issue another still more capricious. The flies | being very troublesome to him during the heat of the summer, he ordered that every artizan should bring him every day forty of these insects on a string under pain of a severe fine, and he caused this ridiculous sentence to be severely enforced."

"Hussein, Captain Pasha (the famous one who fought at Cheshmé) when in the bay of Smyrna once, with his fleet, seeing one of his ships run foul of another, ordered the captain on board and beheaded him imme, diately."

18 (by his faith) that he had seen this effect produced by them."

and to the Mufti; a long enumeration, including Cyprus, Candia, Rhodes, Mytelen, Cos, Tenedos, Scio, &c. &c.; only 31, however, pay tribute to the captain Pasha.

HUBER ON ANTS.

"I heard some Greeks in the coffee-house at Yeronta (Miletus), give, as a reason for Englishmen travelling, that they knew by books where treasures were hid, and that, on finding them, they change, by magic, the "When a Grand Vizier is favourably de- pieces of money into flies and make them [Dr. Johnson's Translation, continued.] posed (i. e.) without banishing him or put-fly to their houses in England; on arriving Our preceding extracts furnished a view ting him to death) it is signified to him by a at which they again become pieces of money. into the interior of the ants' hill, and displaychiaoux from the Sultan, who goes to his These fellows tried hard to make me believe ed the extraordinary motions of these insects, table and wipes the ink out of his golden pen; in the holy fire at Jerusalem, and told me of in the care of the rising generation. Pursuthis he understands as the sign of his dismissal: many miracles lately performed by the Greeking the same subject, we learn, that— if his fate be more severe, he receives an or-priests of their neighbourhood: they were The insect, in the state of pupa, has der from the Sultan to await his sentence in very confident of being soon liberated from acquired the figure it will always preserve; a small kiosk (summer-house) just outside of the Turks, and said that this would be ac- nothing seems wanting but strength and a the walls of the Seraglio, where he sits some-complished by themselves in three years at little more consistence it is also as large as times four or six hours, before the messen- most, without the help of the Russians, or it will ever be; all its members are distinct, ger comes to tell him whether he is to be any other European power. They said, that one single pellicle envelopes them. The ant, banished or put to death." all the knowledge of the Europeans was under this forin, continues to anove for some derived from the Greeks of Constantinople moments after its quitting the state of larva, (under the Lower Empire) who were very but it soon becomes immoveable: it afterwards learned men, who had shut up all the dis- changes gradually in colour, passing from a cases that afflict human nature in a column fine white to a pale yellow; then becoming red, at Constantinople, so successfully that man- and in several species, brown, almost verging kind would never have been afflicted by them to black. The rudiments of wings may at this again, had not a Jew broken the column. time be seen in those which are destined to This last is, probably, some fable founded fly. The pupa have still many attentions to on the brazen pillar in the Hippodrome." receive from the workers; the greater part are enclosed in a tissue spun by themselves before their metamorphosis; but they cannot, like other insects, liberate themselves from this covering by effecting an opening in it with their teeth. They have scarcely the power of moving; their covering is of too compact a texture, and formed of too strong a silk, to allow of their tearing it without the assistance of the workers. But how do these indefatigable attendants ascertain the proper moment for this process?-If they possessed the faculty of hearing, we might imagine they knew the fit time, from some noise produced in the interior of the prison by the insects whose developement has comThis superstition resembles that of putting inenced; but there is no indication favouring peas in the fire in England on Midsummer- this opinion; it is probable they have a knoweve, and nuts in Scotland on "Halloween." | ledge of it from some slight movements that The author concludes his work with some take place within, which they ascertain strangely inappropriate poetry. The senti-through the medium of their antennæ; for ments are well enough, but it is an odd sort these organs are endowed with a sensibility, of thing altogether to place such a matter at of which it would be difficult to form a just the end of a book of travels; and though we idea: whatever it be, they are never deceived. felt a peculiar interest in the fate of one of the relatives, whose loss he deplores (at least we presume so from the identity of name); we must say, that his verse is sadly out of keeping here.

"The same Hussein had a Jew physician called in one day to relieve him from an aching tooth; the clumsy fellow unfortunately drew the wrong one, but as the agony of extraction drowned the pain for a time, he got away undetected; the pain soon returned, and a few days after Hussein meeting the man on the Bosphorus, stopped him and had every tooth in his head drawn."

