hibition were taken and retained. A combination desk and bookcase was convenient and neat. Iron works; this is an important and highly useful business. It ranks next to agriculture, and cannot be extolled too highly. The Bellefont Iron Works, of Pennsylvania, showed numerous specimens of their iron ores free from phosphorus and sulphur, and steel made from it. They roll the iron into many shapes for other factories, as there is now a desire shown to distribute the many branches of the manufacturing business, some to one, as to band iron, another to wire, and so making it like the stores in a city. Many useful improvements have been made. But we will plainly show, before we get half way through, that this immense progress is not in accord at all with an important branch in society; and we will show that the American should be ashamed of the state society is in. Workingman, there should also be progress for you. Can you see that you are trodden under foot, distressed, enslaved, your rights taken from you, and your children growing up in poverty and ignorance? Are you satisfied to be a slave, a tool for the drones? Have you no gall in your composition? Have you no care for the future of your children? Can you rest with arms folded, and no thoughts of the drift of your class, and not see the robber take your hard earnings from you?

CHAPTER XXXIII.

PROGRESS TO 1880.

The wealth of the following nations is as follows: United States, $43,642,000,000; Great Britain, $43,366,000,000; Russia, $17,134,000,000; Austro-Hungary, $14,762,000,000; France, $35,898,000,000: Germany, $29,403,000,000; total, $184,205,000,000. The population is given as below: United States, 50,155,783; Great Britain, 29,702,727; France, 36,905,788; Germany, 45,194,177; Russia, 87,795,987; Austro

Hungary, 37,741,434. The wealth to each person in the United States is $872; Great Britain, $1,451; France, $972; Germany, $656; Russia, $195; Hungary, $391. The increase has been great for the last thirty years. In the United States, the wealth is distributed as follows: farms, $10,197,000,000; residences and business real estate, $9,881,000,000; all real estate exempt from taxation, $2,000,000,000; railroads and equipments, $5,536,000,000; telegraphs, shipping and canals, $419,000,000; live stock, farming tools and machinery, $2,403,000,000; household furniture, clothing, paintings, books, jewelry, household supplies, food, fuel, etc., $5,000,000,000; mines, etc., with half the annual product, $781,000,000; three-fourths of the annual product of agriculture and manufactures, and of imports of foreign goods, $6,160,000,000; specie, $612,000,000. The increase of property in the United States for thirty years is as follows: in 1850, it was $7,186,000,000; in 1860, it was $16,160,000,000; in 1870, it was $24,055,000,000: in 1880, it was $43,742,000,000; from which it appears that the property in 1880 was six times as much as in 1850. You will bear in mind that much of this increase is not increase in property, but increase in value, which is most in the cities; and as population increases, land also rises in value. It is plain that this appears to be progress. No person can deny that. On whatever side you turn your sight, you behold progress. No person would presage such rapid increase. But I think the figures are about right. Be of good cheer. A higher destiny is sure to come to the people.

Let us notice the progress in threshing grain. It is very likely the first grain was tramped out with the feet, as probably there was but little of it. Then a curved stick. Next is what is called a flail, that is a short, thick club, about two and a half feet long, fastened to a stick about four and a half to five feet long, fastened with a wooden swivel. A man could thresh about ten bushels of rye or wheat in a day's work. We have used the article. No horses were used in thresh

