Labor Markets and Social Security: Issues and Policy Options in the U.S. and EuropeJohn T. Addison, Paul J.J. Welfens Springer Science & Business Media, 6 mar 2003 - 402 páginas John T. Addison and Paul J. J. Welfens Because inflation seems moribund in OECD countries, stubborn unemployment became the top policy priority of the 1990s. Unemployment has increased in many countries, reaching critical levels for unskilled and young workers in most continental EU countries. Europe's employment performance has continued to lag that in North America. The U. S. in particular achieved a remarkable combination of low inflation and full employment in the late 1990s, at a time when the EU suf fered from record unemployment rates, even if inflation was remarkably low. Since the 1980s, the consensus view among economists is that structural unem ployment plays a much more important role than cyc1ical unemployment in Europe, but that labour costs (wage costs plus nonwage costs) are also part of Europe's labour market problem. Most EU countries rely on a pay-as-you-go pub lic pension system. Contribution rates gradually increased in the 1980s and 1990s, when the share of young workers in overall employment was dec1ining and life expectancy increasing. Rising nonwage costs from the pension system are but one important feature of labour markets in Europe. Given the remarkable dynamics of labour markets, new entry into the labour force, labour turnover, and changes in employment characteristics, one has to also search for other factors behind sus tained unemployment. High unemployment is critical for EU countries, where one can point to rela tively few positive developments after 1975. The U. K. |
Índice
Introduction | 1 |
International Trade and the Position of European Low Skilled Labour | 13 |
2 Trade Patterns in the European Union | 14 |
3 Trade and the Demand for Low Skilled Labour | 18 |
31 Trade with Countries Having Abundant Low Skilled Labour | 19 |
32 Trade among Similar Industrialised Countries | 20 |
33 Empirical Evidence of the Effect of Trade on the Demand for Low Skilled Labour | 23 |
4 Trade and the Increased Substitutability of Workers across Borders | 26 |
33 Lack of Operationalization and Ability to Carry Through the Convergence Criteria? | 213 |
34 Wage Leveling Inelastic Labor Demand and Lack of the Exchange Rate Instrument | 215 |
4 Employment Impacts of Social and Political Union | 218 |
42 Employment Impacts of Social Union | 223 |
43 Employment Impacts of Political Union | 225 |
431 A European System of Fiscal Equalization | 226 |
432 Employment Impacts of a European Financial Policy | 227 |
5 Criticism of EMU by the Unions | 229 |
5 Trade and Investment in Skills | 28 |
6 Summary and Perspectives | 31 |
EU Enlargement Migration and the Labour Market A Tentative Assessment | 35 |
2 Enlargement Migration Scenarios for 20052010 | 40 |
3 A Brief Look Behind the Aggregate Numbers | 51 |
4 Summary | 54 |
Structural Unemployment in Europe A BirdsEye View | 57 |
3 Stylised Interpretations | 67 |
31 Genesis of the Evil | 68 |
32 Persistence of the Evil | 69 |
Speculative Thoughts | 72 |
4 Ideas on Policy | 73 |
Structural Unemployment in Europe A BirdsEye View | 79 |
D Alternative Subsidies for LowWage Employment | 83 |
2 Background | 84 |
3 Comparing Different Tax and Transfer Systems | 87 |
32 Labour Market Equilibrium in the Status Quo | 90 |
33 Labour Market Effects of a Targeted NIT Solution | 91 |
34 Alternative Reform Proposals | 94 |
342 BTP | 95 |
4 Conclusions | 96 |
Alternative Subsidies for LowWage Employment | 101 |
Short and LongTerm Unemployment A Discrete Duration Model with TimeVarying Covariate Effects | 105 |
2 Model Specification | 106 |
3 Data | 108 |
4 Findings | 110 |
5 Conclusions | 115 |
Appendix | 116 |
Sectoral Employment Elasticities in Germany | 119 |
2 Growth and Employment in a LongTerm Perspective Some Simple Findings | 120 |
22 Changes of the Sectoral Structure in Western Germany | 125 |
23 European Comparisons of Sectoral Structure | 127 |
3 International Comparison of Macroeconomic and Sectoral Employment Thresholds | 130 |
32 Results for Selected Industrial Countries in Total | 132 |
33 Results for Selected Sectors | 135 |
332 on the European Level | 138 |
4 Conclusions | 141 |
Appendix | 142 |
Sectoral Employment Elasticities in Germany | 145 |
New Firms and Creating Employment | 149 |
2 The Job Generation Debate | 150 |
22 The Evidence | 151 |
23 Economic Welfare Implications | 154 |
3 A Theory of Corporate Downsizing | 155 |
4 A Theory of Entrepreneurship | 161 |
5 Policy Implications | 167 |
6 Conclusions | 171 |
New Firms and Creating Employment | 179 |
Job Creation in the European Information Society | 183 |
2 The Information Occupations and the Labor Force | 185 |