"The best Otto (Uttar) of Roses in Turkey is made at Casandjik, a small village about a day's journey from Adrianople, where there are large fields of roses for seven or eight miles of country. The proof of its goodness is its easily freezing, being biting to the tongue, and, if put on paper, and dried by the fire, leaving no stain."

From the remaining recollections we take these, respecting the Greeks.

"Greeks may marry a third wife, but not a fourth; by our old travellers, it appears that 150 years ago they could only go as far as a second; in 100 years more, perhaps a fourth will be allowed."

"Every Papas (priest) is buried, sitting up in a chair, but this custom has nothing to do with his wife's promising not to marry again, as Aaron Hill writes.'

"The Greeks always expect that the weather, whatever it may be, will change on a Friday."

'At Cousouaïki (the village where I passed the night between Boudroun and Melasso), in the coffee-houses, some Greeks were talking to each other about me, before they knew I understood them; they said that Englishmen travelled because they believed that if they died abroad their souls would return to England and animate the body of a child of twelve years old, and thus recommence life; I found this absurdity was believed by the Greek Bishop of Akhisar."

"A Greek woman thinks it unlucky to begin cutting out a gown or making any article of dress on a Tuesday or a Saturday." "The Greeks think sneezing a good omen; it is a sign their friend or lover remembers them they will give the name of a friend, or a lover, to each of their fingers of one hand, and suddenly taking hold of one when they sneeze, think themselves remembered by the person whom the finger they have hold of represents."

:

"The Greek women will put apple pips into the fire or candle; if they jump, it is a sign their friend or lover remembers them; the contrary if they lie quiet."

To conclude with a paragraph of useful information. The Greek Islands belonging to the Porte, and their computed population, are 19 in number, with a total of 112,400 souls. viz. Naxos 15,000, Paros 7000, Tino 20,000, Micone 7000, Sira 4000, Zia 5000, Thermia 4000, Argentiera 700, Milo 1500, Amorgo 1500, Polycandro 2000, Santorino 13,000, Nanfio 1500, Astampalia 2000, Nio 3000, Antiparos 200. Andros 15,000, Serpho 3000, Siphanto 7000. The "A Greek, in Melasso, told me that there tribute amounts in all to 280,000 Turkish are miraculous powers in the medals of Con- piastres. There are besides Islands of the stantine the Great, and that if one of them Archipelago, belonging (as recorded at the were put on a sieve, it would prevent water Porte) to the Captain Pasha, to the govern running through; he swore to me uxment, to the Steward of the Household,

"Let us still follow them in that labour, wherein are displayed, as it regards their charge, a zeal and an attachment which would justly merit our attention, even were they the real parents of these insects: how much grater then must be our astonishment, when we consider that they bear no further relation to them, than that of being born under the same roof. Several males and females lay in their enveloping membrane in one of the largest cavities of my glazed ant-hill. The Labourers, assembled together, appeared to be in continual motion around them. I noticed three or four mounted upon one of these cocoons, endeavouring to open it with their teeth at that extremity answering to the head of the pupa; they began thinning it, by tearing away some threads of silk where they wished to pierce it; and at length, by dint of pinching and biting this tissue, so extremely difficult to break, they formed in it a vast

1

number of apertures. They afterwards at-lars. Our selections here are consequently
tempted to enlarge these openings, by tear-less ample than we should otherwise have
ing or drawing away the silk; but these ef- made them.
forts proving ineffectual, they passed one of
their teeth into the cocoon, through the aper-
tures they had formed, and by cutting each
thread, one after the other, with great pa-
tience, at length effected a passage, of a
line in diameter, in the superior part of the
web. They now uncovered the head and
feet of the insect to which they were desir-
ous of giving liberty, but before they could
release it, it was absolutely necessary to en-
large the opening; for this purpose these
guardians cut out a portion in the longitudi-
nal direction of the cocoon, with their teeth
alone, employing these instruments as we are
in the habit of employing a pair of scissars.
A considerable degree of agitation prevailed
in this part of the ant hill: a number of ants
were occupied in disengaging the winged in-
dividual of its envelope; they took repose
and relieved each other by turns, evincing
great eagerness in seconding their companions
in this undertaking. To effect its speedy li-
beration, some raised up the portion or ban-
dalette cut out in the length of the cocoon;
whilst others drew it gently from its impri-
sonment. When the ant was extricated from
its enveloping membrane, it was not, like
other insects, capable of enjoying its free-
dom, and taking flight: nature did not will
it that it should so soon be independent of the
labourers. It could neither fly, nor walk,
nor without difficulty stand; for the body
was still confined by another membrane,
from which it could not, by its own exer-
tions, disengage itself.

