and rebellion were with him synonymous emperor suffered extremely from a ball in the upper part of the thigh, which the surLibrary at Fas.When the present em-geons could not extract. The emperor, in peror came to the throne, there was a very a fit of frenzy, from pain or passion, took extensive and valuable library of Arabic ma- his (kumaya) dagger, cut open the wound to nuscripts at Fas, consisting of many thou- the ball, and expired soon after. Thus sand volumes. Some of the more intelligent were the merchants of Mogodor saved proliterary Moors are acquainted with events videntially from an untimely death. that happened formerly, during the time of the Roman power, which Europeans do not possess. Abdrahaman ben Nassar, bashaw of Abda, was perfectly acquainted with Livy and Tacitus, and had read those works from the library at Fas. It is more than probable that the works of these authors, as well as those of many other Romans and Greeks, are to be found translated into the Arabic language, in the hands of private individuals in West and in South Barbary. This library was dispersed at the accession of Muley Soliman, and books commenting on ths Koran only were retained; the rest were burned or dispersed among the natives. Julian. And yet, Priscus is right, I think: Dimly, but with a voice potential, of We merely quote the few last lines; the death of Julian, who speaksFarewell; I faint: My tongue is withered up. It clings against my mouth. Some air-air. This is death, Priscus. Oh! How like a child A Soldier sinks before him. Jove! (dies.) Mar. He faints. Priscus. He does indeed, for ever: his last breath Is mingled with the winds. The next scene, Amelia Wentworth, we like less upon the whole than any thing the author has published. It has, however, some brilliant passages. A death-bed reflection is the only one we shall transcribe, Amel. How slowly and how silently doth Time Float on his starry journey. Still he goes, And goes, and goes, and doth not pass away. He rises with the golden morning, calmly, And with the moon at night. Methinks, I see Him stretching wide abroad his mighty wings, Floating for ever o'er the crowds of men, Like a huge vulture with its prey beneath. Lo! I am here, and Time seems passing on: To-morrow I shall be a breathless thingYet he will still be here; and the blue Hours Will laugh as gaily on the busy world, As tho' I were alive to welcome them. The Rape of Proserpine; is a beautiful copy of the pure Greek Tragedy but our arrangements for our present Number render further extracts ineligible. THE HIMALA MOUNTAINS [Account continued from Frazer's Journal:-Approach to Gangotree, one of the sacred sources of the Ganges, never before visited by a European. 1815.] July 19.-A misty morning succeeded a night in which drizzling rain had fallen. There were several points to be arranged before we could set off. In the first place, it was agreed to leave all the Mussulmauns of the party at the village. The Pundit next represented, that it was not customary to permit any armed person to approach the sacred shrine, nor even to pass beyond the village, and that all persons here put off their shoes, and performed this stage with naked feet. As by the general voice it was allowed that marauding and plundering were common occurrences in this neighbourhood, I did not deem it proper or safe to go wholly unarmed; but I agreed that only five men should be permitted thus accoutred to attend us, and that I should myself carry my gun But all these weapons of war were to be put aside before we got within sight of the holy spot, and deposited in a care near it, under a guard. I also pledged myself that no use should be made of these instruments, nor any life sacrificed for the purpose of food, either by myself or by any of my people, after leaving the village, until we returned; moreover, that I would not even carry meat of any sort, dead or alive, along with me, but cat only rice and bread. As to the putting off my shoes, they did not even propose it to me, and it could not have been done; but I volunteered to put them off, when entering into the precincts of the temple and holier places, which pleased thein greatly. All the Hindoos, including the Ghoorkhas, went from the village barefoot. : . cos from the village, which leads to Bhyram which worship is performed to Bhyram, and Just at the bottom of the deep and dan- It was seven o'clock before all these matters were adjusted, and we were fairly in route. The road, for rather more than two cos, lies generally through a wood of large firs, a little above the river bed; the path is good, but there are some very bad steps. We then ascended the projection of a rock, which closes up the view, by a curiously constructed rude set of steps, formed of beams of wood and stones, stuck into the fissures of the rock. From this point the river had run to the village, chiefly in a shingly bed of unequal breadth. But here the rocks close over its stream, and confine it as in a trough the chasm is very deep, dark, and narrow, and from hence we held a more devious path, over enormous fragments fallen from above, broken pieces of fallen trees, all interlaced together by tangle jungle, to a re-is a mockery. tired spot beneath some spreading trees, where a cool spring, and the