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Scoresby's Account of the Arctic Regions,

&c.

[Resumed from page 184. No. 165.] The following general picture is very

curious.

but some considerable masses of a tabular form, wheeled down upon their edges, and though they made bounds of several hundred feet at a time, and acquired a most astonishing velocity, they sometimes got to the bottom without breaking. He continues;

would be at a fourth or a fifth part of the were set off, broke into numbers of pieces; other countries, not having snow about them, | inclination. Most of the larger stones which same distance. Not, indeed, strangers only, but persons who have been often to Spitzbergen, such as the officers and seamen of the whale-ships, have not unfrequently imaSpitzbergen and its islands, with some gined, that their ship could not stand an other countries within the Arctic circle, hour towards the land without running exhibit a kind of scenery which is altogether aground; and yet, perhaps, the ship has The effect of the elevation, and the brightnovel. The principal objects which strike sailed three or four hours directly" in shore," ness of the picture, were such, that the sea, the eye, are innumerable mountainous peaks and still been remote from danger. This is which was at least a league from us, appearridges, precipices, or needles, rising imune- a fact which I have seen realized among my ed within reach of a musket shot; mountains diately out of the sea, to an elevation of own officers repeatedly. There are circum-a dozen miles off, seemed scarcely a league 3000 or 4000 feet, the colour of which, at a stances, indeed, when, by a slight change in from us; and our vessel which we knew moderate distance, appears to be blackish the density of the atmosphere, a ship, after was at the distance of a league from the shades of brown, green, grey and purple; sailing towards the land for some hours, shore, appeared in danger of the rocks. snow or ice in striae or patches, occupying may appear to be as far off as at first. Thus, After a short rest, in which we were much the various clefts and hollows in the sides of in clear weather, the high land of Spitzber- refreshed with a gentle breeze of wind that the hills, capping some of the mountain gen is perfectly well defined, and every here prevailed; and after we had surveyed summits, and filling with extended beds the thing on it appears distinct, when at the dis- the surrounding scenery as long as it afforded most considerable valleys; and ice of the tance of forty miles. If, after sailing five any thing striking, we commenced the desglacier form, occurring at intervals all along hours towards the shore, from this situation, cent. This task, however, which before the the coast, in particular situations as already at the rate of four or five knots per hour, attempt, we had viewed with indifference, described, in prodigious accumulations. The the atmosphere should become a little hazy, we found really a very hazardous, and in glistening or vitreous appearance of the ice- or even only dark and cloudy, the land night some instances a painful undertaking. The berg precipices; the purity, whiteness, and appear to be further distant than before. way now seemed precipitous. Every movebeauty of the sloping expanse, formed by Hence we can account, on a reasonable ment was a work of deliberation. The stones their snowy surfaces; the gloomy shade pre-ground, for a curious circumstance related were so sharp that they cut our boots and painsented by the adjoining or intermixed moun- in a Danish voyage, undertaken for the re-ed our feet, and so loose that they gave way tains and rocks, perpetually" covered with covery of the last colony in Greenland, by almost at every step, and frequently threw us a mourning veil of black lichens," with the Mogens Heinson. This person, who passed backward with force against the hill. We sudden transitions into a robe of purest white, for a renowned seamen in his day, was sent were careful to advance abreast of each where patches or beds of snow occur, present out by Frederick II. King of Denmark. other, for any individual being below us a variety and extent of contrast altogether After encountering many difficulties and would have been in danger of being overpeculiar, which, when enlightened by the dangers from storms and ice, he got sight of whelmed with the stones, which we unintenoccasional ethereal brilliancy of the Polar the east coast of Greenland, and attempted tionally dislodged in showers. Having by sky, and harmonized in its serenity with the to get to it; but though the sea was quite free much care, and some anxiety, made good calmness of the ocean, constitute a picture from ice, and the wind favourable, and blow-our descent to the top of the secondary hills, both novel and magnificent. There is, indeed, ing a fresh gale, he, after proceeding several to save the fatigue of crawling along the a kind of majesty, not to be conveyed in hours without appearing to get any nearer sharp ridge thet we had before traversed, words, in these extraordinary accumulations the land, became alarmed, tacked about, we took down one of the steepest banks, the of snow and ice in the valleys, and in the and returned to Denmark. On his arrival, inclination of which was little less than fifty rocks above rocks, and peaks above peaks, he attributed this extraordinary circumstance, degrees. The stones here being very small in the mountain groups, seen rising above magnified, no doubt, by his fears, to his and loose, we sat down on the side of the the ordinary elevation of the clouds, and vessel having been stopped in its course by hill, and slid forward with great facility in a terminating occasionally in crests of everlast-some loadstone rocks hidden in the sea.' "sitting posture. Towards the foot of the ing snow, especially when you approach the Most authors who have had occasion to re-hill, an expanse of snow stretched across the shore under shelter of the impenetrable den fer to Heinson's voyage, have speculated on line of descent. This being loose and soft, sity of a summer fog; in which case the fog this circumstance; but no one, I believe, has we entered upon it without fear, and our prosometimes disperses like the drawing of a satisfactorily explained the origin of his gress at first was by no means rapid; but on curtain, when the strong contrast of light fears. The true cause, however, of what he reaching the middle of it, we came to a surand shade, heightened by a cloudless atmos- took to be a submarine magnetic influence, face of solid ice, perhaps a hundred yards phere and powerful sun, bursts on the senses arose, I doubt not, from the deceptive cha- across, over which we launched with astoin a brilliant exhibition, resembling the pro-racter of the land as to distance, which Inishing velocity, but happily escaped without duction of magic.