ing in that manner. Then we read of grain being tramped out by oxen; next, horses were used to tramp out the grain; then a roller drawn by horses. For a long time grain was tramped out by horses; we have seen some of it done. Then came the threshing machine. The first one I saw would be a great curiosity in this age of progress. The cylinder was a round stick of wood, about two feet long and six inches in diameter, with spikes drove into it. The horse power was a rickety affair, often out of order. The capacity was about two hundred to three hundred bushels a day of grain, requiring eight to ten men. You can readily see that it was slow work; but it was a link in the mighty chain of progress. The fanatic cannot see it, nor can the aristocrat, nor the old fogy. Four to eight horses worked the thresher. The machine had no separator; the straw was worked and picked from it, and the machine had to stop every short time, and the chaff and grain raked and caved in a pile to be cleaned with a fanning mill afterwards. Soon a vibrator was added to the machine, which made less work raking, saving one man, about. This was tedious, you can see but our forefathers had patience, and they persevered, and most always made a point. Then came the separator as you now see it, which has a capacity to thresh from three to four thousand bushels of wheat in a day, cleaned, sacked, and piled at six cents a bushel. Eastern fogies cannot see it; they cannot see progress. The machine requires about fifteen horses and as many men. Next we see the combined header and thresher, which will no doubt take the preference soon. Its capacity is twenty to forty acres, cut, thrashed and sacked in a day. Now we can form an idea how the farmers have struggled and toiled from day to day. A crop of a few thousand bushels of grain was a winter's job, to thresh, clean and haul much of it two miles to market. Now can you see progress? The drones cannot and will not see it.

Where there has been no progress, the predacians, who are robbing the people in many ways, and desire

that they shall remain in ignorance, and all be status. quo, so that they can continue to reap, and keep a good harvest. But you see, no doubt, that the drones will be as the tragedian said, Othello's occupation's gone. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty. You have ever to be on the watch. The people are like a band of sheep, and the aristocrats are after the fleeces. See that you have the fleeces yourself. And you notice the onward march of progress in every machine, in all the manufactures; and in the Centennial nearly all was new, and nothing but what proves progress. No honest and sensible man can deny that the onward march of progress is a law of nature; and all comes by degrees. Did you ever see an ox grow from a small calf in a night? Did you ever see a crop of wheat grow in a day? In all time it has been the same as now. Nature has been incessantly working. Without moisture, and air, and warmth, vegetation will not grow. These are conditions that are indispensable to their growth; and when the conditions are different, the result will be altered. Under the same conditions, nature will produce precisely the same plant or animal; but as the conditions do vary some, you will find no two alike. The world has one and a half billions of people on it, yet no two are exactly alike. This proves that nature works according to circumstances. If conditions vary, results vary. No seeds, trees, plants, or animals are exactly alike; and you will observe that no two seasons are alike. And so with everything in creation. If that was not the case, we would not have progress; by variation we get progress; but the result is not always progress. More animals and plants, no doubt, have become extinct than there are now living species on the earth. Every person knows of many animals becoming extinct. It has been so ages ago, and no doubt will be so again. Also the thoughts of a person will be different, as the materials conveyed to the mind vary. The fruits of your labor are yours; see that you get them; look at your interest; do not be a slave; the drone takes the

cream. The fish-hawk goes early in the morning to the sea to catch a fish. The eagle perches on some high rocks, and when the hawk catches a fish, the eagle darts from his hiding place.

The first government was patriarchal; that is, by heads of families. In time, these families came to be strong, or some of them, and made war, and subdued the weaker ones, and increased so as to be tribes. They conquered many families, and became powerful chiefs and warriors, and were made kings. Some of them were tyrants, and appropriated large tracts of land to themselves and leased to others; and they were serfs. And in that manner Feudalism was established. In time, the strong, kingly rulers were jealous of the Feudalists, and subjugated them, and broke up the feudalistic clans. The people paid their rent to the Feudalists in military services, and became the worst of slaves; and the Feudalist was a tyrant over them, and had the people to fight for him when he demanded it. Much of Europe was once under that kind of government. That was some like the present Indian tribes; every tribe had its own chief and was independent. Some kings, at times, conquered other kings, and established Empires, as the Russian and Prussian Empires. They were the most despotic, as some of them were autocratic one-man power. As the silly dunce says, " We may go back to one-man power again.". Of all governments that have been instituted for man, that is the most flagrant and atrocious. But it was a long time before the people knew it. Please consider how dull, how insensible, the people have been to their interest, and so long-100,000 years. About 3,000 years ago the best government was tried, but the people were not progressed enough to appreciate it, and it did not stand long. We now have about 5,000,000 voters who do not care for good government. The despots and tyrants are all against honest government, but we have many men who are heart and soul for honest rulers. When the wicked rule the country mourns. When thieves govern, pover