such force, that their insolence became intolerable, and Lakshmi, as Lord of heaven (Swargadeo), could no longer contain his anger; so that, to check their pride, he burned a splendid building, which, contrary to law, had been erected by one of them nained the Mahamari, who guided a multitude of the lowest and most ignorant of the people. The inflamed multitude put the chief minister to death; but the prudence of Lakshmi enabled him, although with great difficulty, to smother the rebellion; and he died in

66

pleasure), which is situated on the Dikho provisions are distributed to the multitude,
river, that, about three hours' journey from who have assembled to see the show. The
the fort, falls into the Dihing or southern Raja and his queen then dine with all the
part of the Brahmaputra river." Near the Asamese of high rank. Then all the tribu-
royal palace was a small temple, composed tary rajas, landlords, and inferior officers are
entirely of copper, in which the god Chung, introduced, and make presents, which occu-
it is supposed, was kept; but the whole pies a whole month. In all these ceremonies
worship of that deity is veiled in profound the Chiring Phukon presides, and regulates
mystery.
every thing according to the ancient customs
of the kingdom."

"The coronation, or rather enthronement
of the king, is performed with much cere- "The whole kingdom of Asain, or Aham,
mony. The raja, mounted on a male ele- as the natives pronounce it, formed a portion
phant, and accompanied by his principal of Kamrup, one of the ancient divisions of
wife (Bara Kumari) riding on a female, pro-Indian geography; and at the commence-
ceeds to plant a tree (Ficus religiosa) on the ment of this degenerate iron age Kamrup was
hill Chorai Khorong, where his ancestor subject to Bhagadatta, a person celebrated
Khuntai first appeared on earth. By the in the fables concerning the great war. Dik-
way he takes up the young tree, and pays orbasini, a temple which was at the eastern
the proprietor whatever price he chooses to boundary of Kamrup, is at the extremity of
demand. In performing this ceremony, the Asam in the same direction. In modern
god Chung is suspended round his neck, he Asam, however, the term Kamrup is confined
is girt with the sword Hyangdang, he carries to the western and most important province
in his turban the feathers of the sacred bird of the kingdom, the greater part of which
Deokukura (Pavo bicalcaratus), and he is was wrested from the Moslems early in
accompanied by all the principal officers of the reign of Aurungzebe."
the kingdom, by a great part of the army,
and by a vast multitude of the people.

He seems to have been a weak young man, totally unable to contend with the enthusiastic multitude. The low followers of the Mahamari (mostly fishermen) drove him from his throne, and Pitambar, the spiritual guide of these ruffians, appointed his nephew, Bharat Singha, to be king. This person, in a coin dated in the year Saka 1715 (A. D. 1792), claims a descent from Bhagadatta, The trade between Bengal and Asam is which, had he been successful, would have stated at, exports from Bengal 228,300 rubeen considered as an indisputable fact. But Having planted the tree, the Raja and pees; imports 130,000 rupees. The balance Ganrinath, having thrown himself on the his followers descend to three huts, that have is paid in gold from the mines, and in silver. protection of Lord Cornwallis, that noble-been erected for the purpose, and which are The gold is from the mine Pakerguri, and man, shortly before his departure for Europe called Patghar, Holongghar, and Singgori-is contained in the sand at the junction of in 1793, sent Captain Welsh, with eleven ghar. The Raja and his queen first enter the Donsiri, or Donhiri, with the Brahmahundred Sepoys, who restored Gaurinath the Patghar, where some water is poured on putra. It is wrought by 1,000 men, from to the throne of his ancestors, and after them from a shell called Dackshinavarta 15th September to 14th October, and each a short stay returned to Bengal, very much Sangkha, the mouth of which is turned the man must deliver one and a half rupee weight to the regret of the prince." The usurper way contrary to that of the shell, which is of gold dust. If successful he keeps all the rebelled about two years after, and was usually sounded by the Hindus, in order to overplus; if otherwise he must make good seized and put to death. The restored king, attract a little notice from the gods. the quantity. "The mine, therefore, prohowever, soon died, and an overbearing mi- "The two royal persons then enter the duces to the royal treasury 15,000 rupees nister, Lara Gobaing, placed a boy tool upon Holongghar, and sit on a stage made of bam-weight of gold dust; for every person emthe throne, an illegitimate descendant from boos, under which is placed one of each ployed is paid in land. The rupee weight Gadadhar the father of Rudra. About 1802 species of animal that can be procured, such of gold dust is worth twelve rupees of silver; or 1803 there was a conspiracy against Bara as a man, an elephant, a horse, a cow, a deer, but it is adulterated and formed into small Gohaing, which he suppressed, putting to a hog, a fowl, a duck, a snake, an inseet, a balls, which sell at Goyalpara for eleven sicca death five hundred persons of some rank, fish, &c. Then water from nine Tirthas, or rupees for tlie weight of an Asamese rupee. among whom was the brother of his own holy places, is poured over the king and The mine, therefore, is worth to the king wife. The executions were performed with queen, and falls on the animals. somewhat more than 18,000 sicca rupees a the cruelties usual among the Asamese, year. namely, with hoes heated to redness; but the terrible example is not thought to have quelled the spirit of insurrection.