To this strong contrast of light and shade, with the great height and steepness of the mountains, is to be attributed a remarkable deception in the apparent distance of the land. Any strangers to the Arctic countries, however well acquainted with other regions, and however capable of judging of the distance of land generally, must be completely at a loss in their estimations when they ap. proach within sight of Spitzbergen. When at the distance of twenty miles, it would be no difficult matter to induce even a judicious stranger to undertake a passage in a boat to the shore, from the belief that he was within a league of the land. At this distance, the portions of rock and patches of snow, as well as the contour of the different hills, are as distinctly marked, as similar objects, in many

have attempted to describe.

injury. The men whom we left below, Spitzber-viewed this latter movement with astonish

Captain Scoresby landed on
gen, and "scended one of the highest
eminences near the shore.

From the brow of the mountain, on the
side by which we ascended, many masses of
stone were dislodged by design or accident,
which, whatever might be their size, shape
or weight, generally made their way with
accelerated velocity to the bottom. As they
bounded from rock to rock, they produced
considerable smoke at each concussion, an
setting in motion numerous fragments in
their course, they were usually accompanied
by showers of stones, all of which were lodged
in a bed of snow, lying 2000 feet below the
place where the first were disengaged. This
inay afford some idea of the nature of the

ment and fear.

On the flat of land next the sea, we met with the horns of rein-deer, many skulls and other bones of sea-horses, whales, narwhales, foxes and seals, and some human skeletons laid in chest-like coffius, exposed naked on the strand. Two Russian lodges formed of logs of pine, with a third in ruins, were also seen; the former, from a quantity of fresh chips about them, and other appearances within them, gave evidence of their having been recently inhabited. One of them, though small, seemed a middling kind of lodging, but smelt intolerably of the smoke of wood and steam of oil. Many domestic utensils were within and about it. A new hurdle lay by the door, and traps for foxes

and birds were scattered along the beach. These huts were built upon the ridge of shingle adjoining the sea.

light afforded by the heavens, when the sometimes, I have seen it extend two or moon is below the horizon, it is seldom pos- three degrees of latitude in length, and from sible to read. a few miles, to ten or fifteen leagues in Among the shingle on the beach, were Bears seem to be the only quadrupeds breadth. It occurs very commonly about numbers of nests, containing the eggs of which stir abroad throughout the winter; the meridian of London, in high latitudes. terns, ducks, and burgomasters, and in some for, though foxes and rein-deer remain con- In the year 1817, the sea was found to be of them were young birds. One of the lat- stantly in the country, they are only to be of a blue colour, and transparent, all the way ter, which we took on board, was very lively, met with, in any quantity, at certain seasons. from 12° east, in the parallel of 74° or 75o, and grew rapidly; but having taken a fancy Foxes begin to appear in the month of Fe- to the longitude of 0° 12′ east, in the same to a cake of white lead, with which the sur-bruary, and are to be seen in March in parallel. It then became green, and less geon was finishing a drawing, he was poison- great numbers. Bears, at the same time, transparent. The colour was nearly grassed. The nests were all watched by the res- become more abundant, and the birds re-ap- green, with a shade of black. Sometimes pective birds they belonged to; which, with pear in the month of April. the transition between the green and blue loud screams and bold attacks, defended Spitzbergen does not afford many vegeta-water is progressive, passing through the inthem from the arctic gulls and other preda- bles. It may be remarked, that vegetation termediate shades in the space of three or tory birds that hovered about the place. goes on uncommonly quickly in this country. four leagues; at others, it is so sudden, that They even descended within a yard or two Most of the plants spring up, flower, and af- the line of separation is seen like the rippling of some of the sailors, who were so cruel as ford seed, in the course of a month or six of a current; and the two qualities of the to take their eggs or young, and followed weeks. They are chiefly of dwarfish size; some water keep apparently as distinct as the them for a considerable time, screaming of the flowers are really pretty, but exhibit few waters of a large muddy river, on first entermost violently. Several of these eggs were colours, excepting yellow, white, and pur-ing the sea. In 1817, I fell in with such afterwards hatched in warm saw-dust, but ple. And it is not unworthy of observation, narrow stripes of various coloured water, the young birds generally died soon after that the only plant I met with in Spitzbergen, that we passed streams of pale green, olive they left the shell. partaking of the nature of a tree, (a Salix green, and transparent blue, in the course of allied to S. herbacea,) grows but to the ten minutes sailing. height of three or four inches.

