fathers had to labor under. We have seen the instruThen came the fanning mill. It was a great improvement, and much improvement has been made on them since that was progress. Man is a progressive being, and is not satisfied with the present condition of matters. If he was satisfied with the present situation and surroundings, he would make no progress. Man is but a part of nature, and he is like nature; he is nature; she formed him, and nature works continually in him, and he has to work according to the laws of nature, and the more he knows of nature's laws the better for him. We must work in accordance with nature. In machinery every part has to be made to work in perfect accord with nature, or it will be a failure. We know a fool is always trying to invent, and he is ignorant of nature's laws; so he continually fails. This trait of character, looking for better things, does work in accord and harmony with progress; so we all the time are using efforts to progress, or most persons are. But, says the fanatic, he does evil. Sometimes he does-and often he does good; the good is in excess of the evil, and progress is made. He should have the credit for the good he is doing. A workingman cannot make anything by being dishonest; so honesty is the best policy for the laboring man directly, and in the end for every one. But the black aristocratic scamp will be the last to be honest. We do not think he will; before he gets to be honest he will become extinct. He has practiced iniquity so long that it is bred in the bone, and he says no man is honest. We have heard that till we are sick of it. We say that he lies. There are honest men in the world-yes, many, or it would sink to ruin. Let us have some recreation in a true story and a moral episode. In this year a ship sailed from Liverpool for Halifax; after being out of port a day or two the crew found a small boy stowed away below in the bottom of the ship; he was brought up on deck to the mate; he asked him how he came there. He said, his father-in-law put him there; that he told him he

was poor, and could not take care of him; that he must go to his aunt at Halifax; she would take care of him. They did not believe him; they asked one after the other how he got there, but he told the same story. The captain concluded that he would frighten him into telling the truth. So the captain told him in ten minutes he would hang him, if he did not tell the truth, and left him; after six minutes the captain came around. The boy asked the captain if he might pray; the captain said yes. The little fellow then repeated the Lord's Prayer. The captain then took the boy in his arms, and told him that now he believed him, every word he said; and from that time the little cherub was the pet and favorite of the whole crew. Heaven protect him; may he live forever. You all think that the boy was honest; he would not tell a lie for his life. But the black aristocrat will say he does not believe that story. That is perfectly natural, for him not to believe it. We think that a good black aristocrat cannot believe that; it is not in his organization; such pure principles are not in his composition, and how could he believe anything entirely foreign to his nature. You cannot draw wine from a pure spring of water; you cannot get pure water from a sulphur spring; you cannot get any good thing from a vicious, and depraved, and abandoned scamp. How could it come out of him when no such a principle was in him? When he tells you all men are dishonest, then he says. what he thinks; that is in him; he is infamous, and degraded, and abandoned; that was his nature, and he told what he believed, and he would say nothing different unless he told a lie; what was in him came

out.

ENGLAND IN 1685.

Many thousand of square miles that are now covered with corn, and meadows, and green hedges, dotted with villages and country-seats, was then (1685) moors and fens, abandoned to wild ducks. We should see straggling huts of wood covered with thatch, where we now see manufacturing towns and seaports renowned

to the farthest ends of the world. Not less strange to us would appear the garb, dress, and manners of the people, the furniture and the equipages, the interior of the shops and dwellings. In truth, a large part of the. country beyond Trent was down to 1700 in a state of barbarism. There was a large class of moss tropers, whose calling was to plunder dwellings, and to drive away whole herds of cattle. The authorities had to raise bands of armed men to protect property, and to preserve order. The parishes were required to keep bloodhounds for the purpose of hunting freebooters. Yet some of the robbers escaped, and many secret paths and places the robbers had. The seats of the gentry and the large farm-houses were fortified. The armed men slept with arms in their hands. No traveler ventured in the country without making his will. The single bed of a poor family had sometimes been carried away and sold for taxes. The revenue was $7,000,000, and yet under Charles II., he was allowed to expend the whole of it as he saw fit. So the profits of the post office were given to the Duke of York. The arm we call bayonet, then was fixed in the muzzle of the musket: progress in everything great and small. The army then was less than nine thousand. The daily pay in the light guards was four shillings, in the blues two 'shillings and six pence, and in the line eight pence. Pepys informed the king that the navy was a prodigy of wastefulness, corruption, ignorance, and indolence. One captain obeyed orders, and missed the making of ten thousand dollars on a cargo; was told by the king that he was a fool for his pains in obeying. That shows the depravity of the times, and the sea captain knew it might be, said nothing. Some old sailor called "master" would take charge of the ship. The captain dressed as for a gala at Versailles, ate off plate of silver or gold, drank the richest wines, and kept women on board, while hunger and scurvy raged among the crews, and while corpses were daily flung out of the port-holes. And they were called gentlemen captains. But there were a few dif

