Adverbial objective and clause of

reason or

appositive clause

This last construction is like the adverbial objective noun in modifying a verb or an adjective without a connecting word; it differs in expressing other relations than measure, value, time, place, and manner. It is much like the Latin accusative of specification.

The adverbial objective use of the substantive clause is to be carefully distinguished from a clause of reason introduced by that and following a verb or an adjective, or a clause introduced by that and in apposition with a

owledge is proud that (= because) he has learned so much.

e are quite sorry that (= because) it is so.

ere is no need that she be present = her presence is

no need.

e have a hope that he will come our hope is that he will come.

by indefinites

aditional and concessive clauses introduced by the Introduced nite pronouns and adverbs, whoever, whatever, ver, however, etc., may be classed with substantive es used as adverbial objectives, though some of may, by supplying other words, be resolved into ar adverb clauses containing adjective clauses:Whoever may say it, I shall not believe it,

ivalent to,

Though everybody who says anything may say it, I shall not believe it.

Whatever state I am in, I am therewith content,

uivalent to,

With any state in which I may be, I am content.
However he may struggle, he cannot escape,

quivalent to,

Though he struggle in any manner in which he may struggle, he cannot escape.

Wherever he may be, he will be happy,

quivalent to,

If he is in any place where one may be he will be hanny

Indefinite

compound

relative

Pronouns and adjectives used indefinitely in these and constructions are to be distinguished from the relative words who, which, what, and their compounds whoever, whatever, whichever, etc., having a compound use, i.e. containing or plainly implying an antecedent. Such words have a double office, the antecedent understood being a part of the independent clause, and being modified by the relative adjective clause introduced by the relative element:

Relative and

interrogative

Who steals my purse steals trash = He who steals my
purse steals trash.

')

Who overcomes by force has overcome but half his
He who overcomes by force has overcome but
half his foe.

foe

=

Whoever spoke it told the truth = Any one who spoke it,
told the truth.

Compare these with:

Whoever plots the sin, thou appointest the season = If
one, or another, or another, plots the sin, thou appoint-
est the season.

Again, adjective clauses introduced by who, which, and what, used as compound pronouns or adjectives, must not be confused with substantive clauses in the form of indirect questions introduced by the interrogatives who, which, and what. Many sentences contain clauses that may be construed either way, but with a greater or less difference in meaning:

shall know whom you saw = We shall know the person hom you saw, or, We shall know that you saw a cerain person.

shall learn what troubles you = We shall learn the hing which troubles you, or, We shall learn that a cerain thing troubles you.

asked what his visitor wanted = He asked concerning hat which his visitor wanted, or, He inquired concernEng his visitor's desire.

t the substantive clause is interrogative may be
y tracing it back to a direct question:-

e wonders how you are getting on.
e asks how you are getting on.
e asks, "How are you getting on?"
"How are you getting on?'
e reported what you were doing.
e investigated what you were doing.
le inquired what you were doing.

le asked, "What are you doing?"

"What are you doing?

hether assertive, interrogative, imperative, or ex- Direct atory in form, direct quotations are freely used quotations antively : —

His favorite saying was, "Never cross a bridge till you

come to it."

Heywood's proverb, "Beggars must not be choosers," is often misapplied.

He asked her, “Is your name Katie Willows?"

The connective that is often omitted:

Λ

The thief doth fear each bush is an officer.
At lover's perjuries, they say Jove laughs.

He was so changed I scarcely knew him.

л

Punctuation. XVIII. A brief quotation, or expression of the nature of a quotation, is set off by commas; a quotation formally introduced is preceded by a colon.

Punctuation. XIX. Direct quotations are inclosed in marks of quotation.

Note. The omission of the substantive conjunction that, introducing object clauses after prepositions, has changed such prepositions to conjunctions, and changed such substantive clauses to adjective or adverb clauses:

When that the poor have cried, Cæsar hath wept.

So this omission has made conjunctions of other parts of speech:
But O the heavy change now thou art gone.
I shall go provided I have your commendation.
Once he require your voices, do not deny him.

1. That you have wronged me doth appear in this.

4

othe