The food of the whale occurs chiefly in On Cherie Island, which is about 10 the green coloured water; it therefore afmiles in its greatest extent 1000 mor- other quality of the sea, and is constantly fords whales in greater numbers than any ses (Sea-Horses) have been killed in sought after by the fishers. Besides, whales seven hours; but the greater emolu- are more easily taken in it, than in blue ment derivable from the whale fishing water, on account of its great obscurity has procured a respite for these animals. preventing the whales from seeing distinctly The third chapter, allotted to a hy-the approach of their enemies. drographical survey of the Greenland This colour, singular to say, results seas, is a most ingenious paper, replete from animals of the medusa kind, with important facts, and enriched with some resembling small portions of fine useful experiments. The colour of the hair, and others semi-transparent glosea, the nature of the currents, the ap-bules, of from one twentieth to one pearance of the waves, &c. are all satis- thirtieth of an inch in diameter. So factorily investigated and philosophi- minute is the food of the stupendous cally explained.

whale!

about one-fourth of an inch asunder. In

The only insect I saw was a small green fly, which swarmed upon the shingle about the beach. The sea along the coast teemed with a species of helix, with the clio borealis, and with small shrimps. But no animal of the class Vermes was seen on the shore. The birds seen were the puffin, tern, little auk, guillemot, black guillemot or tyste, kittiwake, fulmar, burgomaster, arctic gull, brent-goose, eider-duck, crimson-headed sparrow (Fringilla flammea), sandpiper, &c.; but no living quadruped was observed.The climate of Spitzbergen is no doubt more disagreeable, to human feeling, than that of any other country yet discovered. Extending to within ten degress of the Pole, it is generally intensely cold, and even in the three warmest months, the temperature not averaging more than 344 degrees, it is then subject to a cold occasionally of three, four, The very slight difference in the saltor more degrees below the freezing point. It has the advantage, however, of being viness of the waters of the ocean, from sited by the sun for an uninterrupted period the tropics to the arctic circle is well of four months in each year, thus having a known, but, perhaps, our readers are Summer's Day, if so long an interval be-not aware that their specific gravity is tween the rising and setting of the sun may so nearly the same that the lowest, obbe so denominated, consisting of one-third served by Mr. Scoresby in lat. 78° and part of the year. But its winter is propor- long. 7 east, was 1.0259, while the tionally desolate; the sun, in the northern parts of the country, remaining perpetually highest, observed by Mr. Lamarche, below the horizon from about the 22d of lat. 20° 21′ south, and long. 27° 5' west October to about the 224 of February. This of Paris, was only 10297-a differgreat Winter Night, though sufficiently ence of no more than 0038. dreary, is by no means so dark as might be The colour of the Greenland Sea varies expected, as the sun, even during its great- from ultramarine blue to olive green, and est south declination, approaches within from the most pure transparency to striking 1340 of the horizon, and affords a faint twi-opacity. These appearances are not transi-length of time that would be requisite, with light for about one-fourth part of every twenty-four hours. Added to this twilight, the aurora borealis, which sometimes exhibits a brilliancy approaching to a blaze of fire,the stars, which shine with an uncommon degree of brightness, and the moon, which, in north declination, appears for twelve or fourteen days together without setting, altogether have an effect which, when heightened by the reflection of a constant surface of snow, generally give sufficient light for going abroad; but, with the

