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Dr. Watson, the late Bishop of Llandaff, addressed to Mr. Gibbon, to young men of fashion and of abilities (perhaps to Lord B****) originally good, but obscured by libertine life and conversation: it will be peculiarly serviceable, as well as to those that are led astray by some modern pretended discoveries in natural philosophy, now a favourite mode of introducing and enforcing Sceptism and Infidelity."

9. The present state of Religious Parties in England: represented and improved in a Discourse delivered in Essex street Chapel, May 17, and reprinted October 18, 1818; also in Renshaw-street Chapel, Liverpool, September 20. By Thomas Belsham. 8vo. pp. 42. Hunter, &c.

WE conceive that objections to the Trinity are founded, among the honourable and conscientious, purely upon misapprehensions of the Essence of Deity: God is power, or principle, prevailing universally, or, in other words, universal agency. Thus a tree is not God, but the power by which it vegetates is Deity. If people chuse to confound the property of vegetation with the tree, a manifest absurdity ensues; for then the Creator and the created thing become the same in essence. Because corpоreally three cannot be one, nor one three, men, apparently incapable of abstract conceptions, object to a doctrine which is founded upon entirely distinct principles. It is impossible that the Divine Essence can lose any thing by communication, least of all its attribute of Ubiquity-its Universal power or agency; and Jesus Christ became embodied for no other purpose but lo exhibit divine power in corporeal action. The Trinitarians are charged, however, with making the Deity three human persons, and yet only one. Nothing of the kind is either stated, or even inferred. God the Father is said to will, God the Son to execute, and God the Holy Ghost to contrive; and yet they are not three Gods, but one God. Now with Ubiquity and Universality it cannot be otherwise, for such properties are incapable of division or locality. The Unitarians say, that it is impossible for God the Father to be other than the only supreme God; and therefore Jesus Christ must be man. Upon the authority of the GENT. MAG. July, 1819.

Scriptural form of Baptism, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost (where, if there were no distinction, the baptism into the name of God alone would be sufficient) has the Orthodox Creed been formed. We deny that Jesus Christ must necessarily be Man, because the property of Deity is one and indivisible. Ubiquity and Universality cannot lose by communication, because every derivation must be a component part of it; and therefore we cannot conceive any physical absurdity (for that is the sole ground upon which Anti-Trinitarians argue) in the proposition, that the Divine power, in its fulness should animate a human being, and so exhibit itself, when nothing can limit such an exhibition but the properties of the material organ to which it is pro tempore so limited. Upon the vis insita of Deity is founded the immortality of the soul; and God the Son became man, without any loss of Divine power, for the Scripture presumes his action in the universe to have continued the same, notwithstanding his human personal appearance. As Man, and Man only, he voluntarily suffered. The material organ in which Christ appeared is the sole ground for this objection: and the opposition of the Unitarian amounts simply to this, that they object to the Deity being tri-corporated, which implies locality: but we say no such thing. We only say, that Christ was God as well as Man. We sincerely regret that we can say no more than that Mr. Belsham writes like a gentleman and a man of talents. Our difference with him is upon questions of principle: but his book is written only for persons of his own persuasion. We regret to see base motives ascribed to men who, we know, would be martyrs for their faith, if circumstances required it. We reject with indignation the unjustifiable aspersions of the Bishop of St. David's, a truly apostolical Prelate, and of the whole body of Clergy of all persua sions. We peremptorily affirm, that any attempt to unite Deism with Scripture, under the New Testament, is insane, and quite unnecessary, because the Trinity implies no physical absurdity, if the nature of Deity be estimated, as it ought to be, exclusive of matter.

10. Elements

10.

Elements of Chemical Science applied to the Arts and Manufactures, and Natural Phenomena. By J. Murray. Second Edition, with Additions. T. and G. Underwood, 1818, pp. 294.

ELEMENTARY systems of Chemistry, sufficiently simple, are not very rare, and if something is not new in the execution or design, it appears to us to be adding to what is already superfluous. We have not been disap. pointed as to the requisite of novelty in this Work; and upon the method altogether it is hardly necessary to repeat the approvals which it has received from other very able periodical works. We should like to have entered on some of the doctrines here taken up, especially on light; but we can only partially notice what is more essential. Mr. Murray's compendious account of Chemical Electricity would have been the most favourable for selection, and cannot be too much estimated. The Work is altogether the very best classification we have; and, to show the importance and propriety of his arrangement by electric and non-electric affinities, we need only quote one experiment, promulgated by Sir Humphry Davy in the Philosophical Transactions, 1807, in which, by altering these affinities, he passed an alkali unacted on through an acid.

