not rank amongst the order of gentle de-church, by going into the shops, and sprinkgree above nature in an almost savage state; votees. She told ine a little of her own his-ling the holy water, to give a blessing to while their dirty habits, (too filthy to bear tory, her misfortunes in the Revolution, the master's trade; for which obliging act, description,) and their wretched manner of and, amongst other things, averred, that they receive a compensation in money. The living, sink them in a great measure, below the Virgin Mary had twice appeared to her priests have many other methods of genteel the rank of human beings. The Bretons during her sufferings for the faith. The begging. If you go into a church or cathehave no bards, no poetic legends, no tradi- Virgin Mary, madam!' said I, not a little dral and take a chair, even while the mass tions, like the Welsh, which, however wild surprised. Aye, the Holy Virgin,' re- is performing, they come up to you, and or improbable, display the genius and ima- plied the old lady; the blessed protector of solicit some trifle in payment of your seat; gination of that simple and venerable peo-religious houses; the mother of our Lord, and soon after another priest will present ple." by whose side the nuns will sit in heaven, you with a dish, into which you throw and the abbesses next to him on his right whatever money you please. To whom hand. This was quite enough for me: I these collected sums are given I do not soon bid her good morning, and went away, know; but I dare say they are considered too reflecting how well the old lady had settled sacred to be suffered to depart from the the precedency of heaven. But I find such church!" visions and privileges are very common with the superiors of religious houses."

6

6

time her husband should stay away altogether and take another wife. It is very probable, that if at this time they had had no children, he would have left her, but then he would have taken his property with him at the same time.

"On the return of an Indian from a journey, or long absence, he will on entering the house, say, I am returned!' to which his wife will reply, I rejoice!' and having cast his eyes around, he will enquire, whether all the children are well, when being answered in the affirmative, he replies, Iain glad!' which for the present is all the conversation that passes between them; nor does he relate any thing at this present time that occurred on his journey, but holds himself in readiness to partake of the nourishment which his wife is preparing for him. After a while, when the men of the village have assembled at his house, his wife, with the rest, hears his story at full length.

Marriages are proposed and concluded in different ways. The parents on both sides, having observed an attachment between two young persons, negotiate for them. This generally commences from the house where the bridegroom lives, whose mother is the negotiatrix for him, and begins her duties by taking a good leg of vension, or bear's meat, or something else of the same kind, to the house where the bride dwells, not forgetting to mention, that her son has killed it : in return for this the mother of the bride, if she otherwise approves of the match, which 'she well understands by the presents to be intended, will prepare a good dish of victuals, the produce of the labour of woman, such as beans, Indian corn, or the like, and then taking it to the house where the bridegroom lives, will say, This is the produce of my daughter's field; and she also prepared it. If afterwards the mothers of the parties are enabled to tell the good news to each other, that the young people have pronounced that which was sent them very good, the bargain is struck. It is as much as if the young man had said to the girl, I am able to provide you at all times with meat to eat!' and she had replied, and such good victuals from the field you shall have from me! From this time not only presents of this kind are continued on both sides, but articles of clothing are presented to the parents by each party, by way of return for what they have received, of which the young people always have a share. The friendship between the two families daily increasing, they do their domestic and field work jointly, and when the young people have agreed to live together, the parents supply them with necessaries, such as a kettle, dishes or bowls, and also what is required for the kitchen, and with axes, hoes, &c. to work in the field.

:

"The men who have no parents to negotiate for them, or otherwise choose to manage the matter for themselves, have two simple ways of attaining their object. The first is by stepping up to the woman whom they wish to marry, saying: If you are willing I will take you as wife!' when if she answer in the affirmative, she either goes with him immediately, or meets him at an appointed time and place.