The number of medusa in the olive-green sea was found to be immense. They were this proportion, a cubic inch of water must contain 64; a cubic foot 110,592; a cubic fathom 23,887,872; and a cubical mile about 23,888,000,000,000,000! From soundings made in the situation where these animals were found, it is probable the sea is upwards of a mile in depth; but whether uncertain. Provided, however, the depth to these substances occupy the whole depth is which they extend be but 250 fathoms, the above immense number of one species may occur in a space of two miles square. It may give a better conception of the amount of medusa in this extent, if we calculate the tory, but permanent; not depending on the a certain number of persons, for counting state of the weather, but on the quality of this number. Allowing that one person the water. The green occurs in considerable could count a million in seven days, which quantity, forming, perhaps, one-fourth part is barely possible, it would have required, of the surface of the Greenland Sea, between that 80,000 persons should have started at the parallels of 74° and 80°. It is liable to the creation of the world, to complete the alterations in its position, from the action of enumeration at the present time! the current; but still it is always renewed, near certain situations, from year to year. Often it constitutes long bands or streams, lying north and south, or north-east and south-west; but of very variable dimensions:

What a stupendous idea this fact gives of the immensity of creation, and of the bounty of Divine Providence, in furnishing such a profusion of life in a region so remote from the habitations of men! But if the number

"

of animals in a space of two miles square be | distinct bands, and some experienced person | thusiasm, Wesley, together with Ingham and so great, what must be the amount requisite chosen to assist them; and if no objection six others, left England for the Moravian for the discolouration of the sea, through an appeared to them after two months, they Establishment at Herrnhut in Germany, of -extent of perhaps twenty or thirty thousand might then be admitted into the society. the origin and progress of which seet the square miles? Every fourth Saturday was to be observed as author takes a rapid view. Count ZinzenThese animals are not without their evi- a day of general intercession; and on the dorf, and the Herrnhutters were at that era dent economy, as on their existence possi- Sunday sevennight following, a general love-in a state of the grossest abomination, which bly depends the being of the whole race of feast should be held, from seven till ten in was afterwards reformed, for their meaning mysticete, and some other species of ceta- the evening. The last article provided that was as unquestionably good as their means ceous animals. For, the minute medusa no member should be allowed to act in any were evil. Wesley returned to London after apparently afford nourishment to the sepiæ, thing contrary to any order of the society, a short absence, and Whitefield also came actiniæ, cancri, helices, and other genera of and that any person who did not conform back from America. At this time began Mollusca and Aptera, so abundant in the to those orders after being thrice admonish- the practice of fitting condemned criminals Greenland Sea, while these latter constitute ed, should no longer be esteemed a member. for execution, which has since been carried the food of several of the whale tribe inhabit- These rules were in the spirit of the Morato so deplorable a length that murderers go ing the same region; thus producing a de- vian institutions, for Wesley was now united out of the world in the persuasion of martyrs, pendant chain of animal life, one particular with the Brethren in doctrine, as far as he and the vilest wretches (through a monentlink of which being destroyed, the whole understood their doctrine, and well disposed ary delusion miscalled faith) die the death of must necessarily perish. to many parts of their discipline. Charles saints in glory. But this was at the height Besides the minute medusæ and monili- also now yielded to Peter Boehler's com- of the Wesleyan excitement and enthusiasm, form substances, the water of the Spitzber-manding abilities, and was by him persuaded and before Methodism had assumed, with gen Sea, taken up in latitude 77° 30', was of the necessity of a faith differing from any a consistent form, a sober character. On the found to contain several species of animalcu- thing which he had yet felt or imagined. 