|

or by cutting off the knee-pans. The wretches of these advantages. The works on this sub-catcher) two, alauda (lark) six, motacilla usually die of the latter operation, but survive ject, though highly valuable in themselves, (wagtail) three, vitiflora (wheatear) one, the former. Both punishments are inflicted are too expensive for every one to procure, sylvia(nightingale) nineteen, parus (titmouse) by the sole order of the chief minister in and so voluminous as to discourage those seven, hirundo (swallow) four, and capriAsam proper, or of the governor of the two whom we should invite, and appal the stu-mulgus (goatsucker) one. Order IV. Coother provinces. Petty thefts are very com-dent with images of difficulty and labour, lumba, one genius, the pigeon, four species. mon, and are punished by whipping, or by when we should cheer his efforts, and smooth Order V. Gallina, four genera; viz. colcutting off the nose or ears.' his approach." chicus (pheasant) two, tetrao (grouse) four, perdix (partridge) three, and otis (bustard) two.

The productions are chiefly rice, mustard, black pepper, the bettel-leaf; the sugarcane flourishes, and cotton is grown on the hills. But silk forms the greater part of the clothing, and no fewer than four different kinds of worms are reared, that on the mulberry being the least, and that on the muga (a species of laurel) the most common. The insect is fed on the tree as it grows. There are two crops; the silk procured at the beginning of the dry season (kartik) is red, that which is cut in the end of spring (jaishtha) is white, and reckoned the best. The silk Meddangori, obtained in Asam proper, on a cultivatel tree of another description, is still dearer than the preceding. The fourth kind, called Grendi, is reared on the Ricinus, and is abundant. Oxen and buffaloes are plentiful; but the art of making butter and cheese unknown sheep are scarce, and goats not numerous. There are no asses, and very few horses. Ducks are more common than fowls, though many persons keep game cocks.

The handicraftsmen do not seem to be very expert, though the turners, it is said, can straighten an elephant's tooth, by covering it with a thick coat of clay and cow-dung, and then exposing it to the fire.

He then unfolds his design as follows:
"The intention of the author, in forming
this compendium, was to collect the inform-
ation scattered through extensive treatises,
and the transactions of learned societies,-
to state the species which have been recently
discovered, and to correct those errors in
synonyma, which the difference of feather in
different ages, or at certain times in the year,
has frequently produced. Far, therefore,
from aspiring to supersede the standard
works, he trusts his synopsis will facilitate
their study.

"From the writings of Shaw, Montagu,
Pennant, Lathain and Bewick, he has often
drawn his descriptions; but in almost every
instance, diligently compared them with
specimens in his own cabinet, or those of his
friends. The details of authors, however,
the concise plan of his compendium has often
obliged him to abridge; yet he is not aware
of having ever omitted the characteristic of
a species.

Besides the external appearance, this synopsis will be found to contain anatomical remarks. A great proportion of the British birds have been accurately examined by the author as to their internal structure, while others were dissected in the Orkney Islands "No one is allowed to wear shoes without by well informed assistants, sent for the pura special licence from the king, and it is an pose of procuring specimens. The habits of indulgence that is very rarely granted. At several species these gentlemen also ascerthe capital there are a few Bengalese shoe-tained, and some were kept alive under the makers, who are ready, whenever his Majesty chooses, to have a pair of shoes, or to indulge one of his chiefs with that luxury. "There are no confectioners, no butchers, no bakers, no tailors.

author's inspection."