Mr. Murray has scattered the flowers of literature among the thorns of science in a style, florid, but not glaring. It is very condensed, and the notes are interesting; and though not precisely plain enough for young ladies and gentlemen, there are other more important personages, e. g. gentlemen in the country, knowing something, very little, of Agricultural Chemistry, who will find this very informing, and, if they wish to extend the pursuit farther, a suitable introduction to a larger, as Dr. Murray's excellent system. With the former individuals we understand the science is on the wane, because one party found considerable vexation in experiments, and female mouths were found to experience pretty nearly the dilatation of what the Irish call an open countenance (viz. a wide mouth), by the utterance of those centipedes of language, chemical words.

We regret to say, that, as well as noticing the merits of a publication,

there is another duty absolutely incumbent on the integrity of criticism, that of pointing out errors. We think Mr. M. will see the propriety, in a future edition, of considering the alterations that appear to us appropriate.

Mr. M.'s objections, p. 41, "that if light had the affections of a fluid,” agitation would cause concentric waves, as in grosser fluids, seems an inference from an analogy without vraie semblance: air which is nearer to water in the scale of tenuity does not exhibit such phenomena. We know very well that radiant caloric (p. 47), is scarcely to be disunited from light,but can "the calorific properties of light" be unequivocally asserted? There are many experiments which seem to show that pure light is wholly independent of caloric. After the position" that water is permeable to heat upwards, but not downwards," we see no reference to the important and reverse experiments of Dr. Murray, Edinburgh. P. 57, "caloric is capable of being reflected like light; this is called radiation." It is well known that bodies which reflect do not radiate, and the converse. "From the principle of evaporation we feel colder on the sea-coast," is a false datum. The phænomena of frigorific mixtures are mentioned in the same page, without the theory; we mention this merely to signify that the requisition of principles as we advance in scientific knowledge is of the first importance. "Heat may be applied to water in much abundance, but it will not thereby acquire an additional degree of temperature" we presume that it is meant "to boiling water."

There is a want of logical purity in the definitions of chemical science (we do not mean Mr. Murray's, for he has used them by precedent); thus caloric is termed matter of heat, both implying the principle and medium in which it is embraced: "physical affections" should not be applied, except in relation to animate matter.

***We wish to correct an inadvertency in our Review of Mr. Whateley on Opthalmia, p. 554. "Over" should have been inserted for "in the temporal muscle;" it will be necessary, for farther precision, to state that the Seton should be placed a full inch from the external canthus.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

CAMBRIDGE, June 28.-The annual prizes of 15 guineas each, given by the members for this University, to two Senior and two Middle Bachelors of Arts, who shall compose the best dissertations in Latin Prose, are judged as follows:-Senior Bachelors: Subject, Quænam fuerint Oraculorum vera indoles ac naturu? C. J. Heathcote, of Trinity College. No 2nd prize adjudged. Middle Bachelors: Subject, Inter Veterum Philosophorum sectas, cuinam potissimum tribuenda sit laus veræ sapientiæ ? T. F. Ellis, of Trinity College. No 2nd prize adjudged.

July 5. The PORSON Prize, for the best translation of a passage from Shakspeare into Greek verse, was on Tuesday adjudged to Mr. Horatio Waddington, Scholar of Trinity-college.-The subject was from Coriolanus, act 5, scene 3, part of Volumnia's speech, beginning with "Thou know'st, great son, the end of war 's uncertain ;" and ending with "Let us shame him with our knees."

Nearly ready for Publication: The History and Antiquities of the thedral of York. By Mr. BRITTON.

A Geographical, Historical, Commercial, and Agricultural View of the United States of America; with an account of Upper and Lower Canada, illustrated by Maps and Views.

A full Explanation of the Commerce of Russia, more particularly that of St. Petersburg, with the last export and import regulations. By Mr. BORISON.

The Accidents of Youth; consisting of short stories calculated to improve the moral conduct of Children.

The Tale of Gismunda and Guiscardo ; a Poem. By W. WILMOT, LL. B.

Fredalia, or the Dumb Recluse; a new Poem in three Parts. By W. FITZGERALD, jun. author of the Siege of Carthage, a Tragedy.

Rosamond, Memory's Musings, and other Poems. By WILLIAM PROCTER.

Orient Harping, a Desultory Poem, in two parts, by JOHN LAWSON, Missionary at Calcutta. To which are added Notes, illustrative of several parts of the Poem. Also, the third edition of The Maniac, with other Poems, by the same Author.

No Fiction: a Narrative, founded on recent and interesting Facts.

Cornubia; a descriptive Poem; in five cantos. By GEORGE WOODLEY, Author of Redemption.

Preparing for Publication:

An Historical and Descriptive Account of the most interesting Objects of TopoCa-graphy throughout the whole of Ireland, to accompany "The Beauties of England and Wales." By J. N. BREWER. This Work will consist of two large volumes octavo, to be published in Monthly numbers, illustrated with Engravings from original Drawings. In the prosecution of this undertaking, which has long been a desideratum in Topographical Literature, every principal place in Ireland will be personally inspected by the Author, and a correspondence is established with many of the most distinguished characters in that country. It may be reasonably expected that much curious novelty of intelligence will be disclosed in the Historical and Descriptive Account of Cities and Towns, Monastic and other Antiquities, so little known even to readers with whom less interesting parts of the British Empire are familiar objects of topographical discussion.