17th of February, 1739, Whitefield appeared les. Of these I discovered three kinds, full The day after he had won this victory, in his first field pulpit" at Rose Green of animal life, but invisible to the naked eye. Boehler left London to embark for Georgia." near Bristol, and preached for the colliers of There can be no doubt, I think, after what Thus gradually approaching what the me- Kingswood. The Chancellor of the diocese has been advanced, that the meduse and thodists denominate efficient faith, Wesley interfered, and a rupture ensued, which other minute animals that have been descri- continued till "Wednesday May 24th, a re- finally led to the separation of the new sect bed, give the peculiar colour to the sea, markable day in the history of Methodism, from the Church of England. The dreadful which is observed to prevail in these parts; for upon that day he dates his conversion, paroxysms which in the earlier stages of and that from their profusion, they are, at a point, say his official biographers, of the Methodism, manifested that the disciples had the same time, the occasion of that great utmost magnitude, not only with respect to been born again in grace, are now only to be diminution of transparency which always himself but to others. found in America; and the love-feasts have, accompanies the olive-green colour. For in "On the evening of that day he went very we trust, no likeness in these wiser times. the blue water, where few of the little me- unwillingly to a Society in Aldersgate Street, On the 12th of May, 1739, the foundationdusæ exist, the sea is uncommonly transpa-where one of the assembly was reading Lu- stone of the first Methodist preaching house rent. Captain Wood, when attempting the ther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans. was laid, in a piece of ground obtained for discovery of a north-east passage, in the year What followed is considered by his disciples that purpose, near St. James's Church-yard, 1676, sounded near Nova Zembla in 80 fa- as being of deep importance; it may there- Bristol. Whitefield was now preaching in thoms water, where the bottom was not only fore best be given in his own words:About London, and "a layman, whose name was to be seen, but even the shells lying on the a quarter before nine, while he was describ- Shaw, insisted that a priesthood was an unground were clearly visible. ing the change which God works in the necessary and unscriptural institution, and heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart that he himself had as good a right to strangely warmed; I felt I did trust in preach, baptize, and administer the sacraChrist, Christ alone, for salvation: and an ments, as any other man. Such a teacher assurance was given me, that He had taken found ready believers; the propriety of layaway my sins, even mine, and saved me from preaching was contended for at the society in the law of sin and death. I began to pray Fetter-Lane, and Charles Wesley strenuously with all my might for those who had in a opposed what he called these pestilent errors. more especial manner despitefully used me In spite of his opposition, a certain Mr. and persecuted me. I then testified openly to Bowers set the first example. Two or three all there what I now first felt in my heart. more ardent innovators declared that they But it was not long before the enemy sug- would no longer be members of the Church gested, This cannot be faith, for where is thy of England." Howel Harris, the first great joy? How many a thought arising from promoter of Methodism in Wales, started at that instinctive logic which is grounded on this period; and Whitefield's first celebrated common sense, has been fathered upon the preachings in Moorfields, and Kennington personified principle of evil! Here was a Common, took place. A picture of the plain contradiction in terms, an assurance effect of these sermons may be copied from which had not assured him. He returned Wesley's statement of what happened to him home, and was buffeted with temptations; at Wapping."While,' he says, I was he cried out and they fled away; they re- earnestly inviting all men to enter into the turned again and again. I as often lifted Holiest by this new and living way, many up my eyes,' he says, and He sent me of those that heard began to call upon God help from his holy place. And herein I with strong cries and tears; some sunk down, found the difference between this and my and there remained no strength in them; former state chiefly consisted. I was striving, others exceedingly trembled and quaked; yea fighting with all my might under the some were torn with a kind of convulsive law, as well as under grace: but then I was motion in every part of their bodies, and sometimes, if not often conquered; now I that so violently, that often four or five perwas always conqueror.' sons could not hold one of them. I have seen many hysterical and epileptic fits, but none of them were like these in many respects.

