7. Write an essay on the angular and coördinate correction of a network of traverses.

8. The points ABCD are in one straight line. The lines AB and CD are measured, but it is impossible to measure BC directly. What is the simplest method of ascertaining this distance? Illustrate by a diagram, and deduce formulæ for the calculation of BC.

II.

9. (a) Make a diagram shewing a reservoir, a line of pipe running therefrom, the pipe to be of varying diameter, to have elbows, curves, valves, diaphragms, points at which water is delivered, and other features involving loss of head. (b) Briefly describe the conditions of loss at each feature, if possible giving formula; and (c) describe also the circumstances of flow thereat. (d) Shew further how the discharge can be measured by piezometric measurements and how they are to be made.

10. Write an essay on flow through an orifice under a variable head, from vessels of various shapes, and from one prismatic tank into another.

11. (a) Discuss the use of several different instruments for measuring the velocity of small and large streams; (b) briefly indicate by diagrams and description the theory of each, giving formulæ where necessary; (c) and shew how with velocity measurements the discharges of the streams can be calculated.

12. (a) Shew how the path of a jet issuing from an orifice may be computed: (b) how change of head on the orifice through increase in the supply may be utilised to deflect it into a different channel. (c) How would the discharge through an orifice be most accurately ascertained? (d) What uncertainty would generally exist in estimates of discharge by orifices? (d) Discuss also the effect of various forms of adjutage upon discharge by orifices. 13. (a) Show how to calculate the section of a nozzle for the discharge of fire-streams, the jet to issue with a maximum velocity and cylindrically, the acceleration of velocity in the nozzle near its terminal being analogous to case of jet

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issuing into vacuum. (b) Given the velocity of issue how could the height to which a stream may be projected be ascertained? (c) To what height would a jet from a conoidal adjutage issue with a pressure thereat of 200 lbs to the square inch (neglecting air resistance).

14. (a) Deduce, from the theory of flow through orifices, the formulæ for flow over rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular overfalls or notches. (b) State how the practical formulæ differ from the theoretical so deduced. (c) In regard to accurately gauging the flow, explain the supposed advantage possessed by the triangular notch over other forms, when the head is variable.

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATION.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING.

PASS.

Only FIVE questions to be attempted.

1. Write an essay on the location and construction of roads on steep sidelong ground in mountainous districts.

2. Discuss the effect of grades and curves in fixing the gauge of a railway, and on the design of the locomotives and other rolling-stock required to work it.

3. Describe fully, with sketches, a double-line junction having interlocking points and signals combined with a level crossing.

4. A busy suburban passenger railway has easy grades and curves of 20 chains radius, the gauge being that of the N.S. Wales Railways. Give a full description, with sketches, of the locomotives and carriages you would employ, and indicate in general terms the signalling arrangements and the plan of intermediate and terminal stations you would prefer.

5. Describe the system of signals and interlocking apparatus usually adopted at a junction station between a double main line of railway and a double branch line.

6. Write an essay on the balancing of locomotives, and show how you would calculate and arrange the balance-weights for (a) inside, and (b) outside cylinders.

7. Describe the method you would adopt in constructing a road across swampy flats and along steep sidelong ground in a densely timbered country subject to heavy rainfall, the sum available for the work being small. Give an outline specification of the works you would suggest.

8. Describe, by means of sketches, the method of mining and lining a tunnel in heavy ground.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING.

PASS.

Only FIVE questions to be attempted.

1. Describe and illustrate by means of sketches the system of constructing large earthwork dams. State the precautions which would be necessary to ensure water-tightness at the junction with the sides of the valley, and show how you would design the "waste-weir," "bye-wash," and the outlet works.

2. Describe and illustrate by sketches the method of constructing an ordinary sand filter-bed. What is the average rate of filtration? Name the various materials other than sand which have been used for the filtration of water, and compare them with sand in cost and efficiency.

3. Write down and explain a formula for the design of the cross section of masonry weirs. Show by sketches and description the method of applying the design in practice. Show the direction of the lines of pressure for the varying conditions, from reservoir full to reservoir empty. Show how the direction of the lines of pressure would be affected by differences in the specific gravity of the

materials of which the weir is built.

4. Write an essay on pile-driving, giving the various methods which have been adopted for driving piles, and the formulæ for calculating their safe bearing pressure.

5. It is proposed to construct a covered service reservoir to hold 1,000,000 gallons, half in excavation and half in embankment. The material excavated consists of dry sand, and there is a plentiful supply of stone suitable for concrete near the site. Illustrate, by means of sketches, how you would design such a reservoir.

6. Referring to question 5, write a specification for the work.

7. Write a specification for the following materials

(a) Concrete for filling 100-ton bags for breakwaters.
(b) Concrete for a retaining wall.

(c) Stone for bridge abutments, giving tests.

(d) Bricks for sewer construction, giving tests.

8. Give an account of the theory of wave motion, and the force exerted by waves with especial reference to the construction of breakwaters.

Write an essay on the construction of breakwaters, giving a description of well-known examples.

RAILWAY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING.

HONOURS.

Only FOUR questions to be attempted.

1. Show how to prepare drawings to scale 10 feet to 1 inch of a concrete weir with crest 120 feet long, about 20 feet above stream bed.

The material above the bed-rock consists of large masses of gneiss disintegrated near the surface.

Provide for floods rising 2 feet above crest level, and give rough calculations to determine approximately the stress in the material at and above creek-bed level.

2. Take out the quantities of concrete and excavation in the last question, and describe briefly how you would carry on the work of construction, and how you would provide against damage by floods during the progress of the work, and, in the event of fissures being met with, how you would deal with them.

3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the so-called separate and partially separate Systems of Sewerage. What system would you propose for an inland country town such as Bathurst? State your reasons.

4. What are the conditions to be satisfied by a good brake for freight trains on the N.S.W. Railways. Describe briefly

the Westinghouse brake, and make sketches of the drivers and quick-acting valves.

5. Write an essay on railway finance, giving information as to cost of construction, cost of maintenance of permanent way and rolling stock, locomotive and other expenses, passenger fares, rates for different classes of merchandise, earnings per train mile, proportion of working expenses to earnings, interest paid upon capital cost, and other particulars based upon the experience of some railway or railways with which you are acquainted.