The History of the Indian Archipelago. By JOHN CRAWFURD, esq. F. R. S. late British resident at the Court of the Sultan of Java; with illustrative Maps and Engravings.

REICHARD'S Itinerary of Germany; with Views, Map, and Plans. 12s. bound.

The History of Gog and Magog, the Champions of London; containing an account of the origin of many things relative to the City; with Plates.

Madame de Genlis' Manuel du Voyageur, in six languages; viz. English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. Physiological Fragments; or Sketches of various Subjects intimately connected with the study of Physiology. By JOHN BYWATER. 8vo.

The thirteenth quarterly Number of Annals of the fine Arts; containing Essays, &c. by Sir RICHARD COLT HOARE, bart. Messrs. HAZLETT, HAYDON, WEST, PRINCE HOARE, &c. &c. Catalogues of English pictures, at Sir George Beaumont's; and reviews of all the public and private Exhibitions.

The School of Improvement; two juvenile Dramas. 18mo, with Plates.

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engraved in the line manner hy ENGLEHEART, WARREN, WEDGWOOD, &c. and in size and selection peculiarly adapted to the Illustration of Mr. Campbell's Specimens of British Poets. To be completed in about twenty-five Parts, each Part containing six Portraits.

The Army Medical Officer's Manual, upon Active Service; or, Precepts for his Guidance in the various Situations in which he may be placed; and for the preservation of the health of Armies from Foreign Service. By J. G. V. MILLINGEN, M. D. Surgeon to His Majesty's Forces, &c.

A new edition of his Practice of the Customs, to which will be added the new Consolidation Act, and other considerable improvements. By Mr. SMYTH, one of the Surveyors-Gen. of His Majesty's Customs. The Spectator in a Stage Coach.

Isabel of the Isles, or the Carr of Uah Viarnag; a metrical Romance of the fifteenth century. By Mr. JOHN CARTER HAY ALLEN. It will consist of nine Cantos, with notes; the scenery is chiefly in the Hielands and Hebrides; the story is wholly a work of imagination, all the incidents being fictitious, and most of the characters: an extract, as a specimen of the style, is given in our Poetry for the present month.

ANCIENT AND MODERN GREEK.

Some time ago the attention of the publick was excited to a lecture on the antient and modern language of Greece, delivered by Mr. Calbo, a native of the island of Zante. That lecture, with very little alteration, was repeated on June 28th. On the 30th, Mr. Calbo read the Oration of Isocrates for Archidamus, making observations philological, critical, and illustrative of the pronunciation of the moderu Greeks. On July 3d, he delivered his third and last lecture, which contained much matter worthy of consideration.

The lecturer commenced by expressing his deep sense of the difficulties attendant upon his task. To attack a firmly fixed opinion which pervaded all Europe of the extinction for many ages of a language, and to attempt to prove beyond a doubt, that it was still the vernacular tongue of millions, was an effort which could not succeed without a rare combination of qualifications in the individual who ventured upon so arduous an undertaking. In spite, however, of these difficulties, and the cautious advice of his friends, he had been induced to press forward in behalf of his unhappy country, supported by the conviction that her language and pronunciation had been transmitted from sire to son, as the least perishable inheritance that could be bequeathed. There did not exist any grammar which could enable the world to form a correct opinion of the existing language of the more polished in

habitants of Greece.

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Authors had judged hastily from the dialects of the common people, or they would have found that the Grecian language had remained unchanged in substance century after century. proof of this assertion, the Lecturer quoted a passage from a modern writer, and compared it with one of Xenophon. The language was so entirely the same, that it was impossible to distinguish which was the antient and which the modern. The last argument to which he should have recourse was the history of the language. As our space will allow us only to give a very imperfect sketch of the lecture, we can do little more than mention the periods into which Mr. Calbo divided the history of the Greek language:

First period-From the fabulous times to the Trojan war.

Second period-From the Trojan to the Persian war.

Third period-The golden era of Greek learning, beginning from the Persian war, and ending at the time of Alexander the Great.

Fourth period-From Alexander the Great to the taking of Corinth by the Romans.

Fifth period-From the taking of Corinth to the reign of Constantine the Great. Sixth period From Constantine the Great to the invasion of Constantinople by the Turks.

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Seventh period-From the taking of Constantinople to the present times.