In the beaten path of criticism we have but to state, that Mr. Atkinson appears to us to have formed a good plan, and to have executed it very ably. Such a publication admits of hardly any other mode of illustration, than the expression of opinion; but we shall endeavour to condense its information (on leading points), and add such examples of the peculiarities and habits of some of the birds, as may serve to relieve the technical dryness of the subject.

"All the domestics are slaves, and they are pretty numerous, every man of rank having several. The slaves are procured from among the necessitous, who mortgage themselves, in the same manner as in the eastern divisions of Ranggapur. Some are exported. About a hundred of pure cast are annually sold to Bengal. They are Mr. Atkinson thus classes the birds of mostly children: the girls are chiefly bought Great Britain. First division, LAND BIRDS. by prostitutes, and cost from twelve to fifteen Order I. Accipetres, consisting of three rupees. A Koch boy costs twenty-five ru-genera.-Genus 1. Falco. Eighteen species pees, a Kolita fifty. Slaves of impure tribes from the golden eagle to the sparrow hawk. are sold to the Garos, and many are said to Genus 2, strix (owl) of eight species, and be sent to Nora, from whence they are pro- genus 3, lanius (strike) three species. Orbably exported to Ava." der II. Pica, consisting of eleven genera; viz. corvus (crow) of nine sorts, coracias (roller) one, oriolus (oriole) one, cucullus A Compendium of the Ornithology of (cuckoo) one, yunx (wryneck) one, picus Great Britain; with a Reference to (woodpecker) five, alcedo (kingsfisher) one, the Anatomy and Physiology of Birds. sitta (nuthatch) one, merops (bee-eater) one, By John Atkinson, F.L.S. &c. Lon- upupa (hoopoe) one, and certhia (creeper) one. Order III. Passeres, sixteen genera, don and Leeds. 1820. 8vo. pp. 322. viz. sturnus (starling) one, turdus (thrush) In his preface the author of this very useful seven, cinclus (water-ouzel) one, glareola work, truly says:" It has long been regret-(pratincole) one, ampelis (chatterer) one, ted that the want of a concise system of Bri-loxia (finch) five, emberiza (bunting) seven, tish Ornithology has prevented the diffusion fringilla (sparrow) nine, muscicapa (fy

BRITISH BIRDS.

The Second Division is that of WATER BIRDS. These are subdivided into the three orders, grallæ, pinnatipedes, and palmipedes. The grall are of the following eleven genera. Platalea (spoonbill) one sort, ardea (crane) fourteen, tantalus (ibis) one, numenius (curlew) two, scolopax (snipe) eleven, tringa (ruff and reeve-sandpiper) fourteen, charadrius (plover) seven, cursorius one, hæmatopus one, rallus (rail) one, and gallinula (water hen) five. The pinnatipedes are of only three genera; the phalaropus of two kinds, the fulvia (coot) one, and the podiceps (gribe) six. The last order is the palmipedes, or web-footed, which consist of ten genera; viz. the avocata, of one kind, alca (auk) five, uria (guillemot, &c.) three, colymbas (divers) five, sterna (tern) six, larus (gull) ten, procellaria (petrel, &c.) three, mergus three, anas (swan, goose, &c.) thirty one, and pelicanus (cormorant, &c.) three.

In all, fifty-nine genera: one hundred and forty-two kinds of land birds, and one hundred and thirty-seven water-fowls. in all two hundred and ninety-seven kinds of birds known to Great Britain.

:

We now insert three definitions, to show the author's method.

"Alcedo.-Bill long triangular, tongue short, sharp pointed; legs short, feet, in most species gressorial. 1. Ispida, kingfisher. A. atro-viridis, subtus fulra, dorso cæruleo nitidissimo vertice maculis transrersis cæruleis. Shaw. The bill is two inches long, and blackish; base of the lower mandible orange; irides light hazel; crown and coverts of the tail bright azure; under parts dull orange; legs red orange. The kingfisher generally deposits her eggs in an ascending rats-hole. The nest is composed of the bones of fishes, the castings of the parent birds. The eggs are seven, white and transparent. It is supposed that the young are fed by the parents ejecting food from their stomachs. See an interesting account in Mont. Orn. Dict.