"In this fresh einbarrassment, the labourers did not forsake it; they removed the satin-like pellicle which embraced every part of the body, drew the antennæ gently from their investment, then discugaged the feet and the wings, and lastly, the body, the abdomen, and its peduncle. The insect was now in a condition to walk and receive nourishment, for which it appeared there was urgent need. The first attention therefore, paid it by the guardians, was that of giving it the food I had placed within their reach.

"The ants in every part of the ant-hill were occupied in giving liberty to the males, females, and young labourers, that were still enveloped. On being dispossessed of their coverings, the remnants were collected and placed aside in one of the most distant lodges of their habitation; for these insects observe the greatest order and regularity. Some species of ants remove these shreds to a distance from the ant-hill; others cover the exterior surface of their nest with them, or collect them in particular apartments."

"The male and female ants, when they take a long flight from the ant-hill, do not show that singular instinct which guides bees, wasps, and other insects, in again finding their habitation. This instinct consists, in their knowing how to move in every direction around their abode, without struggling, in order to examine its position, and the several places in its vicinity. We may be soon convinced of this by displacing a hive, The first day the bees never venture abroad, unless they have previously visited all the neighbouring objects: they turn round on all sides, keeping an eye upon their dwelling, without which, it may be readily conceived, it would be impossible they could return. The Queen Bee does the same when she goes forth to meet her paramour in the air. But our winged ants, on the contrary, when they quit the ant-hill, keep their back continually towards it, and go off in a right line to a distance, from which it would be no easy matter to perceive it. We might from this infer, that they would never return to it. But I did not confine myself entirely to this observation; for I kept sentry, from the time of their departure until night, and even several days in succession, to be fully assured they did not return to the ant-hill. In this way I have arrived at the conviction, that their return is one of those fables with which we have been a long time amused. What, then, becomes of these insects, accustomed as they have been, to live in a convenient spacious abode, sheltered from every inclemency of the weather, and receiving every attention from the labourers, suddenly relying upon their own guidance, deprived of all these advantages?”

Their history is closely connected with the history of ant-hills, and embraces several curious, and hitherto unknown, particulars." One of the most remarkable of these is, the fact that the female ant immediately, and voluntarily strips off her own wings, and thus becomes domesticated! Then commences the charge of the numerous labourers who attach themselves to her.

"The females are conducted into the interior of the nest, and commence by being entirely dependent upon the workers. The latter, hanging to each of their legs, guard them with assiduity, and never permit them to go out. They nourish them with the greatest care, and conduct them into quarters whose temperature appears the best adapted to them; but they do not abandon them an instant, Each of these females loses, by degrees, the desire of quitting her abode. Her abdomen increases in size: at this period, she no longer experiences constraint. She has still a constant guard; a single ant accompanies her every where, and provides for her necessities. The greater part of the time the worker rests upon its abdomen, with its posterior legs stretched out upon the ground. It appears to be a sentinel stationed to survey the female's actions, and to seize the first moment when she begins to lay, to carry off the eggs. It is not always the same ant which follows her; this is relieved by others, who succeed it without interruption; but when the maternity of the female is well known, they commence by rendering her that homage which the bees evince for their queen. A court of from ten to fifteen ants continue follow her; she is unceasingly the object of their cares and caresses; all are eager to collect around her, offer her nourishment, and conduct her in their mandibles, through difficult and ascending passages. "We know that in the class of insects with They also lead her through all the different four inembranous wings, the males are des- quarters of the ant-hill. The eggs, taken up titute of offensive weapons, and do not pos- by the labourers, at the instant of their being sess that admirable apparatus which the laid, are collected around her. When she greater part of females put in use in the es- seeks repose, a group of ants environ her. tablishment of their family; they have nei-Several females live in the same nest; they their chisel-shaped teeth, nor stings, nor ovi- show no rivalry; each has her court; they positors (tarieres). The several arts we re-pass each other uninjured, and sustain, in mark among the greater number of bees and wasps, ichneumons and tenthredines, &c. are exercised by the females alone, or by the labourers, their representatives. The defence of the nest is also confided to them the males, after attending to the office of rcproduction, become useless to the family of which they are members. The life of male ants cannot be of long duration; deprived of their attendants, incapable of providing their own subsistence, and returning no more to the ant-hill that gave them birth, how can it possibly be of any long continuance? Their life is either naturally limited to a few weeks, or hunger will speedily terminate it: what ever it be, they disappear in a little time after the period of their amours; but they never fall victims, as happens with bees, to the fury of the labourers.

