and particularly the treaties between Russia and Austria, between Russia and Prussia, between these three Powers, or the additional treaty concerning Cracow, all bearing the date of May 3rd, 1815,-are considered to be an integral part of the arrangements of the Congress, and to have equal force and equal effect as if they had been inserted word for word in the general act.

Article 19 of the above-mentioned treaty between Russia and Austria stipulates in the following terms for freedom of communication between Cracow and the other provinces of the ancient kingdom of Poland.

"Il sera libre au propriétaire mixte, ou à son fondé de pouvoir, de se rendre en tout tems de l'une des possessions dans l'autre, et pour cet effet il est de la volonté des deux Cours, que le gouvernement de la province la plus voisine délivre les passeports nécessaires à la requisition des parties. Ces passeports seront suffisans pour passer d'un gouvernement dans l'autre, et seront réciproquement reconnus."

Article 24, relating to navigation, is thus worded,—

"La navigation de tous les fleuves et canaux dans toute l'étendue de l'ancien royaume de Pologne (tel qu'il existait avant 1772) jusqu'à leur embouchure, tant en descendant qu'en remontant, sera libre de telle sorte, qu'elle ne pourra être interdite à aucun des habitans des provinces Polonaises, qui se trouvent sous le gouvernement Russe ou Autrichien."

Article 26 introduces an uniformity of tonnage dues, in order better to assure the freedom of commerce. These duties, being once fixed, can only be altered by common consent.

Article 28 assures the most unlimited freedom of transit in all parts of ancient Poland, and stipulates that the duties to be collected in this respect shall be the most moderate, and similar to those already in existence for the merchants of the most favoured countries.

Article 29 states that the two Courts are entitled to name commissioners, in order to obviate all abuses in the collection of the duties by the custom-house, and the better to guarantee the freedom of import and export in the said provinces of the ancient kingdom of Poland.

The treaty concluded between Russia and Prussia recognizes the principle of the most unlimited freedom of com

additional treaty between Russia, Prussia and Austria is no less favourable to the unlimited freedom of commerce guaranteed to Cracow.

Article 3 assures the privileges granted to the riverain town of Podgorzé, adjoining Cracow, by article 8 of the general act of the Congress of Vienna.

Article 4 grants authority to Cracow to erect bridges over the Vistula, to communicate with Podgorzé.

Article 8 declares that the constitution of Cracow and of her territory prohibits her establishment of a custom-house, but reserves to her the barrier-dues and those of the bridge over the Vistula.

According to article 10, all the duties, immunities, advantages and privileges, stipulated in favour of the mixed proprietors-viz. the freedom of commerce and that of navigation

-are common to the free city of Cracow and to her territory. However, to facilitate her provisionment with wood, coal and other of the most necessary articles, the three Courts authorize the free exportation of these articles of consumption within the territory of Cracow.

Such were the benefits assured to the republic of Cracow with regard to commerce: let us now see how they were fulfilled by the three so-called protective Courts. The stipulations had scarcely been made, when their violation commenced. The freedom of commerce, which had been assured, existed only upon paper; and the three Courts hesitated not to apply to Cracow their prohibitory system, and to treat her in this respect entirely as a foreign country. This destroyed the commerce of Poland, which, according to the treaties, depended upon a perfect reciprocity of advantages. it is evident that, whilst on the one side Cracow was forbidden to collect duties upon imported merchandize, it was reserved to her on the other to export her products into the same provinces without payment of any duties.

For

Austria refused to execute article 10 of the additional treaty, relative to the provisionment of Cracow. She imposed an oppressive duty upon all the articles of consumption which were imported from the state of Cracow; and when the Diet

cation of this abuse, it received the reply, in December of the same year, that the Austrian government did not regard cattle, wood, oatmeal, corn, etc. as articles of primary necessity, and that consequently it could not attend to the complaint.

Notwithstanding the guarantees given by the treaties, that a commission should be established to fix the tarif concerning the commerce of Cracow with Russia and Austria, no commission was ever named with this object. So far from it, on the 16th of October, 1836, the duties upon the imported wines of Hungary, which by a special convention ought to have remained the same, viz. at eight ducats per hogshead, as well for Cracow as for the other provinces of Poland, were arbitrarily reduced by Russia to four ducats, to the great injury of the commerce of Cracow, and in spite of the numerous remonstrances of its inhabitants. The answer of the Russian government on this subject in the negative, dated May 5th, 1836, states,-" that it is a con"cession to a neighbouring and friendly power, due to the "intimate relations between the two states, and that no "state should take advantage of it."