66

Genus XI. Sitta.-Bill subulate, straight, sharp pointed; nostrils covered with reflected bristles; feet three toes forwards, one backward. 1. Europea, nut-hatch, wood-cracker, nut-jobber. S. plumbea, subtus sub-ferruginea fascia transoculari nigra, rectricibus lateralibus nigris prope apicem albidis. Shaw The bill is strong, black above, beneath white; irides hazel; the crown and upper parts are of a fine bluish grey; the cheeks and chin are white; breast and belly are of a dull orange; quills dusky; the legs are pale yellow. The female lays six or seven white eggs, spotted with rust colour. She forms her nest in the hole of a tree, the entrance to which is contracted, by a plaster of clay, so as barely to allow a passage

When disturbed she hisses like a snake. The fishes in the nest of a pair, which had built | perch and at rest; it is not by any voluntary nut-hatch feeds upon beetles and nuts, the near a lake, upon his premises, he was in-action which it exerts by which it is prelatter after securing in a chink, it cracks by|duced one moonlight night to watch their vented from falling when asleep; it is by a stroke of its bill." motions; when he was agreeably surprized the pressure of the body upon the legs, by to see one of them plunge into the water, which the flexor tendons of the feet are and seize a perch, which it bore to its nest, compelled to embrace the branch upon whence the gentleman took it." which it is seated."

Rubecula, red-breast. S. grisea, gula pectoreque ferrugineis. Shaw. The bill is slender and black; the irides are large and dusky; the plumage is yellowish brown; the breast deep rufous-orange; the belly and vent are whitish. Both sexes are alike. Length six inches. The red-breast builds its nest at the bottom of some thick shrub it is composed of leaves, moss and feathers. The female lays from five to seven dirty white eggs, spotted with rust colour. Its food is worms and insects, which it never eats alive, but beats them with its bill against the ground until they cease to move." Agreeably to our proposition we conclude with a few characteristic notices.

The hooded crow. Mr. A. says, "This bird, my assistant observed in Orkney, to break shell-fish, by letting them fall upon the rocks from a great height.

"The hooded crow is rarely seen in this part of the country, but is frequent on the shores of our tide rivers, during the winter. We have seen it in most parts of the Highlands, Scotland, in July and August.

An appendix describes the best mode of preserving birds for the cabinet; but for this and other matters, we must refer to the work itself, which needs no further recommendation either to ornithologists, or the public generally.

LODGE'S PORTRAITS.

Parts. III & IV.

The greatest difficulty which appears to stand in the way of a work like this, is that of selecting subjects to engrave. In many instances the portraits of our most eminent characters are but of small value as works of art; and yet to omit them on account of this defect would be to exclude the most iliustrious persons in our history. This necessarily creates an inequality in the engravings; since the artist well knows the impossibility of The cuckoo." It is curious, that when producing a fine plate from a picture destitute two cuckoo-eggs, are deposited and hatched, of talent. But when such a drawback has the stronger bird ejects the weaker, and re-occurred in any portrait which is the most mains sole possessor of the nest. authentic representation of a distinguished individual, it has been balanced by the care and skill of the engraver in finishing the plate; for we can truly say, that we never had occasion to review a work of such extent, where the combination of ability requisite to bring it before the world has been so various; in which the plates have been so uniformly good, and in which they have improved so much in merit as the publication proceeded.

A remarkable instance of a male of this species, pairing with the female carrion crow, (corvus corone) we witnessed at Aroquhar, on Lock Long, and this singular attachment, "As birds do not possess the sense of had subsisted three or four years; their nest taste, the fluid usually secreted by the paro-was like that of carrion crow, in the fork of tid gland is not saliva, but a mucus fluid, and a tall pine, and the young brood had already its use is to lubricate the throat, and defend flown, but we were unable to procure one it from the many hard substances constantly of them, or to ascertain which of the parents swallowed. In the woodpecker this gland they most resembled." is unusually large, and the fluid most viscid, which enables it to attach insects, &c. the better to its curiously formed tongue. This organ in most birds has the os hyoides, which runs in the centre cartilaginous, but in the "A young cuckoo was hatched in the wood-pecker it is completely ossified, runs nest of a water-wagtail; after it had quitlongitudinally through the tongue, and pro- ted the nest, we observed the singular jects at its tip, a barbed point, the use of this manner in which it was fed by its fosterstructure is of course to transfix insects. parent; the young bird remained squatted But in order to allow a sufficient protrusion on the ground, and in that position, with its and retraction, the cornua of the os hyoi-head thrown backwards, and gaping with its des are elongated backwards and upwards, mouth, received the wag-tail on its back, and slide in a groove of the cranium. Thus who liberally supplied it with worms and by the surprising latitude of motion, which insects.” this conforination allows, conjoined also with the elasticity of the root of the tongue, and the peculiar muscles which produce its motions, the bird has the power of darting out for several inches its singular weapon."