(To be concluded.)

SOUTHEY'S LIFE OF JOHN WESLEY. 2

vols. 8vo. (continued.)

Wesley's first important alteration after this period was to resort to extemporaneous prayer. Between 40 or 50, now (1738) congregated in London, agreeing to meet weekly and draw up the fundamental rules of their society, "in obedience to the command of God by St. James, and by the advice of Pe

ter Boehler."

"They were to be divided into several bands or little companies, none consisting of fewer than five, or more than ten persons; in these bands every one in order engaged to speak as freely, plainly, and concisely as he could, the real state of his heart, with his several temptations and deliverances since the last meeting. On Wednesday evenings, at eight o'clock, all the bands were to have a conference, beginning and ending with hymns and prayer. Any person who desired admission into this society was to be asked, what were his motives, whether he would be entirely open, using no kind of reserve, and whether he objected to any of the rules. When he should be proposed, every one present who felt any objection to his admission, should state it fairly and fully they who were received on trial were to be formed into

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About a fortnight subsequent to this new birth, and in the full career of fanatical en

66

I immediately prayed that God would not very little time, who ruleth the madness of of corruption remained in the old till death. suffer those who were weak to be offended; the people. Ecclesiastical censures have But a more inemorable event was the sepabut one woman was greatly, being sure they lost their terrors, thank fanaticism on the ration between Wesley and Whitefield. might help it if they would, no one should one hand and atheism on the other. To talk Wesley wished to obtain Whitefield's acpersuade her to the contrary; and she was of persecution therefore from thence is mere quiescence in his favourite doctrine of pergot three or four yards, when she also dropt insult. Poor Brown, who gave name and fection, the free, full, and present salvation down in as violent an agony as the rest. rise to the first separatists, though he re-from all the guilt, all the power, and all the Twenty-six of those who had been thus af- pented every vein of his heart, could never in-being of sin;' a doctrine as untenable as fected (most of whom, during the prayers undo the mischief he had done.' it was acceptable to weak minds and inflated which were made for them, were in a mo- Samuel Wesley died within three imaginations. He knew also that Whitefield ment filled with peace and joy,) promised weeks after the date of this letter; and John held the Calvinistic tenets of election and to call upon me the next day; but only says in his journal, "We could not but re-irreversible decrees; tenets which, if true, eighteen came, by talking closely with whom joice at hearing from one who had attended would make God unjust, and the whole I found reason to believe that some of them my brother in all his weakness, that several Gospel a mere mockery. Upon both these had gone home to their houses justified; the days before he went hence, God had given subjects he wrote to his old friend and disrest seemed to be patiently waiting for it.' him a calm and full assurance of his interest ciple, who at this time, though he could A difference of opinion concerning these out-in Christ. Oh! may every one who opposes yield to him upon neither, wished earnestly ward signs, as they were called, was one of it be thus + convinced that this doctrine is of to avoid all dispute. My honoured friend the subjects which had distracted the London God!" Wesley cannot be suspected of in- and brother,' said he in his reply, for once Methodists, and rendered Wesley's presence tentional deceit : yet who is there upon read- hearken to a child who is willing to wash among them necessary." Over these new ing this passage would suppose that Samuel your feet. I beseech you, by the mercies prophets, the Methodists prevailed, though had died after an illness of four hours? of God in Christ Jesus our Lord, if you not without a considerable struggle; and itin-well might he protest against the apprehen- would have my love confirmed towards you, erant preaching began to grow common. sion or the charity of those who were so write no more to me about misrepresentaSamuel Wesley, the elder brother, thus eager to hold him up to the world as their tions wherein we differ. To the best of my writes to his mother at this date-"It was convert. The state of mind which this good knowledge, at present no sin has dominion with exceeding concern and grief I heard man enjoyed had nothing in common with over me, yet I feel the strugglings of inyou had countenanced a spreading delusion, the extravagant doctrine of assurance which dwelling sin day by day. The doctrine of so far as to be one of Jack's congregation. his brothers were preaching with such vehe-election, and the final perseverance of those Is it not enough that I am bereft of both my mence during the ebullition of their enthu- who are in Christ, I am ten thousand times brothers, but must my mather follow too? siasm; it was the sure and certain hope of a more convinced of, if possible, than when I I earnestly beseech the Almighty to preserve sincere and humble Christian who trusted in saw you last. You think otherwise. Why you from joining a schisin at the close of the merits of his Saviour and the mercy of then should we dispute, when there is no your life, as you were unfortunately engaged his God. He died as he had lived, in that probability of convincing?" The Calvinistic in one at the beginning of it. They boast essential faith which has been common to Methodists in England, however, forced on of you already as a disciple. Charles has all Christians in all ages;-that faith wherein the separation which their leader Whitefield told John Bentham that I do not differ he had been trained up, which had been thus deprecated in his letters from America, much, if we understand one another. I am rooted in him by a sound education, and con- (1740). One of the leading members in afraid I must be forced to advertise, such is firmed by diligent study, and by his own ripe London, by name Acourt, had disturbed the their apprehension, or their charity. But judgment. And to that faith Wesley himself society by introducing his disputed tenets, they design separation. Things will take imperceptibly returned as time and experience till Charles Wesley gave orders that he their natural course, without an especial in-taught him to correct his aberrations. In should no longer be admitted. John was terposition of Providence. They are already present when next he presented himself and forbid all the pulpits in London, and to demanded whether they refused admitting a preach in that diocese is actual schism. In person only because he differed from them all likelihood it will come to the same all in opinion. Wesley answered no, but asked over England, if the Bishops have courage what opinion he meant. He replied, that enough. They leave off the liturgy in the of election. I hold that a certain number fields though Mr. Whitefield expresses his are elected from eternity, and these must and value for it, he never once read it to his tatshall be saved, and the rest of mankind must terdemalions on a common. Their societies and shall be damned.' And he affirmed that are sufficient to dissolve all other societies many of the society held the same; upon but their own will any man of common which Wesley observed that he never asked sense or spirit suffer any domestic to be in a whether they did or not; bond engaged to relate every thing without renot trouble others by disputing about it.' serve to five or ten people, that concerns the Not long after this, Wesley separated Acourt replied, Nay, but I will dispute person's conscience, how much soever it may from the Moravians, with strong feelings on about it.'-'Why then,' said Wesley, would concern the family? Ought any married both sides; but these time considerably you come among us, who you know are of persons to be there, unless husband and healed. The Wesleyans, however, main-another mind. Because you are all wrong, wife be there together? This is literally tained the doctrine of Christian perfection in and I am resolved to set you all right.'- I putting asunder whom God hath joined toge- the new man; the Moravians, that a leaven fear,' said Wesley, your coming with this ther. As I told Jack, I am not afraid the view would neither profit you nor us.' church should excommunicate him, disci'Then,' rejoined Acourt, I will go and tell pline is at too low an ebb; but that he all the world that you and your brother are should excommunicate the church. It is false prophets. And I tell you in one fortpretty near it, Holiness and good works are not so much as conditions of our acceptnight you will all be in confusion.'" ance with God, Love-feasts are introduced, and extemporary prayers and expositions of Scripture, which last are enough to bring in all confusion: nor is it likely they will want any miracles to support them. He only can stop them from being a formed sect, in a

