not "state whether distinct orders should appear in distinct dresses ;" to this I answer, that as my observations were intended to apply to the whole body of the Clergy, and the habit which I had pointed out was appropriate for all, I did not conceive it necessary in a primary attempt to be more particular. Your Correspondent then remarks, that "the cassock is now worn under the coat by Bishops only those of inferior orders may wear it, but a Deacon may not." I am sorry that the first part of this sentence is almost a truism, and if A. H. will refer to my paper, he will find observations on that circumstance; as to the assertion that a deacon may not wear a cassock, or a short-cassock under his coat, I must again be under the necessity of refreshing your Correpondent's memory by a reference to the 74th Canon of our Church, which, as it stands in your Number for March, p. 225, at the commencement of my paper, ought to have been attentively read by one who professes to attack the subsequent observations which are chiefly founded on it. A. H. will there perceive that it is instituted and appointed that "All Deans, Masters of Colleges, Archdeacons, and Prebendaries in Cathedral and Collegiate Churches (being Priests or Deacons) Doctors in Divinity, Law and Physic, Bachelors in Divinity, Masters of Arts, and Bachelors of Law, having any Ecclesiastical Living

and all other Ministers admitted

into that function-in public go not

without coats or cassocks." It is to be hoped that this quotation will satisfy your Correspondent as to the right of deacons to wear cassocks, and will teach him to be a little more cautious in future when he attempts to remove positions which have been before clearly established. The query of A. H. "why Sigismund is not satisfied with the mode of dress hitherto adopted," cannot be better answered than by again referring him to the paper on the Clerical Dress, Sec. IV. The observations of A. H. in the paragraph in which he insinuates that I wish to revive Roman Catholic hubits, might be readily refuted; but I have already trespassed too long upon your patience, in endeavouring

*See Gent. Mag. for April, p. 312.

Mr. URBAN,

Sept. 8. THE painfully interesting events which have lately occurred in Manchester, have made us familiarly acquainted with the title of its prison. In the various newspapers of the day, and even in different parts of the same article, the name is indiscriminately spelled "The New Bailey," and "The New Bayley."

At first sight it would appear that the former spelling was the correct one, and that the title was merely borrowed from the "Old Bailey" in London; but on reference to that entertaining and valuable work, "Aikin's History of Manchester," it will be seen from the following passage, what is the real and original orthography.

"Of other public plans and edifices in this town, we shall first mention the New Prison, or Penitentiary House, called The New Bayley,' in honour of that very respectable man, and active Magistrate, B. Bayley, Esq. of Hope, to whom the police of this district has for many years been most highly indebted. In this are adopted all the improvements relative to that part of the Police, proposed in the works of that celebrated philanthropist, Mr. Howard, with whose name it is inscribed."

Copy of the Inscription on the first Stone of the New Gaol in Salford.

"On the 22d May, 1787, and in the 27th year of the reign of George HI. King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, this Gaol and Penitentary House, (at the expence of the Hundred of Salford, in the County Palatine of Lancaster) was begun to be erected, and the first Stone laid by Thomas Butterworth Bayley: and that there may remain to posterity a Monument of the affection and gratitude of this County to that most excellent person, who hath so fully proved the wisdom and humanity of separate and solitary confinement of Offenders, this Prison is inscribed with the name of John Howard."

truth, is another arduous task. There is one still greater, which, though not arduous, is a task the most unpleasant. From the great mass of matter which must pass through his bands, something may arise that will not always accord with his feelings. He will meet with facts, which in some way or other touch upon the ancestors of many of his acquaintances, and, as in the actions of every man's life, particularly public men, there is always some sore part which cannot be passed over, if he set out with the firm resolution of bringing before the community nothing but truth, in whatever shape it may appear, he will have to encounter a host of enemies. This must be expected, and an author must prepare himself for such an encounter. Some from private pique, others from not being able to start any thing new themselves, have the greatest pleasure in running down and blasting, as far as their private influence extends, the fair fame of others; and as it is an easy matter to find fault, without being able to correct, the tempting op portunity cannot be resisted. Others, from motives not more honourable, stifle all sources of information, and with cold indifference, or sarcastic malevolence, enjoy the disappointments of an author, whose only object is truth.