66

The organ of voice in birds is at the bifurcation of the trachia, and not in the larynx it appears by the observations of Cuvier to depend upon the number of constrictor muscles, and their situation. He found in all singing birds five pairs :

Two anterior longitudinal contractors.
Two posterior do.
do.

Two small

Two oblique

Two transverse

In most birds which do not sing there is in general only one pair."

The sparrow.
"The ignorant, ever ready
to judge from superficial observation, have
condemned the sparrow, because it feeds on
the produce of the farmer, as a most noxious
bird, fit only to be extirpated. It is to be
recollected, however, that insects form no
inconsiderable part of the food for birds.
Mr. Bradley, in his treatise on husbandry and
gardening, has proved by actual observation,
that a pair of sparrows, during the time they
had young, carried to the nest forty cater-
pillars in one hour; and supposing them
employed with equal diligence for twelve
hours a day, they will in one week consume
the astonishing number of three thousand
three hundred and sixty caterpillars.

This is in itself no mean praise, and certainly does honour to the proprietors of the copyright; though it prevents our saying so much of the plates in the early parts, as we may have occasion to observe upon those of later date. It will be a sufficient assurance of their general beauty to state, that the talents of Messrs. Hilton, Satchwell, and others, have been employed in making the drawings, and of Messrs. Agar, Meyer, Cooper, &c. upon the engravings.

Part III. contains Prince Henry the son of James I. (by Mytens), and gives us the idea of a beautiful Stuart countenance in youth, full of benevolence and intelligence. Archbishop Cranmer, from the original in the British Museum. What we find remark-. "Thus an all wise Providence checks the able in the literary portion belonging to this inordinate increase of insects; which, how-portrait, is a statement that Cranmer had Of the owl. Spallanzani found that ever useful in themselves, would if left un- a son and a daughter by his second wife (the the gastric juice of the owl and some hawks, molested, propagate with such rapidity as to niece of Osiander, a protestant divine of Nuis perfectly incapable of digesting vegetable consume the vegetable productions of the remberg), whom he sent back to Germany on substances, however triturated or masticat-earth, and leave it a desert waste." the promulgation of the famous six articles, ed; but that the gastric fluid of the ring-tail "Mr. White, in his His-in 1639, forbidding the marriage of the eagle, digested bread when forced into the tory of Selborne, observes, that great flocks clergy upon pain of death. This fact, which stomach, although the bird would not touch sometimes appear in that neighbourhood, has escaped all who have written concerning it voluntarily after four days fasting, about Christmas, and that they are almost Cranmer, is put beyond doubt by the Jour all hens. In Sweden the hens migrate, leav-nals of Parliament, where Mr. Lodge has ing the males."

The bodies rest; the quiet of the heart;

Things of that tide, and oft that never bee.
Without respect, esteeming equally

And next in order, sad Old Age we found:
King Croesus' pompe, and Irus' povertie.
His beard all hore, his eyes hollow and blind;
With drouping cheere, still poring on the
As on the place where Nature him assigned

may be, it would be very unjust to deny him

travels, in the second volume, from south to north of the island, traversing several hundred miles, viewing innumerable towns, villages, seats, and farms, some of them with the utmost ininuteness, (whether real or assumed I cannot say) and the tour only occuhe leaves Macroom, to the 19th of October, pies him from the 14th of September, when when he departs for England, after having, in these five weeks, produced his comely octavo of 355 pages!

bicus Flicciis, and not only possessed of much intrinsic merit, but the only known specimen The travailes ease; the still night's feere was he; the praise of exemplary expedition. He of an artist whose very name has escaped the And of our life in earth the better part; observation of Vertue, Lord Orford, Pilking-Rever of sight, and yet in whom we see ton, Bryan, and others who have devoted their attention to pictorial biography. The third portrait is that of Ann Clifford, the renowned Countess of Pembroke (by Mytens). The fourth is John Paulet or Powlett (for our ancestors were not very particular in the orthography of even their own names), who was the fifth Marquis of To rest. Winchester. It is from a picture by Peter This is not only fine, but displays much of Oliver, and does credit to the gallant royalist the cunning of poetry. The alliteration is does not bear favourable testimony to the We have, however, an old proverb, which and brave defender of Basing House. Ed-obvious, without affectation; and many of the advantages to be derived from such hasty ward Courtenay Earl of Devonshire, the last images served later bards in good stead, as of the elder male branch of that great house, all our readers will at once perceive. operations; and I must say, that the veneris the fifth subject. This is the personage who In the biography of the Duke of Bucking-occasion by Mr. Curwen: for his book, at able adage is borne out completely on this was suggested as a husband to Queen Eliza-ham, Mr. Lodge is wrong where he says least as far as my personal knowledge goes,