his old age he said to Mr. Melville Horne
these memorable words: When fifty years
ago my brother Charles and I, in the simpli-
city of our hearts, told the good people of
England, that unless they knew their sins
were forgiven, they were under the wrath
and curse of God, I marvel, Melville, they
did not stone us! The Methodists, I hope,
know better now: we preach assurance as
we always did, as a common privilege of the
children of God; but we do not enforce it,
under the pain of damnation, denounced on
all who enjoy it not.'"

In the History of Dissenters by David Bogue and James Bennet, (vol. iii. p. 9.) Samuel Wesley is called "a worldly priest, who hated all pretence to more religion than our neighbours, amiable spirit which is displayed in this sentence, as an infallible mark of a dissenter!" The its liberality, its charity, and its regard to truth, require no comment.

+ This passage may probably have been the cause of the breach between John Wesley and his brother's family, and to that breach the preservation of Samuel's letter is owing.

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Wesley now turned to the organization of those who adhered to his opinions. The system of classing, still in practice, was adopted; itinerancy was taken up, and lay preachers soon laboured in common with those who were originally in orders. Nelson, a stone mason in Yorkshire, greatly

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HISTORY OF THE FIRST CRUSADE. (Concluded.)

distinguished himself among the first in this | favour of Heaven. Some daring chieftains the conquerors disregard alike supplication line. The Quakers had long before given proposed to march into Egypt and destroy and resistance. Some were slain, others up this custom, so that it was quite a novelty: the head itself of the Muhammedan power; were thrown from the tops of the churches but "Cotton Mather has preserved a choice an event which would be followed by the and of the citadel. On entering the city, specimen of invective against Dr. Owen, by immediate submission of Jerusalem. But the Duke of Lorraine drew his sword and one of the primitive Quakers, whose name the counsel was overruled on the strong armurdered the helpless Saracens, in revenge was Fisher. It was, indeed, a species of guments of the length and difficulty of the for the Christian blood which had been spilt rhetorick in which they indulged freely, and march, and the inadequacy of a small army by the Moslems, and as a punishment for exceeded all other sectarians. Fisher ad- to the accomplishment of so great an end. the railleries and outrages to which they had dressed him thus: Thon fiery fighter and On the third day after their arrival at Ra-subjected the pilgrims. But, after having green-headed trumpeter; thou-hedgehog and mula, the soldiers and people took the avenged the cause of heaven, Godfrey did grinning dog, thou bastard, that tumbled road to Jerusalem, and soon reached the not neglect other religious duties. He threw out of the mouth of the Babylonish bawd; town which, in the history of its sacred and aside his armour, clothed himself in a linen thou mole; thou tinker; thou lizard; thou its Roman days, had assumed the different mantle, and, with bare head and naked feet, bell of no metal, but the ton of a kettle; names of Emmaus and Nicopolis. The went to the church of the sepulchre. His thou wheelbarrow; thou whirlpool; thou holy city was then in view; every heart piety (unchristian as it may appear to enwhirligig: O thou firebrand ; thou adder and glowed with rapture; every eye was bathed lightened days,) was the piety of all the solscorpion; thou louse; thon cow-dung; thou in tears. The word Jerusalem was repeat-diers: they laid down their arms, washed moon-calf; thou ragged tatterdemalion; thou ed in tumultuous wonder by a thousand their hands, and put on habiliments of reJudas thou livest in philosophy and logic, tongues; and those who first beheld the pentance. In the spirit of humility, with which are of the Devil.*" blessed spot, called their friends to witness contrite hearts, with tears and groans, they (To be concluded.) the glorious sight. All passed pains were for- walked over all those places which the Sagotten; a moment's happines outweighed viour had consecrated by his presence. The years of sorrow. In their warm imagina-whole city was influenced by one spirit; and tions the sepulchre was redeemed, and the "the clamour of thanksgiving was lond [From Mills' History of the Crusades.] cross triumphed over the crescent. But with enough to have reached the stars." The The events of importance which followed that rapidity of thought which distinguishes people rowed to sin no more; and the sick the taking of Antioch, were the desertion of minds when strongly agitated by passion, the and poor were liberally relieved by the great, the cause by the Count of Vernandois, the joy of the stranger, and the fierceness of the who thought themselves sufficiently rich and death of Adhemar, and the march of the warrior, were changed in a moment for re- happy in living to see that day. All previous crusaders to Jerusalem. We may also no-ligious ideas and feelings. Jerusalem was misfortunes were forgotten in the present tice, that the discussions among the chiefs the scene of the resurrection of Christ; and, holy joy. The ghost of the departed Adheled even to bloodshed, and that the com- therefore, the subject of holy rejoicing: mar came and rejoiced: and, as at the remonalty became so depraved as to be guilty but it was the place of his sufferings also; surrection of Christ, the bodies of the saints of cannibalism. The enmity of the caliph and true devotion, full of self abasement arose, so, at the resurrection of the temple of Egypt, and of the Turks and Persians, and gratitude, is as strongly affected by the from the impurity of the infidels, the spirits however, acted as a bond of union, and the causes and circumstances as the conse- of many of those who had fallen on the road approach to the holy city was the mnemora-quences of the Great Sacrifice. The soldier from Europe to Jerusalem, appeared and ble consequence. The emir of Tripoli at- became in an instant the simple pilgrim; shared in the felicity of their friends. Fitempted to oppose the torrent of invaders; his lance and sword were thrown aside; he nally, the hermit, who, four or five years but he was soon compelled to deprecate before, had wept over the degraded conditheir vengeance; and though Raymond tion of the holy city, and had commisserwished that the town should be sacked, yet ated the oppressed state of the votaries of mercy prevailed in the minds of the other Christ in Palestine, was recognized in the generals; and they were contented with Of the millions of fanatics who had vow-person of Peter. It was remembered that large supplies of provisions, the liberationed to rescue the sepulchre from the hands, he had taken charge of the letters from the of three hundred Christian slaves, and the of the infidels, forty thousand only encamp-patriarch to the princes of Europe: it was payment of fifteen thousand pieces of gold.ed before Jerusalem and of these remains acknowledged that he had excited their piety, The soldiers crossed the plain of Beritus, went through the country of Sidon, Athare or Sarfend, Ptolemais or Acre; and when they arrived at Jaffa, they left their maritime route, and marched to and halted at Ramula, sixteen miles from Jerusalem. The Saracens fled from the town; and the crusaders, in their grateful joy at the session of its riches, vowed that they would raise a bishopric to the honour of St. George, whose canonized bones reposed there, but whose virtuous spirit had procured them the