pleasantness of the place, generally induce pilgrims to halt. The river runs below this at a depth of more than one hundred yards, closely confined between two winding walls of solid rock, in which it has hollowed itself a bed, only sufficient to contain it, hardly broader above than it is below, where it tumbles over a succession of falls for a considerable way. Beyond this the road is difficult, and frequently dangerous, passing along the face of scars, in the beds of torrents, across rocks, and over fragments of trees and rocks, and ending in a very ugly and perilous descent, about six The bed of the J,hannevie is at least equally savage and picturesque; but I had not equal opportunities of acquaintance with it; the perpendicularity of its rocky sides, and their height above the water, are, perhaps, even greater than those of the Bhagiruttee. This river is said to have its origin in a very lofty mountain, called Ree-KeeSoor-Stan, situated in the territories of China, and which is fifteen days' journey from hence, in a direction nearly that of its apparent course from hence, viz. north east. I should incline to think it had a course more from the eastward. Just at the end of the bridge there is an overhanging rock, under One cos from Gungotree, and two cos from Miance-ke Gadh, we reached a spot called Patangnee, which is noted as the place where the Pandooan, or five brothers, Bheemsing, Arjun, Joodishteer, Sahadeo, and Nakeel, remained for twelve years, worshipping Mahadeo, after his retreat to Himala from Lunka. After that period they left this place, and ascended Soorga-rouinee, a peak of the sacred hill, whence the Ganges flows: there four of the brothers died, and their immortal parts ascended to heaven; but the fifth, Joodishteer, without tasting the bitterness of death, or quitting his earthly tenement, was assumed, body and spirit, into the heavenly mansions. The spot which bears the name of Gungotree is concealed by the roughness of the ground, and the masses of fallen rock, so as not to be seen till the traveller comes close upon it. A gunshot below Gungotree, the Kedar | their ruins lio in wild chaotic masses at their Gunga, a rapid and considerable stream, de- feet, and scantier wood imperfectly relieves bouches into the Bhagiruttee, at a place call- their nakedness; even the dark pine more ed Gourcecounda; and this is a holy place, rarely roots itself in the deep chasms which where a second ablution is usually perform-time has worn. Thus on all sides is the prosed before Gungotree can be approached. 1pect closed, except in front to the eastward; conld not learn the reason of this sanctity, where, from behind a mass of bare spires, but I believe there is an allusion in the name four huge, lofty, snowy peaks arise; these to some mythological story. The same name are the peaks of Roodroo-Himala. There was given to one of the hot springs at Jum- could be no finer finishing, no grander close notree. There is no holy place of purifica- to such a scene. tion by bathing which has not a cound or well of this name. The hills which form between them the bed of the river, and which are exceedingly precipitous and close the whole way from Bhyramghattee, here recede a little, and without loosing any thing of their savage grandeur, admit somewhat of a less confined view, and more of the light of day. Below Goureecounda, the river falls over a rock of considerable height in its bed, and continues tumbling over a succession of petty cascades or rapids nearly the whole way to Mianee-ke-Gad,h. Above the debouche of the Kedar Gunga, the bed widens into a small shingly space, in which the river rapidly rolls, obviously changing its course as the floods direct it. Just at the gorge of this space a bridge has been thrown across, which is formed of two parts, the interior ends of the beams resting on a large rock in the centre; and just above the bridge, in a bay formed by a reach of the river in this shingly space, fifteen feet above the stream, is situated the small temple, or mût, dedicated to the goddess Gunga, or Bhagirutte. In former times no temple made with Irands was provided for the worship of the deity, but within these few years, the piety of Ummur Sing T,happa, the chief of the Ghoorkha conquerors, appropriated a sum of money of about four or five hundred rupecs for the erection of the small building which is now placed there; and it by no means clearly appears whether he has in truth done an act pleasing or disgusting to the goddess. The temple is situated precisely on the sacred stone on which Bhagirutte used to worship Mahadeo, and is a small building of a square shape for about twelve feet high, and rounding in, in the usual form of pagodas, to the top. It is quite plain, painted white, with red mouldings, and surmounted with the usual clon-shaped ornaments of these buildings. We approach it through a labyrinth of enormous shapeless masses of granite, which during ages have fallen from the cliffs above that frown over the very temple, and in all probability will some day themselves descend in ruins and crush it. Around the inclosure, and among these masses, for some distance up the mountain, a few fine old pine trees throw a dark shade, and form a magnificent foreground; while the river runs impetuously in its shingly bed, and the stifled but fearful sound of the stones which it rolls along with It, crushing together, mixes with the roar of its waters. Lunatics in France, and on the means of ameliorating the fate of those unfortunate persons.