The freedom of communication so indispensable to commerce, and which is stipulated expressly in article 19 of the treaty concluded between Russia and Austria, is become a dead letter. At the end of a few years heavy restrictions in this respect were introduced by the three protective Courts; and since the second occupation of Cracow, in 1836, the inhabitants are held almost in a state of imprisonment, and delivered over to the good pleasure of the conference of the residents, which has arrogated to itself the right of granting or refusing passports. The consequence is, that the communications are almost entirely interrupted, and that the commerce is by this means ruined. The following are the names of several inhabitants of Cracow, amongst many others, who, in spite of the urgency of their affairs and their reiterated remonstrances to the residents, were unable to obtain passports-Bochenek, Badeni, Skorkowski, Meciszewski, Höntzel, Placer and Jarzynski. Two other inhabitants of Cracow, A. Lipczynski and J. Glogier, having obtained passports for

nopol, and, after an imprisonment of two months, sent back under escort to Cracow, without the least reason being ever given for conduct so arbitrary.

On the 30th of July, 1833, the extraordinary commission instituted by the three Courts for the reorganization of Cracow withdrew, by a note addressed to the Senate, the unlimited freedom of commerce guaranteed by the treaties to the riverain town of Podgorzé, and to its boundaries, under pretext that it facilitated the entrance of vagabonds into Cracow*; as if, besides the narrow limits of Podgorzé, the Austrian police were not able effectually to keep watch over persons unprovided with passports,—as if the government of Cracow could not in its turn exercise a vigilance which was wholly for its own interest. This suppression, then termed temporary, still remains, and has existed for seven years; nor does anything hold out the hope that it will ever cease. It was not announced to the Senate till the moment of its execution.

We have now to examine the nature of the commercial relations of Cracow with England. The market of Cracow being open to foreign merchandise and free of all entrance dues, a considerable importation of English products was the result. These consisted principally of the manufactures of Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester, etc.; which places exported stuffs, cotton, silk, wool, cloths, hardware, colonial products, sugar, coffee, etc. The goods were shipped to Hamburgh, whence they were forwarded by land to Leipzig, and from thence to Cracow. The transit dues were moderate: they have since been increased by Prussia.

The exportation of articles of commerce from Cracow consisted of zinc, wheat, trefoil-seed, etc. : a great quantity of zinc was sent to England. These products were conveyed along the Vistula as far as Dantzig, where they were shipped for England. The market of Cracow found a large number of buyers who came from the different Polish provinces, as well as from Silesia, Hungary, Wallachia, Moldavia, etc. The merchants of these latter countries were attracted to Cracow, in preference to Leipzig, on account of

* See annexed documents, No. 2, infra.

its greater proximity. The English merchandise bought at Cracow entered Wallachia by Pesth, and Moldavia by Czernowice, passing through Gallicia*.

The commerce of Cracow was the more important, as that city served as a corn-market to Silesia, which has been transferred, since the occupation of the republic, to Wieliczkowice and Baran. Cracow enjoyed great immunities; her geographical position, one of the most advantageous, contributed to the prosperity of her commerce, which was becoming more and more important, when the two successive occupations, in 1831 and 1836, came and annihilated it. There is not a doubt that, if England had a consul at Cracow, the occupation would not have taken place, nor would any blow have been aimed at her commerce. At present the only practical means of reviving this is to establish a consul in the city†.

Besides these guarantees given for the welfare of the republic, there were other measures intended to assure a moral culture and progressive development of civilization, not alone to Cracow, but also to all the provinces of the ancient kingdom of Poland without distinction, as is proved by article 10 of the additional treaty. The University of Cracow was one of the finest monuments of Polish civilization; founded in the fourteenth century, and endowed with important privileges, it produced men who at different periods were the ornament and strength of their country. The act of the Congress of Vienna guaranteed (by article 15 of the additional treaty) the rights and privileges of the university, as well as its great revenues. But the commission of reorganization, instead of themselves watching over the execution of the stipulations concerning the university, invested the Prussian commissioner, Baron Reibnitz, with all their powers. This gave

rise to great abuses in the administration of the funds of the university: the chairs of the professors were, so to speak, put up to auction; the university was withdrawn from the authorities of the country; the rector was constituted sovereign judge of the students, who were deprived of the power

*The value of English goods imported into Cracow was by an error very considerably understated in our last article on this subject.

* See, for other important details, the British and Foreign Review, for April,