In the course of his remarks Mr. Calbo combated the prevailing opinions that the Greeks received their language from the Egyptians and Phenicians, and subsequently spoke the language of the Pelasgians, and followed the history of the language and literature of Greece through its progress and decay. In his observations on the 7th period, he begged bis au ditors to remember that the grammars and reproaches of the rest of Europe were founded upon the language studied, and facts collected, in places not entitled to be deemed the standard of the general or the written language of the modern Greeksthat the language of the seamen of some islands had been compared with that which flourished in the third period, and the general language with the uniform, regular, fixed dialect of the writers of a single city and a single period. When the Ottoman Empire was established at Constantinople, many of the learned sought refuge in Italy, but the Clergy did not fly from the capital; so that the Greek nation, though it lost its political centre, preserved its religious one, and looked upon the Patriarch as their Chief, the Synod as their Senate, the Old and New Testament, the Holy Fathers, and Plato and Aristotle as their classics.

"If we examine," said Mr. Calbo, "the

"the political system, and the national character of the Turks, we must wonder at the number of writers who illumined the first years of our misfortunes. Towards the end of the year 1500, Panagiotacchi (a learned and well-informed man, as is proved by his letter to Athanasius Kirkero, upon the obelisk of Constantinople), for our good fortune, was chosen by the Sultan as his dragoman. Alexander Maurocordato, with not less virtue and still greater learning, succeeded to that dignity. The efforts made by these Princes and their successors, joined to the efforts made by enlightened Patriarchs to reanimate and brighten the lamp of literature, which, though burning dimly, was not extinct, have produced the happiest results within the last half century. Greece has seen the number of its books and schools increased, and the names of many learned adorn a catalogue, too long to be read now. Among the living and most justly esteemed authors are, Adamantius Coray, honoured and liberally pensioned by the French Government; Bamba, Professor of Rhetoric, in Greece; ConstantineCarateodoridi, honoured and pensioned by the Russians, and Professor of Greek Literature at Odessa; and Codrica, Professor of the Greek Grammar and Modern Literature at the Lyceum of Paris, on whom the French Government have justly bestowed both rewards and dignities.

"The style of these writers may be divided into three classes; the first, more abounding in popular phrases, therefore, a specimen of the general language, which partakes not only of the four dialects, but of the dialect of almost every district; the second, a bold style, modelled upon the classic of former ages, therefore, an imaginary style; and the third, a faithful copy of the language of the Patriarchion, there

fore Byzantine, and from which the learned of Europe should judge of the state of the learning among the present Greeks from this third style I took that specimen which I read to you, in order to shew whether the pure style of a modern could be distinguished from that of an antient author. From the works written in this, we have a proof that those words which for a time had been forgotten are now again in circulation, and become familiar; and that the use of foreign words and phrases are discontinued. The Greek Newspapers which are now published in Vienna, are written in this style, which proves, that it begins to be acknowledged by the whole nation as the standard of good style, and as the general and written language. These Papers have been printed for these seven years past; a fact which proves that their style is understood, and that the modern inhabitants of Greece communicate their ideas not by the means of a jargon, but by a language logically different from that of the golden period of Athens, but scarcely varying from it in its grammatical construction.

"Therefore, if you say that Homer and Aristophanes, Herodotus and Arian, are writers of the same nation, and use the same language, by what arguments can it be proved that the present writers, between whom and Arian there is less dif. ference than between this author and Herodotus; by what sound arguments, I say, can it be proved that they belong to any other than the real Greek nation and language."

An eminent bookseller of Germany, named Cotta, is about to publish a genealogy of his family, for the purpose of proving that he is descended from the ancient family of that name in Rome.

ARTS AND SCIENCES. MACHINERY.

Mr. Owen stated at the recent meeting in London (the Duke of Kent in the chair), when a Committee was appointed to investigate his plan, and report upon its practicability, that 200,000 pair of hauds, with machinery, spun as much cotton now as 40 years ago, without machinery, would have employed 20,000,000, that is, 100 to 1! That the cotton spun in a year, at this time, in this country, would require, without machinery, at least 60,000,000 of labourers with single wheels! aud that the quantity of manufacturing works of all sorts, done by the aid of machinery in this nation, was such as would require, without that aid, the labour of at least 400,000,000 of manufacturers!!!

A mechanic of Offenbourg in Brisgau, named Xavier Michael, has invented a

portative machine, by which a person shipwrecked may support himself on the water, and carry provisions, for several days. The machine is 5 feet in diameter and 3 inches high. By the use of it rivers can be passed. Two experiments were made on the Rhine on the 20th and 31st ult. and perfectly succeeded.

A boy, named John Young, residing in Newton-upon-Ayr, has constructed a piece of mechanism, of which the following is some account:-A box, about three feet long, by two broad, and six or eight inches deep, has a frame and paper covering erected on it, in the form of a house, so that the box appears as the floor of the house. On the upper part of the box are a number of wooden figures, about two or three inches high, representing people employed in those trades or sciences with

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