-A Memorial presented to his Excellency the Minister of the Interior, by Dr. Esquirol, Physician to the Salpetriere at Paris. The word hospital is allied to that of hospitality, a virtue celebrated among the ancients. Hospitals are monuments of heneficence. There is scarcely a town without some establishment of this nature. "I will render my empire so rich, that hospitals shall be unnecessary," said Aurengzebe, when he was asked why he built none. But Montesquieu thinks that he ought, on the contrary, to have said, "I will begin by maling my empire rich, and then I will build hospitals." We are quite ignorant what formerly became of lunatics: probably a great number of them perished; the most dangerous were confined in dungeons; the rest, when they were not burnt as sorcerers, or as possessed by the devil, wandered at liberty about town or country, objects of derision or of pity. It is easy to write of rocks and wilds, of torrents and precipices; it is easy to tell of It was not till towards the commencement the awe such scenes inspire: this style and of the 17th century, that patients of this dethese descriptions are common and hackney-scription became, in France, the objects of ed. But it is not so simple, to many surely particular attention. At the persuasive voice not very possible, to convey an adequate of St. Vincent de Paul, establishments were idea of the stern and rugged majesty of some formed to receive these unfortunate men. scenes; to paint their lonely desertness, or The lunatics, who had till then roamed about describe the undefinable sensation of reve- without succour, were collected, and placed rence and dread that steals over the mind in the hospitals, where certain quarters were while contemplating the deathlike ghastly assigned them, as has been done in our calm that is shed over them; and when at times in the depots de mendicits. Yet in such a moment we remember our homes, England, a priory called Bethlehem (afterour friends, our firesides, and all social in-wards corrupted into Bedlam) which Henry tercourse with our fellows, and feel our pre-VIII. had given to the city of London a few sent solitude, and far distance from all these years before, was assigned for the care of dear ties, how vain is it to strive at descrip- lunatics, as far back as 1553. The number tion! Surely such a scene is Gungotree. of the patients in this establishment increasNor is it, independent of the nature of the ing daily, it was rebuilt on a more extensive surrounding scenery, a spot which lightly plan in 1675, at the expense of 16,0007. calls forth powerful feelings. We were now sterling; a large sum for those days. in the centre of the stupendous Himala, the loftiest and perhaps most rugged range of mountains in the world. We were at the acknowledged source of that noble river, equally an object of veneration and a source of fertility, plenty, and opulence to Hindostan; and we had now reached the holiest shrine of Hindoo worship which these holy hills contain. These are surely striking considerations, combining with the solemn grandeur of the place, to move the feelings strongly. The scene in which this holy place is situated is worthy of the mysterious sanctity at- The fortuitous circumstance of being the tributed to it, and the reverence with which first European that ever penetrated to this it is regarded. We have not here the con- spot was no matter of boast, for no great fined gloominess of Bhyram Gattee: the ae-danger had been braved, no extraordinary tual dread which cannot but be inspired by fatigues undergone; the road is now open to the precipices, and torrents, and perils of the any other who chooses to attempt it, but it place, here gives way to a sensation of awe, was a matter of satisfaction to myself. imposing but not embarrassing, that might (To be continued.) be compared to the dark and dangerous passto the centre of the ruins of a former world; for, most truly, there is little here that recalls the recollection of that which we seein to have quitted. The bare and peaked cliffs On the Establishments for the reception of which shoot to the skies, yield not in rug ORIGINAL ARTICLES. INSANITY*. gedness or elevation to any we have seen; • On this subject so vainfully interesting to In 1751 this hospital being quite inadequate, another, called St. Lukes, was erected by voluntary subscription. A few years before Dr. Jonathan Swift had founded at Dublin the Asylum of St. Patrick, for lunaticks and ideots. In 1657 there were 44 lunatics declared incurable in the petites maisons of Paris, who were confined in so many cells. The Parliament had three years before, ordered, "that a place should be established for the confinement of the insane of both sexes, who are at present, or who shall hereafter be, in the said general hospital (Hotel Dieu). In several provinces lunatics were confined in the prisons or the convents, mixed with criminals and rognes: hence the name of humanity, it is our intention to submit several papers; and finally, besides noting as we proceed, to draw