I have been led into these reflections on considering how very ably many of the principal Towns of my native County have been described. We have a History of York, Scarborough, Ripon, Knaresborough, Northallerton, Whitby, and many other Towns which do not immediately occur to my memory. There are announced prospectuses of a History of Sheffield, and an improved Quarto Edition of the History of Richmond. By the bye, I am always a friend to Second Editions. They give authors an opportunity of correcting any errors which may have crept unawares into First Editions, of making alterations, and of enlarging their plan, by extending the subjects almost under every head. Judicious observations by candid critics also enable them to revise those parts which seemed to them capable of amendment. I have no doubt but that every town in this large and populous County will in a little time

have its own Historian. If a native, so much the better, as he will, from his situation and long acquaintance with the scenes he is describing, be enabled to paint more correctly the manners and customs of his neighbourhood, than an accidental traveller can, who, flying from place to place, must be content with the old sayings and quaint observations of a Sexton or Parish Clerk, not much better informed than himself. Local History seems now to be the rage, and the more publications of that nature are brought before the public, the more are they sought after and read. Most heartily do I wish every success to those, who, having leisure and abilities to describe the scenes of their native home, devote their time to the production of works, which, whilst they afford amusement, convey instruction to future genera

tions.

That great and Herculean Work, the History of Yorkshire, a work, which I should suppose would fully fill up the whole time of three indefatigable Historians, even if they lived to a tolerable good old age, and each took a Riding, may seem in some measure to swallow up all minor publications of that nature; but as it cannot be expected that the minutiæ of every town within that large district, even if interesting, will be entered into, Local History, from its being confined to one particular place, will have its attractions. The advantages of Works of this sort I cannot better describe than is set forth in the Preface to the History of Whitby. "The advantages of Local History are generally acknowledged. Correct views of a country are not to be gained from the hasty remarks of the Tourist, who skims over its surface in a few days; but from the patient researches and mature observations of Local Writers, each of whom, devoting his attention to objects within his reach, and collecting what is interesting in his own vicinity, furnishes his quota to the common fund of Statistical knowledge. In general, Topographical works will be more or less correct, in proportion as the field of view is contracted or enlarged; and he who attempts to take in too much endangers the whole. What is gained in extent is lost in accuracy. The foreground of the

land

landscape is distinctly perceived, while the distant objects are involved in shades." CIVIS.

Mr. URBAN,

FOR

London, Sept. 3.

OR the last twenty-five years I have been in the habit of contending with my friends that the National debt and taxes are not oppressive or injurious, but quite the contrary. The consequence is, that I am considered an eccentric, and my visions are laughed at. But, Mr. Urban, I have lately received great pleasure, and assumed much confidence, from baving read the opinions of that very excellent judge, Mr. Justice Bailey, in his late address to the Grand Jury of the County of York. These opinions are so exactly in unison with my own, that I venture to send you the following essay, in hopes you will give it publicity; for if the world has hitherto been in error, it surely becomes a matter of great consequence to remove the prejudice.

Part of the speech, as I have it from the Newspapers, runs thus:-"It was a favourite opinion with many, that taxation was the cause of all the distress experienced in any part of the country, but if it could be shown that the lower classes derived their employment and comforts from taxation, it could not be fairly alleged that they were prejudiced by taxation."Towards this showing, I send the following Essay on Circulation, Taxation, &c.

It is easy to conceive that a twenty shilling piece, now called a Sovereign, may be brought into a market or fair, and circulate through a hundred hands in the course of one day. The first person that uses it, parts with the piece of price, all the rest part with some commodity for the price, and again buy commodity with the price. If the last person has no need of any commodity, he keeps the piece of price; but he must have had some commodity to sell or he could not have obtained it.

This instance is an epitome of all commercial transactions, whether foreign or domestic. It will likewise exemplify the true operation of the funding system, and show its unbounded benefits.

Suppose we take five out of the hundred changes made by the sovereign piece before inentioned; the