3 Production of Information Goods and Sectoral Growth | 187 |
4 ICT Productivity Gains and Macroeconomic Growth | 192 |
5 Summary | 196 |
Job Creation in the European Information Society | 199 |
Maastricht Implications of a Centralized Monetary and Currency Policy for Employment in Europe | 203 |
2 European Monetary Union as an Instrument to Discipline Wage Policy? | 205 |
3 European Monetary Union as an Impediment to More Employment? | 208 |
32 Lack of Integration in an IncentiveOrientated Political Union? | 211 |
6 Summary and Outlook | 233 |
Maastricht Implications of a Centralized Monetary and Currency Policy for Employment in Europe | 243 |
Towards Full Employment and Growth in the European Union | 247 |
2 Labor Market Problems in the EU | 249 |
22 Causes and Types of Unemployment | 250 |
23 Barriers to Exit as Barriers to Entry | 262 |
24 Theory of Full Employment | 264 |
25 Degree of Centralized Bargaining IntraEUTrade and the Share of Investment Goods | 267 |
Macroeconomic vs Structural Approaches | 274 |
262 Dynamic TwoSector Approach | 276 |
3 Policy Options for Growth and Full Employment | 281 |
31 Reform of the Unemployment Insurance System | 282 |
32 How to Achieve Economic Growth | 284 |
4 Summary and Policy Conclusions | 288 |
Link Between Wage Setting and Future Income | 291 |
Rate of Product Innovation and the Non tradable Sector | 292 |
Appendix 3 | 293 |
Appendix 4 | 294 |
Appendix 5 | 295 |
Towards Full Employment and Growth in the European Union | 299 |
Optimal Unemployment Insurance in a Federation | 303 |
2 Formal Analysis | 304 |
3 Specification and Comparison of the Models | 309 |
4 Conclusions | 314 |
Appendix | 316 |
Employment and Wage Effects of Social Security Financing An Empirical Analysis of the West German Experience and Some Policy Simulations | 319 |
2 Previous Related Studies | 320 |
3 Econometric Model | 323 |
31 Specification of Wage and Employment Equations | 324 |
312 Labour Demand Equation | 327 |
32 Estimation | 328 |
4 Results | 329 |
42 Wage Equations | 330 |
43 Labour Demand Equations | 333 |
5 Policy Simulations | 336 |
6 Conclusion | 339 |
Data Appendix | 340 |
Economic Effects of Continuous Training | 345 |
2 Earnings Inequality and Unemployment in the US and in Europe and the Role of Continuous Training | 346 |
22 Institutions and Their Effects on Earnings Distribution and Unemployment | 347 |
23 Company Training | 349 |
24 Public Training | 350 |
3 Training and Unemployment The Macroeconomic Level | 351 |
4 Training Income and Employment The Microeconomic Level | 354 |
5 Continuous Training and Firms Performance | 356 |
6 Conclusions | 359 |
Appendix | 361 |
Social Security Reforms in Europe | 367 |
2 Why a Crisis And Will It Continue? | 368 |
3 A Short Empirical Description of Historical Developments since 1980 | 371 |
4 Change in Labour Market Policies A Qualitative Assessment | 374 |
5 Change in Policies for the Elderly Especially Pensions | 376 |
6 Summing Up | 378 |
List of Figures | 383 |
List of Tables | 385 |
List of Contributors | 387 |
389 | |
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Labor Markets and Social Security: Issues and Policy Options in the U.S. and ... John T. Addison,Paul J.J. Welfens Vista previa restringida - 2013 |
Labor Markets and Social Security: Issues and Policy Options in the U.S. and ... John T. Addison,Paul J.J. Welfens No hay ninguna vista previa disponible - 2014 |
Términos y frases comunes
Audretsch bargaining baseline hazard BELKE capital central coefficients competitiveness contribution rate DEUTSCHE BUNDESBANK differentiated dynamic empirical employers employment effects Employment Elasticities employment growth employment threshold equilibrium estimated European countries European Union exchange rate financing fiscal France full employment function Germany gross growth rate GSOEP higher incentives income tax increase industry innovative intra-industry trade investment job creation labour costs labour demand equation labour market labour supply low skilled labour lower Maastricht Maastricht Treaty macroeconomic ment migration negative Netherlands OECD Okun's law output pension percent ployment potential problem productivity real wage reduce region relative rising scenario share Small Business Economics small firms social security social security contributions structural studies tax wedge technological tion unem unemployment insurance unemployment rate unskilled variables wage equation wage policy wage pressure wage rate welfare Welfens West Germany
Referencias a este libro
European Monetary Union and Exchange Rate Dynamics: New Approaches and ... Paul J. J. Welfens Vista previa restringida - 2001 |
Arbeitsmärkte und soziale Sicherungssysteme unter Reformdruck ... Thomas Apolte,Uwe Vollmer Vista previa restringida - 2002 |