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The Crusaders found the sugar-cane near Tripoli. Albert's account of it is curious. "It is annually cultivated with great labour. When ripe they pound it, strain off the juice, and keep it in vessels till the process of coagulation is complete, and it hardens in appearance like salt or snow. They eat it scraped and mixed with bread, or dissolved in water." P. 270. These remarks are interesting, inasmuch as they are the first on record which any European ever made concerning a plant, the cultivation whereof forms so large a chapter in the annals of human misery.

wept over the ground which, he said, his Sa-
viour had wept over; and it was only with
naked feet that he could worthily approach
the seat of man's redemption.

of the champions of the cross, twenty-one
thousand five hundred were soldiers,
twenty thousand foot and fifteen hundred
cavalry. The destruction of more than
eight hundred and fifty thousand Europeans
had purchased the possession of Nice, An-
tioch, and Edessa.

Jerusalem was invested on the 7th of
June 1099, and stormed on the 15th of July.
The Muselmans fought for a while, then
fled to their temples, and submitted their
necks to slaughter. Such was the carnage
in the Mosque of Omar, that the mutilated
carcasses were hurried by the torrents of
blood into the court; dissevered arms and
hands floated into the current that carried
them into contact with bodies to which they
had not belonged. Ten thousand people
were murdered in this sanctuary. It was not
only the lacerated and headless trunks which
shocked the sight, but the figures of the vic-
tors themselves reeking with the blood of
their slaughtered enemies. No place of re-
fuge remained to the vanquished, so indis-
criminately did the insatiable fanaticism of

and inflamed their zeal; and the multitude fell at his feet in gratitude for his faithful discharge of his trust, praising God who was glorified in his servant. In wars of ambition subjugated cities, after the ebullition of military lawlessness, become the possessions of the victorious state and public. But in the Crusades each soldier fought from personal motives; and the cause of the war, and not submission to authority, was the principle of union.

Personal interest frequently prevailed; and, accordingly, each Crusader became the owner of any particular house on the portal of which he had set his buckler. But the treasures of the mosques were converted to the use of the church and of the poor; and among the splendid spoils of two of the principal temples were seventy large chandeliers, fifty of silver, and the remainder of gold.

The massacre of the Saracens on the capture of the holy city did not proceed from the inflamed passions of victorious soldiers, but from remorseless fanaticism. Benevolence to Turks, Jews, infidels, and hereties, was no part

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