C. Von Rotteck. Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, 14th Ausgabe, 9 Baende, 8vo, Freiberg, 1840.

This work is much inferior to the preceding, although its value is considerable. The author's views regarding religion are sceptical, though not always openly expressed. He belongs nominally to the Roman Catholic Church. It has been translated into English in four volumes, royal 8vo, London, 1842.

J. Von Müller. 24 Bücher Allgemeiner Geschichten. 4th edition, Stuttgart, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo. Also in one vol. 8vo, 1838.

This work was translated into English, and published at London in 1818, 3 vols. 8vo. It is learned, accurate, and profound.

Johannes Cluverus. Historiarum totius mundi epitome, a prima rerum origine usque ad annum Christi 630. E sexcentis amplius Authoribus sacris profanisque, ad marginem adscriptis, deducta, et historia unaquæque ex sui seculi scriptoribus, ubi haberi potuerunt, fideliter asserta. Editio octava. Vratislaviæ, 1673, 4to.

An admirable and perspicuous compendium of the history of the world, which deserves to be known and read. The author's opinion concerning the history contained in the Apocalypse is erroneous.

A. F. Tytler (Lord Woodhouselee.) Elements of General History, continued by Dr. Nares, 1801-22, 3 vols, 8vo.

A brief but able sketch of universal history.

The three works of Shuckford, Prideaux, and Russell, which form a connected series, carry the history of the Bible from the creation to the time of Christ.

The second is by far the best. The first is of little utility.

G. G. Bredow. Compendious view of Universal History and Literature, in a series of tables; from the fifth edition of the German. 2d edition. London, 1824, fol.

In this beautifully printed work, there are 13 tables on history, and 5 on literature. They are simply constructed, presenting the leading facts and various dates in a manner well adapted for reference.

Chronology.

Sir Isaac Newton. The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended. In the 5th volume of his works, edited by Bishop Horsley.

This work is divided into six chapters. The references to Scripture history are not numerous, although in the 2d, 3d, and 4th chapters, there

are various notices of persons and events mentioned in the Old Testament, in connexion with the history of such nations as came in contact with the Jews. The Remarques critiques sur le nouveau system de chronologie du chevalier Newton, by Gibbon (Miscellaneous Works, vol. iii. London 1815, 4to, pp. 63 et seq.), should be read along with the book.

James Ussher, D.D. The annals of the world deduced from the origin of time, and continued to the beginning of the Emperour's Vespasian's reign, and the totall destruction and abolition of the temple and Common-wealth of the Jews. Containing the historie of the Old and New Testament, with that of the Macchabees, &c. &c. London, 1658, fol. Originally published

in Latin in 2 vols. fol. London 1650-54.

This book is indispensable to the student of sacred chronology. There is none like it in the English language. Its value cannot be too highly appreciated.

William Hales, D.D. A new Analysis of Chronology, in which an attempt is made to explain the history and antiquities of the primitive nations of the world, and the prophecies relating to them, on principles tending to remove the imperfection and discordance of preceding systems. London, 1809-12, 3 vols,

4to.

In this very learned work Dr. Hales rests chiefly on Josephus, and departs from the chronology of the Masoretic text. Hence he makes 5411 years from the creation to the birth of Christ. The writer appears to us not to have made out with success the truth of his system, or the satisfactoriness of the foundation by which it is supported. The chronology founded on the Masoretic text remains impregnable, as far as the objections of Dr. Hales to it are concerned. In the first volume a review of the leading systems of Chronology is given.

Arthur Bedford. The Scripture Chronology, demonstrated by Astronomical Calculations, and also by the year of Jubilee, and the Sabbatical year among the Jews: or an account of time from the creation of the world to the destruction of Jerusalem; as it may be proved from the writings of the Old and New Testament. London, 1730, fol.

This elaborate work is divided into 8 books, which carry the history from the creation to the completion of the New Testament canon. It has 50 chronological tables, and several maps. The writer vindicates the authority of the Hebrew text, and opposes the Samaritan and the Septuagint version. The research displayed in the volume is immense, and the value of it proportionably great. Although its size is unwieldy,

yet it abundantly deserves the careful perusal of such as study the Biblechronology.

J. L. Ideler. Lehrbuch der Chronologie, Berlin, 8vo, 1831. Handbuch d. Mathem. und Techn. Chronolo

gie, Berlin, 2 vols. 8vo, 1826.

As a compendium of chronology the first is unrivalled. It is the best extant. The second work, which is more extended, should be read along with the first. He who has these scientific and able publications, need not wish for any thing more on the subject.

Archæology.

J. Jahn. Biblische Archæologie, 5 vols. 8vo, Second Edition, Wien, 1807-25.

Archæologia Biblica in epitomen redacta. Editio sec. 8vo, Viennæ, 1814.

The latter was afterwards (1826), published by Ackermann with a few unimportant expurgations and additions. It was also translated by Mr. Upham, Andover, 1823, with various improvements.