some conclusions from the curious facts which they will be found to coutain.. Ed. • Of the truth of this most affecting picture we have no doubt. Gracious Heaven-poor man netnre-to what miseries, degradations, and misfortunes have you been doomed by the ignorance, brutality, and madness of man? Ed. This opinion as to the number of maniacs that should be assembled, in any single establishment, is most judicious, as applying to recent cases of this malady; and consequently to those of whom in the excited form of the disease, seventeen and eighteen out of twenty, are curable under judicious and humane treatment. This opinion is delivered on authority that leaves no doubt on our mind as to the susceptibility of cure in the great proportion of cases of this disease. This number, one hundred, should be accommodated in two buildings, with colonnades surrounding them; so that exercise may be taken, protected from the sun, in the open air, at all periods of the year, and under all changes of weather. A building should also be erected for the use of those who are insensible to the calls of nature; as no arrangement can be more improper than associating these poor creatures with the cleanly and highly sentient maniac. The congregating a great number of human beings under the same roof, is as unfriendly to health of body, as to health of mind. It is unfriendly to correct discipline; it is from presenting so many objects of varied disease, in close succession, unfriendly to cleanliness and classification; and it also becomes unfriendly to a minute arrangement of the duties of their attendants, whose good conduct and humanity are of the utmost consequence in curing this disease. It is important to bring every thing connected with the same forms of this malady, before the eye of the medical men at a coup d'œil, and to which classification is essential. Bethlem, as a building, appears singularly faulty, in this point of view; as in place of one erection, it should have consisted of several subdivisions, which would have increased the facilities of classification, as well as every other useful arrangement. The patients, in walking about, at this establishment, during the whole diurnal course of the sun, have little protection from his influence; and thus exercise in the open air, during bad weather, is, generally speaking, unattainable without. their being wet. The greater part of the ground around this hospital appears to feelingly perverted; for, in place of its being strangers to be most strikingly and most unappropriated to the employment of the maniacs, in gardening and exercise, it is almost wholly devoted to show, which is, comparatively speaking, of little use to the insane. Deranged patients, where nothing forbids it, should be kept much in the open air during the day, as this will have the best effect in promoting sleep, and thereby assisting their cure. The noisy state of maniacal establishments during the night, gene ment. This would furnish a model for a independent of the rest of the building, they | Edmund Hall. Philip Perring, Lambert school of instruction, as well as an object have a particular regimen, servants, and a Blackwell Larking, Robert Young Keays, of emulation for other establishments of physician. and Francis Maude, Brasennose College. the kind. In order to be received, the In those towns where depóts de mendicité George More Molyneaux and Robert Bidlunatic must not have been under a course had been established, it was proposed to add dulph Phillips, Trinity College. Henry John of medicine elsewhere, nor his malady be of to them a quartier de force, for the raving Gunning and John Alcock, Balliol College. more than a year's standing; nor must he mad only; some had been already built, Hon. Henry Alfred Napier, Christ Church. have any contagious disease, or syphylis.fEx-in which these are left continually chained in Robert Lloyd Anwyl Roberts, Jesus College. perience having shewn that almost as many their cells. The other lunaties are destitute The whole number of Degrees in Easter patients are cured in the second year after the of that particular attention which their con- Term was-D. D. Two; D. C. L. Two; B. first attack of this disease, as in the first, dition requires; there are even towns where D. Four; Incorp. B. Med. One; Incorp. the patients should all be considered as incu- they have not blushed to place the insane in M. A. One; M. A. Fifty-one; B. A. Fortyrable after this period.* the prisons. eight; Matriculations, ninety-two. Though the eight establishments, of which we have just spoken, have faults, and perhaps some radical defects, they are, nevertheless, such as they are, far preferable to the other houses where lunatics are also received, occupying only the oldest buildings, dilapidated, damp, badly contrived, and by no means built to suit their new destination, except some cells or dungeons in which the ungovernable lunatics are confined. In general there are few houses of confinement in which we do not find raving lunatics, cruelly chained in dungeons, like criminals. “ What a monstrous association!" exclaims the philanthrophic Esquirol, with great reason." ARTS AND SCIENCES. Wednesday, May 24, the first day of Act Term, the following Degrees were conferred : DOCTOR IN DIVINITY.