"The other mode of celebrating marriage
will appear from the following anecdote.
"An aged Indian, who for many years had
spent much of his time among the white peo-
ple both in Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
one day about the year 1770 observed, that
the Indians had not only a much easier way of
getting a wife than the whites, but were also
more certain of getting a good one; For,'
(said he in his broken English,) White
man court,-court,-may be one whole
year!-may be two year before he marry!
well!-may be then got very good wife
but may be not!-may be very cross!-
Well now, suppose cross! scold as soon
as get awake in the morning! scold all day!
scold until sleep!-all one; he must keep
him! White people have law forbidding
throwing away wife, be he ever so cross!
must keep him always! Well! how does
Indian do?-Indian when he see industrious
Squaw, which he like, he go to him, place his
two fore-fingers close aside each other, make
two look like one-look Squaw in the face-
see him smile-which is all one he say, Yes!
so he take him home-no danger he be
cross! no! no! Squaw know too well what
Indian do if he cross!-throw him away and
take another! Squaw love to eat meat! no
husband! no meat! Squaw do every thing to
please husband! he do the same to please
Squaw! live happy!"

The Indians pay great respect to old age;
of which the following simple story is a fine
example.

so up the Susquehannah to Wyoming, a distance of nearly one hundred miles round. In this difficulty, it fortunately struck their missionary, Mr. Zeisberger, that a certain Indian named David, who was one of their party and had followed them all the way, was acquainted with that part of the country, and might, perhaps, be able to point out to them some better and shorter road. He soon found that he was not mistaken. David was perfectly acquainted with the country, and knew a good road, through which the party might easily pass, but not having been questioned on the subject, had hitherto kept silence, and followed with the rest, though he knew all the while they were going wrong. A dialogue then took place between him and the missionary.

"ZEISB.-David! You arc, I believe, acquainted with this country; perhaps you know a better road and a shorter one than that which we are going to take.

"DAVID.-Yes, I do; there is such a road, whichwe may easily get through, and have a much shorter distance to travel than by that which is proposed; I am sure of it.

"ZEISB.-What; David! we were all going wrong, and yet you are with us? "DAVID.-Yes, 'tis so.

"ZEISB. And yet you said nothing, and followed with the rest as if all had been right.

6.

Will you now tell them? "DAVID. No, indeed; unless they ask me. It does not become an Indian to instruet elders.

"DAVID-Yes; the guides are somewhat older than myself; they took the lead, and never asked me whether I had any know"In the year 1765, the great body of Chris-ledge of the country. If they had enquired, tian Indians, after having remained sixteen I would have told them. months at and near Philadelphia, were permitted to return to their own country, peace having been concluded with the Indian nations, who still continued at war notwith-his standing the pacification between the Eu- "The question was then asked him at the ropean powers. They resolved to open a instigation of Mr. Zeisberger, when he impath through the wilderness from the frontier mediately told them that they must all resettlements beyond the Blue mountains di- turn to a certain spot, six miles back, and rectly to Wyoming on the Susquehannah. then direct their course more to the north This path they laid off and cut as they pro- east, which would bring them to a gap in the ceeded, two, three, or four miles at a time, mountain, where they could pass through according to the nature of the ground and with great case. They did so, and he folthe convenience of water, bringing up their lowed them, and being now desired to take baggage by making two or more trips, as the lead, he did it, and brought them to the they had no horses to carry it. Having ar- very spot he had described, and from thence rived at the great Pine Swamp, then sup- led them all the way to Wyoming. This posed to be about fourteen miles wide, it difficult part of the road, in the swamp, has was found very difficult to cut a passage on been since called David's path, and the state account of the thickets and of the great num-road now passes through it." ber of fallen trees which encumbered it; they were, besides, unacquainted with that part of the country. An old Indian, however took the lead, and undertook to be their guide. After a tedious march of near two weeks, attended with mach labour, he brought them across the swamp, to the large creek which borders upon it on the opposite side. There they found a very steep mountain, through which no passage could be found either above or below. Discouraged at the prospec: before them, they now saw no alternative but to return the same way they had come, and take the route by Fort Allen to Nescopeck, and

"The pronouns in the Indian language have no feminine gender."

(To be continued.)

4 Syriac Grammar, principally adapted to the New Testament, in that Language. By Thomas Yates, author of " Indian Church History." "A Collation of an Indian Copy of the Hebrew Pentateuch," &c. &c. pp. 120. 8vo.

The lovers of Oriental literature must, we think, be highly gratified by this publication of a Syriac and English Grammar, the first, we believe, that has been printed in this country. It appears to have been composed by the author at the request of the late Rev. Dr. C. Buchanan, at a time when he was engaged with that gentleman in preparing an edition of the New Testament, for the use of