:

common, the population of the ant hill; but they possess no power; which, it would seem, entirely lodges with the neuters. However, as they receive the same honours as queen bees, I shall sometimes give them the titles of queens.”

"In whatever apartment,' a queen ant condescends to be present, she says Gould, commands obedience and respect. An universal gladness spreads itself through the whole ceil, which is expressed by particular acts of joy and exultation. They have a peculiar way of skipping, leaping, and standing upon their hind legs, and prancing with the others. These frolics they make use of, both to congratulate each other when they meet, and to show their regard for others dance round her, and all endeavour to exthe queen. Some of them gently walk over her, ert their loyalty and affection. She is generally encircled with a cluster of attendants, who, if

The workers, small as they are, even carry their bulky sovereign ladies about, taking the task in turns as they are fatigued! and the close of the drama, as stated in a note by the translator, is worthy of its progress.

"The attachment of the labourers to the females would appear to extend even beyond the existence of the latter; for, when a pregnant female dies, five or six labourers rest near her, and during several days, brush and lick her continually, either in token of last ing affection, or that by these means they hope to reanimate her."

Than ev'n thy eloquence could reach-
Too deep for tears, too strong for speech.
The multitude, with fond respect,
Awhile each mark of feeling check'd:
The light wave, rippling on the shore,
Was plainly heard the parting oar,

But when this hallow'd silence broke,
When ev'ry voice was heard to swell,
In one magnificent farewell,

Yet though thy name illume th' historic page,
As if thy country's Genius spoke.-
As Patriot Statesman, Orator, and Sage,
Though nations blest and rival senates hung
On the commanding accents of thy tongue-
There was a daily beauty in thy life,

A Monody on the Death of Mr. Grattan. In Nature's lap, remote from toil and strife,

pp. 8.

A very feeling and poetical effusion has been published at Ridgway's, to the memory of Mr. Grattan; no action of whose life did him more honour than his mode of leaving it. May his dying advice have all the effect it ought to have upon the country which he loved, and to which he left this invaluable legacy. Though the poem is so short, we cannot resist unproportional quo

Soothing deep Sorrow with this dearer boast,
Who nearest saw, admir'd and lov'd thee most.
We believe this tribute to be from a lady's

town has risen whose population is cal Tartar Fort of the Inlet of Kadjabey, a culated at 28,000; the rapidity of the improvement naturally excites astonishment. Odessa is most advantageously situated for trade; it lies between the mouths of two important rivers, the Dnieper and the Dniester, about 6 miles distant from each, and vessels readily seek shelter in the bay against the storms which render navigation so dangerous in the Black Sea. In the year 1796, the town received its present name from the Empress Catharine; but it owes its prosperity to the Emperor Alexander, who pointed the Duke de Richelieu to be GoDuke watched over the welfare of Odessa vernor of Bessarabia and the Crimea. with paternal tenderness; the population continued to increase every year; and it was not until he had ensured the happiness of thousands that he left the place, accompa nied by the prayers and blessings of both rich and poor.

ap

The

bitants of the town. I happened to be at
Odessa in the year 1816, a period when
many countries were visited by scarcity, and
Russia, through her super-abundance, was
destined to supply the greater part of Eu-
rope. Upwards of 300 vessels of all coun-
tries were constantly lying in the harbour
waiting to take in their cargoes. In the
Quarantine Establishment, almost all the
languages of Europe and of the East re-
sounded at the same moment, whilst every
one endeavoured to drown the voice of his
neighbour, and the inhabitant of the South
accompanied every word with an expressive
gesture. The whole scene forcibly reminded
me of the lines of Dante :-

Diverse lingue, orribili favelle,
Parole di dolore, accenti d'ira
Facevan un tumulto, il qual s'aggira
Sempre in quel aria.