-Rev. John Russell, Grand Compounder. MASTERS OF ARTS.Carre William Tupper, Scholar of Pembroke College. Rev. William Glaister, Scholar of University College. Rev. William Upjohn and Rev. John Henry Coates BorThe Sheffield Mercury, after mentioning well, St. Edmund Hall, William John GilMessrs. Parkes' patent invention, for the bert and Henry James Feilden, Braseunose We meet with other general hospitals, consumption of their own smoke by furnaces, College. Francis Lloyd, Student of Christ where the lunatics, except those who are steam engines, &c. speaks of a similar me- Church. Rev. William Gibbes Straghn, raving mad, live mixed with the other pa-thod devised by Mr. Davies of Dukenfield. Christ Church. Rev. William Tommisman tients, and even the ideots and the poor "This plan, the Editor says, Messrs. M. Ca- Hanbury, New College. Rev. William wretches said to be incurable. Nay, in some wood and Son, of Leeds, have applied Hall Hale, Oriel College. Rev. Daniel places, they go so far as to crowd them pell- to the steam engine furnace at their Jones, Scholar of Jesus College. Rev. Wilmell with the prisoners in the quartiers de foundry, and with the happiest effect. The liam Leigh, Worcester College. BACHEforce: and these unfortunate victims are al-emission of the smoke is now scarcely more LORS OF ARTS.-John Gethin, Esq., John nost every where placed on the same regi- than from a common fire and the contrast Herbert, Esq. Wadham College, Grand Commen as the indigent. with the black and dense volumes of vapour pounders. John Percival George Lambe, which issue from the neighbouring furnaces, Esq. Balliol College, Grand Compounder. is very striking.-Messrs. Rothery and Co. Edward Cobbold, St. Alban Hall. Richard have adopted the same method, at their oil Rothwell, Alexander Begbie, and Thomas mill, and with equal success. This improve- Edward Duncumb, Exeter College. Fredement may be made in any furnace; and the rick Quarrington, Scholar of Pembroke Colexpence will not exceed four or five shillings! lege. Samuel Turner, Walter Calverly TreWe therefore trust that the method velyan, and George Traherne, University will be universally adopted; and the bles College. Robert Riland Mendham, Philip sings of a pure atmosphere be thus secured." Gregson Harper, George Nutcombe Oxnam, and John Hurt Barber, Wadham College. Henry Dixon, Brasennose College. Henry Anthony Pye and Roger Bird, Demies of Magdalen College. Hon. John Sedley Venables Vernon and James Shergold Boone, Students of Christchurch. William Duncumbe and Charles Sheffield, Christ Church. Johan Henricus De Sarain, Gentleman Com-William Wynyard Bingham, Fellow of New moner of Exeter College, and son of Chris College. Morgan Davies and Edward Jones, toffel de Saram, 4th Maha-Modliar (or no- Jesus College. ble Magistrate) of Columbo, in Ceylon. Term, the following Degrees were conSaturday, May 20, the last day of Easter In the thirty-three cities of France, which Dr. Esquirol visited, the insane are received into the general hospitals, where they admit, at the same time, old people, children, the infirm, persons afflicted with the itch, and even prostitutes and criminals. LEARNED SOCIETIES. At the Salpetrière and the Bicêtre, the ward of the insane is, in some measure, rally arises from a want of attention to this obvious and simple principle. There is no disease that, in its treatment, requires more assiduous attention than mania, and therefore, those labouring under this affliction will derive singular advantages from being daily visited by their medical attendant. The On Saturday last, in Convocation, the Hoprompt application of a few leeches will of-norary Degree of M. A. was conferred on ten moderate an approaching paroxysm, and be the means of rendering coercion almost unnecessary.-Ed. ferred: * Such principles, if adopted, would be fatal to the restoration of many maniacs, who, under juster views and perseverance, would be cured. No method is so likely to render a disease incurable as considering it so; and this apathy the DOCTOR IN CIVIL LAW-Rev. Henry maniac has too often experienced. We contend, Cotton, Christ Church. MASTERS OF ARTS. that while the bodily health of the patient conti-Rev. George Porter and Robert Samuel nues good, he should never be abandoned as incurable, as under the most complicated misery, human nature seldom abandons itself; hope will prevail in the midst of the most gloomy presentations; and it therefore becomes the duty of friends to adopt this principle towards their severely afflicted relation, who is wholly in their power. If they neglect this, they neglect to fulfil what he, with the consciousness of his state, would have done for himself. Under such cir cumstances, would he abandon himself? Certainly not. And this consideration ought to weigh with friends who possess the means of carrying it into effect.-Ed. Richards, Worcester College. Rev. George CAMBRIDGE, MAY 29. Scholarship, at the university of Cambridge, After a long investigation, the Hebrew has been adjudged to Mr. George Attwood, of Pembroke Hall; and a premium of 207. was voted to Mr. John Jowett Stevens, for the knowledge he displayed in the examination. Mr. George Irving Scott, of Trinity Hall, is the fortunate candidate for the Chancellor's gold medal; the subject Waterloo. |