The German work is by far the most extensive and the best that has been published on the Antiquities of the Bible. Those who cannot afford to procure it, should by all means procure the Latin abridgment or the English translation. The plates add to the value of the unabridged

edition.

W. M. L. De Wette. Lehrbuch der Hebr.-jüdischen Archæologie, nebst einem Grundriss der Hebr. jüdischen Geschichte. Leipzig, 1830, 8vo. Second edition.

This is an excellent and well-digested compend of Archæology. The author adopts a different division from that of Jahn, a division which appears to be preferable. He who has both works, needs nothing more on the subject.

David Jennings, D.D. Jewish Antiquities, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1766.

This book is not adapted to the present state of our knowledge, for which the learned author is not to blame. At the time it appeared, there was probably none like it. Various statements in it are not accurate.*

With regard to works which profess to illustrate Scripture from travels, voyages, and antiquities, such as the Oriental Customs and Oriental Literature of Burder, Harmer's Observations, Paxton's Illustrations in part, Roberts's Oriental Illustrations, Taylor's Illustrations of the Bible, &c. &c. &c., we have never been * See Gesenius's Article Biblische Archæologie in Ersch und Gruber's Encyclorædie.

able to see much real aid furnished by them to exposition. They place many things in a more striking point of view, but seldom suffice to elicit the sense of a place otherwise obscure. They are interesting confirmations of the truth of Revelation, but as sources of interpretation they have been unduly overrated. It is pleasing and not unprofitable to read them; but the amount of positive information directly bearing on exegesis, which can be collected from them, is exceedingly small. The truth of our opinion may be fairly tested by a perusal of Bush's "Scripture Illustrations," which professes to condense and present the substance of the best treatises.

Hadrian Reland.

Geography.

Palæstina ex Monumentis veteribus illustrata. Tajecti Batavorum, 1714, 4to.

This is a very valuable book on the Geography of Palestine, although it does not include the results of modern researches.

E. F. K. Rosenmüller. Biblische Geographie, 3 Baende, Leipzig, 1823-28, 8vo.

Of less value and accuracy than the reputation of the writer would lead us to expect.

C. Von Raumer. Palaestina, Leipzig, 1838, 8vo.

The best work on the geography of Palestine in a condensed form that has been published.

Ed. Robinson, D.D. Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petræa, 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1841.

Although this is not a systematic work on the geography of Palestine, yet it throws great light on the Bible, and contains very important geographical details. Its learning, accuracy, and fulness, are above all praise, and must secure it a place in the library of every Biblical student. The description of Jerusalem is the best extant. It is even superior to that given by Crome, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopædie. A complete work on sacred geography may be looked for from the author of these volumes. In the meantime, their accurate, interesting, and in many cases novel details, recommend them to all who wish to know the geography of the Bible. See a chronological list of works on Palestine and Mount Sinai, in the first appendix, vol. iii.

Ed. Wells, D.D. An Historical Geography of the Old and New Testaments. Frequently printed in different forms.

This work is far behind the advanced state of geography, although it

was excellent at the time when it appeared. It cannot be relied on now, either as accurate or satisfactory.

G. B. Winer. Biblisches Realwörterbuch. Zweite ganz umgearbeitete Auflage, 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1833-38.

The natural history, geography, antiquities, history, &c. of the Scriptures are described in this work with great learning. It is an immense storehouse of information compiled with great labour, and containing a vast number of references to the sources consulted. Its value cannot well be estimated. The reader, however, should guard against the neology of the writer.

Aug. Calmet. Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible, as published by the late Mr. Charles Taylor, with the fragments incorporated. Revised, with large additions by Ed. Robinson, D.D. Boston, 1837, royal octavo.

A great amount of information on the history, antiquities, geography, natural history, &c. of the Bible is given in this work. The notes and additions of Professor Robinson greatly enhance the value of the American edition, rendering it superior even to the London edition by Mr. Taylor, in 5 vols. 4to.

J. L. Burckhardt. Reisen in Syrien, Palaestina, und der Gegend des Berges Sinai. Aus dem Englischen mit Anmerkungen von W. Gesenius, 2 Baende, 8vo, Weimar, 1823-4.

"As an Oriental traveller," says Dr. Robinson, "Burckhardt stands in the very highest rank; accurate, judicious, circumspect, persevering. He accomplished very much." The notes of Gesenius form a valuable addition, and throw considerable light on various passages in the Old Testament.*

Natural History.

Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D. The Natural History of the Bible, &c., Boston, 1820, 8vo, and London, 1824, 8vo.

This work has been already characterised in the text.

Samuel Bochart. Hierozoicon, sive de animalibus Scripturæ Sacræ, recensuit, suis notis adjectis, E. F. C. Rosenmüller, 3 vols. 4to, Lipsæ, 1793-95.

This is the best description of the animals of Scripture. müller has greatly improved the work by his very valuable notes.

Rosen

Olav. Celsius. Hierobotanicon, sive de plantis Sacræ Scrip

turæ, &c., Upsal, 1745-7, 2 vols. 8vo.

See Gesenius's Article,' Bblische Geographie, in Ersch und Gruber's Encyclopredie,