ferent characters, they were the dawn of light and progress in the future, and the seed yielded one hundred fold. The population then was five and a half million of inhabitants. The military non-effective, the charge of military and navy was ten thousand pounds a year; now, it is ten thousand pounds a day. Notice the difference; nothing but robbing and stealing from the people. The greatest estates in the kingdom, then exceeded very little twenty thousand pounds a year. The Duke of Ormond had twenty-two thousand a year. The Duke of Buckingham, before his extravagance, had nineteen thousand six hundred a year. Official places were sold publicly. Titles, places, commissions, pardons were daily sold in the market by the great dignitaries of the realm. So you can find that the infernal aristocracy plays corruptious everywhere the same. We have amply proved what we set out to do, that always aristocracy has been a lying, cheating, swindling, false-swearing, vile, and unworthy, robbing, plundering treacherous scamps; no crime can be named that they have not been guilty of. And why will the workingman let the villians rule the country? They do nothing but rob and steal; they do not work, yet Solomon in all his glory was not as rich as some of them. Gripus and his wife were far below them in wealth. The rent of land is now about four times as high as in 1685. The clergy on the whole are regarded as a plebian class, nine out of ten were but mere menial servants. Down to the middle of the reign of Henry the Eighth no line of life bore so inviting an aspect to ambitious and covetous natures, as the priesthood. But a revolution came, that deprived the priesthood of the greatest part of their wealth, and very materially lessened their political power, and now they are a third rate power. The princely splendor of William Wikeham, and of William of Waynflete has disappeared. A waiting-maid was generally considered as the most suitable help-mate for a parson. It appears Macaulay does not give the priesthood an exalted recommendation. The family of Howard fre

quently resided in a mansion near Norwich; they dispensed the finest wines in cups of pure gold, and the tongs and shovel were of silver. The wealth of the

world is very unequally distributed; some have more than they need, and the poet says they are robbers of their brothers' rights; and others live in wretchedness, and misery, and want. Money is so abundant now, that thousands have more than they can use, and do not know how to invest it, and poverty is continually increasing; those who have plenty will not assist those in ordinary circumstances.

CHAPTER III.

INFAMY OF ARISTOCRACY.

A good definition of aristocracy, and we think the best, and the one we shall use, is: A government in the hands of a few persons. These persons may be popular, or unpopular; they may be intelligent, or ignorant; they may be wise, or foolish; they may be tyrants, or may be lenient and merciful. Still, if a few rule, it is an aristocracy, and as the instincts always have been of man, and at present, an aristocracy will rule for their own benefit; they will run the government for their own interests. This is our experience, and we state it positively, as a rule that will not vary more or less. And we desire you to make up your minds, to satisfy yourself on this point, as it is necessary to know. If this is not a fact, then we do not need a representative form of government, and we having a representative form of government is because it is a fact. Government has always, in different forms, but unlike late years, has nearly always been aristocratic. As the aristocrats have always opposed a liberal form, and always said that a liberal form would not stand, and as any fool knows it is natural for the aristocrat to say so; we advise all persons who love liberty and their rights of property, not to believe a word that class of plunderers and swindlers say. We shall give a care