In the years 1812 and 1813, 3000 of the inhabitants of Odessa were carried off by the plague. It is said, that a Turk, who escaped quarantine, spread the infection among the dancers of the Opera. Another more poetic story, is that a swallow lighted on a ship that had the plague on board, and carried off some feathers for her nest. Some time after, a child picked up a young swallow which had fallen from this very nest, and his whole family were immediately infected. The nature of the disease was not immediately known; but the plague soon spread over a great part of the surrounding country

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

CHELTENHAM WATERS.

[Having in a review of a pamphlet, published by Dr. Neale, on the subject of the Cheltenham Waters, (a subject of infinite importance to a very numerous class of invalids), expressed that opinion of the statements therein contained, which they, prima facie, appeared to warrant; we have felt bound by a sense of candour and impartiality, to yield a place to the subjoined letter, from Dr. Newell, on the other side. We

will not say

on the spot, to those scientific investigations
which appear to be so absolutely necessary to
set Cheltenham right in the eyes of the
country.]

Fothergill, became dried up, or nearly so, as much as ten or twelve years since; and the well, which was not more than six or eight feet deep, was sunk about two years ago to the depth of seventy feet, where water was found in the clay, just as it is found in all the new wells.

To the Editor of the Literary Gazette. Cheltenham, June 30th, 1820. SIR,-After reading an article in the Lite- What the medicinal quality of this water rary Gazette of June 24th, upon the subject is, as well as that of the other numerous of Cheltenhain Waters, to which is subjoined wells here, I will notice hereafter; but must extracts from a pamphlet recently published first attend to Dr. Neale's extraordinary asby Dr. Neale, upon their nature and quali-sertions, of the deleterious nature of muriate ties, I was much struck with the very par- of soda or common sea salt, in the proportions tial nature of the statement there given of contained in Mr. Thompson's wells. these celebrated springs.

I must claim attention from your candour and liberality, while I attempt to shew you that Dr. Neale's representations are in some instances erroneous, and in others quite unfounded.

It will perhaps be best, in the first place, to settle the character of Dr. Neale's publication, by stating to the public, through the medium of your paper, the circumstances under which it was published, and the views it was intended to answer; after which I will concisely state to you a history of the numerous wells of this place, and the medicinal properties of the waters they contain.

In what school of medicine or what field of experience he obtained this notion, he has not explained to us; but when he asserts that muriate of soda, in the quantity that is found in Cheltenham water, is capable of exciting into inordinate action the blood vessels, and, to use his own words, "that many a torpid liver, which might have remained for years in a quiescent state, comparatively harmless to its possessor, has been speedily thrown into violent inflammatory action, succeeded by suppuration, and the patient been hurried into the grave sooner by some years than would have happened had he not been put on a course of these stimulating waters;" From recent exposures which have taken and that, "in one instance, a fatal apoplexy place at Cheltenhamn, it appears that the had been produced, to his own knowledge" pamphlet in question was written for the he asserted what he cannot prove; and alexpress purpose of recommending the water though this assertion was well calculated to of the old well; and Dr. Neale actually re-answer his own purpose, and to instill into ceived one hundred pounds, as a reward for the public mind a prejudice highly injurious the services it was calculated to produce; to the reputation of the Cheltenham springs, besides which, to use Dr. Neale's own words, it will have little influence on the minds of "Certain advantages were held out to me, medical men of experience on the spot or as likely to arise to myself individually from elsewhere. Another invidious observation of Dr. this undertaking, as all the expences of advertising, printing, and publishing the pam-Neale's, as applicable to the Montpelier spas phlet, were to be defrayed by Captain Mat- is," that in their clumsy attempts to render thews (the renter of the old well), as well as some of these waters more aperient, the whatever expences might arise, should I be mixers of the waters appear to have no fixed exposed to legal proceedings, from the re-rule in adding the saline solution: but again venge or resentment of the other proprietors; I must observe, that this can hardly occur in short, I was to be borne out harmless in at the old wells, because the quantity of the affair, and was offered, verbally, a subse- aperient salts contained in those waters, is quent interest to accrue conditionally." in general quite adequate to produce the effect required upon the bowels."