beth; he died at Padua in 1556. The last portrait is that of George Clifford, the third Earl of Cumberland, the father of Ann of Pembroke, and one of the commanders against the Spanish armada. His costume is very peculiar; and he wears in the front of his hat the glove which Elizabeth dropped, and when he presented it to her, bade him keep

it for her sake. This honourable mark of

ground;

that" England could not at that time furnish
monsters sufficiently depraved to apologise
murdered even a bad minister." Never was
for a frantic enthusiast (Felton) who had
the country more disgraced by such apologies
very occasion: pamphlets were
of persons of respectable station attached to
published in praise of Felton, with the names
them, and multitudes openly regarded the

than on this

his politic mistress's favour is proudly en-assassins with the veneration of a martyr.
riched with gems, and seems to be as
proudly worn by the adventurous sailor.

" Let a

is very inaccurate indeed. But I am not willing to bring general charges without substantiating them; and shall accordingly point shall only speak of what relates to my own out a few inaccuracies. As I am a Cork-man neighbourhood.

I

Page 4. We have a couple of errors: "Bally Cobleck, six miles from Cork, is a great ordnance depôt." The name of the talks of the Irishtown of Cork, no part of place is Ballincollig. And shortly after, he which city is designated by such a title; and in fact the name conveys an erroneous idea.

Of Lionel Cranfield, whom Buckingham ruined and got dismissed with heavy fine and Part IV. consists of the following: John disgrace from his office of lord treasurer, we Russel, 1st Earl of Bedford, and Thomas Sack- have a good anecdote. A question had arisen ville, 1st Earl of Dorset, by unknown artists; at his table (after this event) as to the best ticularly striking. The old town being built Page 7. "The situation of Cork is parJohn Selden, by Mytens; George Villiers, means of prolonging human life, upon which on the side of a hill forms an amphitheatre, first Duke of Buckingham, by Jansen; Lucy his lordship facetiously observed, Harington, Countess of Bedford, by Hon-man get himself appointed lord treasurer, ran." Now the old town of Cork is built on at the foot of which the river Lee formerly thorst; Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, for no one ever died in that office." His a flat at the foot of the hill, and was surby Mytens. The second of these is the well humour was also displayed in some mock-rounded by the Lee. When the necessity known author of Ferrex and Porrex, after-commendatory verses prefixed to the Travels wards called Gorboduc, the prototype of the or Crudities of Tom Coryat in 1611, who, tragic drama in the English tongue. He like Mr. Curwen, (see a subsequent page) ought, perhaps, to be almost equally cele- seems to have written as he ran. brated for his Induction," to which Warton (though Virgil and older poets might claim it) ascribes the honour of teaching Spenser the mode of designing allegorical personages; as the tragedy no doubt did much towards the production of that resplendant era of which Shakspeare was the sun. copy a verse or two from the poem, as illus-But speakes not any of their tongues as yet, trative of Warton's opinion. The poet is led For who in five months can attaine to it? by Sorrow to the infernal regions: Short was his time, although his booke be long. Which shewes much wit, and memory more strong

We

Poor Coryat was so insensible to ridicule
that he inserted all the burlesques upon
himself in his book, and, among the rest,
Lord Middlesex's:

Who saw the French, Dutch, Lombard, Jew,
"Great laude deserves the author of this worke,
and Turke,

for keeping themselves cooped up in a for-
tified town ceased, the inhabitants spread
over the adjoining hills; so that what Mr.
Curwen calls the old town is in truth the
most modern. He might have learned this
fact from Spenser, who sings of

The spreading Lee that, like an island fair,
Encloseth Cork with its divided flood.

Page 8. "The old town occupies the southern bank, the new is built on the northern.' The old town, as I have said before, was encompassed by the two branches of the Lee, which divides above and unites below it.