person who brought it to the market is one whose property is in the funds; he carries on no trade, and therefore has nothing to sell; he is, according to the proportion of bis stock, in a better situation than one who has a share in a mine. This man we may suppose to lay out his twenty shilling piece in the purchase of clothing; the second, or seller of the clothing, buys wool, the third, who is the seller of the wool, purchases corn; the fourth, who was the seller of the corn, buys coals; the fifth, who was a seller of the coals, lays out the twenty piece to buy wine; and the piece may still circulate, making different purchases, till at last it is paid away for taxes; then it is carried to the King's Exchequer, is again paid out in dividends to the stock-holder, and again repeats the same line of purchases which I have before exhibited. By means of the Taxes the great mass is collected, by means of the Funds it is again put into circulation; and by this never ceasing rotation, a man of monied wealth is enabled, in the course of a moderately lengthened life, to spend the amount of his fortune THREE TIMES OVER, and still to leave it unimpaired for his heirs and successors to repeat for ever the same beneficial operations; whereas, if he had not the power of placing out his money to interest, as into a reservoir, he must draw upon his capital, and every pound he spent would be a diminution of it, until at last it would be exhausted. So it is with the mine; every ounce taken away makes the remainder less, for it never returns again. But as a wealthy man in Great Britain may always place his money in the funds, he is enabled, as before stated, to spend treble its amount, and still leave an undiminished property.

It is proper in this place to point the reader's attention to one particular feature in the transactions before stated, that all the changes, except the first and the last, were of barter, but made through the medium of buying and selling by means of one piece of money. The first person that used it in the morning, and parted with the piece of price, was a buyer and consumer only; the second, and all the others down to the last, were traders, but the last, having sold his commodity, retains the price; each trader has used the coin to his advantage,

but

but the changes could not have been made with so much rapidity, nor without immense trouble, if there had been no money in the market; for even the first, and the last, and all of them must then have been traders. If the first, instead of money, had brought commodity, he must have bunted for some one who wanted his commodity, and at the same time had clothing to exchange for it; so the second, after he had exchanged his clothing for the other's commodity, (let us suppose it to have been hay), must have been under the necessity of finding some person who was in want of hay, and had wool to exchange for it, and this same trouble and delay would have attended through out the hundred exchanges; whereas, by one single piece of money from the hands of one who was a consumer only, all the other exchanges were effected. Without the money there could have been neither buying nor selling it would have been barter only.

Every person living upon his fortune puts into circulation every day a certain quantity of money. He who spends an income of 3651. per annum, puts into circulation one pound per day, but he who has 11,000l. per annum, puts into circulation every day at least 301. The first gives employment constantly to seven labouring men, at a pound a week; the last employs at the same rate, at least two hundred and ten! * If the generality of the people were convinced of this operation of the taxes, they would cease to complain of their enormity, and hail them collectively, as the best friend of themselves and of their country.

The taxes are of the nature of a rent paid for the use and collecting of the money which people of fortune are continually sending into circulation; or rather, of the hire which each trader might pay for the use of scales, weights, and measures, if he had none of his own; for it must be the consumer who pays the taxes. The trader uses the money to his profit, but the man of fortune having nothing to sell, must be always a buyer, always disseminating his mo

If this assertion is true, the National Debt alone gives constant employment to very nearly one million of persons.

ney, which in Great Britain is from a periodical source amounting to full twelve millions each quarter of the year, and which, like the gracious rain from heaven when poured upon the earth, insinuates itself into the most minute channels, producing food and raiment, aud paying for rent, and wages and taxes, until, like the rain, it is again exhaled, and again renews its bountiful progress. Yet the labouring man and the middling trader retains none of it; its visits to them are transient, but salutary; they drink, and are refreshed by the stream as it flows, yet scarce know whence it cometh, or whither it goeth.

In all the transactions of trade before mentioned, the pound is never identified with commodity; it stalks through the market a sovereign indeed, always the buyer or price, but never becomes commodity; hence it appears, that no man can possess the precious metals, but through the medium of commerce, for he who has nothing to sell, or labour to perform, cannot obtain them.

The commerce of nations is similar to that of the home market: goods are sent out, and goods are brought in, and the balance, on which ever side it may predominate, must be liquidated by portions of the precious metals: bullion being the money of the world, as coin or Bank Notes is of particular states; and their accumulation, in every country, is the reward of industry, which, as the proverb truly says, always produces riches. They may be, it is true, acquired by rapine and plunder-the former possession will prove a blessing, the latter a scourge.

Before I dismiss my circulating piece, I beg leave to remark, that if by any means it had become deficient in weight, it might throughout the market have passed for only nineteen shillings, in which case, each of the parties would have had somewhat less of quantity and measure than if the piece had been of full weight; from which it is clear, that all coin, for the sake of common justice, should never be suffered to pass current beneath a certain weight. The same may be said of Bank Notes: while they are exchangeable for the same weight of bullion, specified in their amount, they are of equal value with full weight coin; if they will not

pro