"Who shall decide when doctors disagree;" This statement requires no comment. It for, referring to the quantum of human health is not therefore to be wondered at, that in Is Dr. Neale ignorant that the saline soand life which is at stake, we consider this order to fulfil his agreement, Dr Neale lution, as he calls it (and which is put in matter to be highly worthy of being settled; and should have gone a good deal out of his way, italics, to insinuate that it may be composed venture to suggest to those concerned at Chel-in commenting upon the rival establishments; of any purgative salt) is a solution of the tenham, the expediency and propriety of having and that he should have made use of asser-salts produced by evaporating Cheltenham the wells carefully analyzed by some eminent tions to establish his point, which I trust I water itself? Has he the smallest shadow and disinterested chemist, whose name will carry authority with it; and lay the results ho- shall shew are untrue in themselves, as well of proof for this insinuation? or, on the nestly before the public. as contradicted by all medical experience. contrary, does he not know that concealment With regard to Mr. Halpin's pamphlet, menTo make good what I have advanced, Tupon this subject, has never been attempted? tioned in our last, all we shall say at present is, must beg leave to remark, that the well of or that every thing connected with these that it takes the same line of argument with Dr. water which Dr. Neale designates as the wells is, and always has been, open to public Newell's letter; but it is more personal, and original Spa Water, and to recommend which inspection and enquiry? These being undissomewhat coarse. Affidavits are produced, as was the principal motive of his pamphlet,puted facts, how can he justify himself for if this were a hard-swearing horse-dealer's case, was never examined by Dr. Fothergill at all, the unwarrantable part he has taken? or, at Nisi Prins, or a trial at the Old Bailey. In though he gives its contents as the analysis how can he satisfactorily explain himself to such a contest, the Literary Gazette can take no of that celebrated physician; and, for any those who are capable of forming a correct share: private villifying cannot affect the question at issue, which is no less than the salu- thing Dr. Neale can know to the contrary, judgment on the subject? brity or insalubrity of these celebrated Spas; it may contain as much muriate of soda as and having by the following insertion, put both either of the wells at the Montpelier or parties before the public, we shall, in whatever Sherborne Spas, which he so much confuture articles the subject may demand, avoid, demns. as far as possible, the criminatory part of it; while we give our best attention, in our study or

The fact is, that the original spring, and which was analized many years ago by Dr.

Before I take leave of Dr. Neale's pamphlet, I ought to notice shortly what he has called the jocular part of it. In this, he directs his imaginary friend in Scotland (who is supposed to have a weal. saline water upon his estate) in a method which he says

of soda. The iron is held by the carbonic acid gas.

In these numerous wells there may be shades of difference as to their strength; but I much doubt whether to such an amount as to produce any sensible difference in their effects upon the human body; and this opinion has not been lightly taken up, but is the result of many years of observation and experience.

his southern neighbours possess, of “ adding | mansion of the late Earl Fauconberg, where
to the strength of their mineral waters, and he resided, commanded a well to be sunk for
and thereby reaping a rich harvest from the the convenience of the house, which is situ-
credulity of their visitors." He then goes ated a few hundred yards to the westward
on to say, that a few tons of Glauber aud of the original Spa. At the depth of seventy
Epsom salts must be provided, and mixed or eighty feet, a spring was discovered,
with the pure element, from some rapid which, on examination, was found to possess
torrent or deep well; and when salted to the the same purgative properties as the original
taste (as Mrs Glasse would call it) get your water; and it continued to be used as such
composition recommended by some "com- by many of the frequenters of Cheltenham,
plaisant editor of a monthly, philosophical, for several years before the commencement
or inedical journal, by saying, We congra- of the Montpelier, or Mr. Thompson's Spas.
tulate the public on the discovery of a rich In process of time this well became less
mineral water, &c. &c.'"
productive in water, and ultimately quite dry.
About this time, it was found by Mr.
Thompson, on examining the soil in the
neighbourhood of the old well, the property
of which he had recently purchased, that at
a depth of sixty feet or more, water of the
same quality was to be met with, in conse-
quence of which several wells were sunk.

Neither does it appear to me in a practical point of view, that the trifling variation there may be in the proportions of these respective salts, is of any consequence; for men of experience know that a mixture of purgative medicines act better than any will do separately; and it may be from this law that the combination as it exists in the waters here, has made them so efficacious.