Imágenes de página
PDF
ePub

Young, Rev. John, LL.D., late of Albion Chapel, Moorfields, and subsequently of Edinburgh. 1. Lectures on the Chief Points in Controversy between Protestants and Roman Catholics, Lon., 1836, 8vo; red. to 38., 1851. Commended by Eclec. Rev., July, 1836. 2. The Christ of History: an Argument grounded in the Facts of his Life on Earth, 1855, p. 8vo; N. York, 1856, 12mo; 3d ed., Lon., 1861, cr. 8vo; 4th ed., 1868, cr. 8vo; 5th ed., with an Appendix containing a Brief Criticism of M. Renan's Vie de Jésus, 1868, cr. 8vo; 6th ed., 1870, cr. 8vo.

"An able and thoughtful work."-A. S. FARRAR: Crit. Hist. of Free Thought, 1863, Notes, Lect. VIII., n. 49.

"An excellent book on the whole subject."-N. Brit. Rev.,

Feb. 1861, 207.

"The republication of Dr. Young's Christ of History,' with an Appendix on Renan's Vie de Jésus,' is well timed. The argument is irresistible and unanswerable. We trust that this reappearance of a work of such great excellence, eloquence, and logical correctness will give fresh impetus to its study, and lead those who persist in approaching Christ on the strictly human side to cry, with the apostle, My Lord and my God!"-Brit. Quar. Rev.

Also commended by Eclec. Rev., Evangel. Mag., Wesleyan Meth. Mag., Lon. Athen., N. Amer. Rev., &c.

3. Evil and Good: The Mystery, 1856, p. 8vo; 2d Amer. ed., N. York, 1858, 12mo; 2d ed., Lon., 1861, p.

8vo.

"The book seems to me one of the best and most satisfactory which have appeared upon the subject."-SIR W. HAMILTON,

4. The Province of Reason: a Criticism of the Bampton Lecture [by H. L. Mansel] on "The Limits of Religious Thought," 1860, p. 8vo; red. to 2s. 6d., 1866; N. York, 1860, 12mo. Noticed with Mansel's book in Lon. Athen., 1860, ii. 222. 5. "The Life and Light of Men;" an Essay, Lon. and N. York, 1866, p. 8vo.

"His idea is beautifully worked out in his volume, which, like all Dr. Young's writings, is characterized by deep thought and the keenest appreciation of spiritual things."-Lon. Spec. 6. The Creator and the Creation: How Related, Lon.,

1870, cr. 8vo.

Young, John. Catalogue of Autograph Letters, Historical and Literary Papers, and Engraved Portraits, forming Part of his Collection exhibited at the Meetings of the Incorporated Law Society, Lon., 1862. B. Quaritch's Cat., Nov. and Dec. 1869, 936, 1. p., presentationcopy from Mr. Young to Sir Charles Price, with his autograph note, illustrated with 64 valuable and choice portraits, (chiefly unlettered proofs on India paper, folio size,) including Machiavelli by Cipriani, proof before the dedication, &c., £5 58.

The young bibliographer should be aware of the importance of collecting catalogues (especially sale-catalogues, with prices marked) of valuable libraries. See lists of these in Horne's Introduction to Bibliography, Dibdin's Bibliomania, edit. 1842, Bibliotheca Heberiana, Clarke's Repertorium Bibliographicum, H. G. Bohn's Guinea Catalogue, 1841, Nos. 5840-5931, Brunet's Manuel, 5th ed., i. (1860) col. 1640-53, and art. Catalogue in the catalogues of the London and Continental booksellers. Young, John. Lays of the Ingle Nook, Glasg., 1863.

"The best of Mr. Young's fireside pictures are very good.”Lon. Athen., 1863, i. 49.

Young, John Clarke, D.D., b. in Greencastle, Penna., 1803; studied for three years at Columbia College, New York; graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penna., 1823; was a student in Princeton Theological Seminary, 1824-26, and a Tutor in the College of New Jersey, 1826-28; licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New York, 1827, and became pastor of the McChord Presbyterian Church, Lexington, Ky.; President of Centre College, Danville, Ky., from the fall.of 1830 until his death, June 23, 1857. He published an Address to the Presbyterians of Kentucky, Proposing a Plan for the Instruction and Emancipation of their Slaves, 1835, (100,000 circulated,) Universal Education a Pecuniary Gain to a Nation, and a number of single sermons, addresses, &c., q. v. in Sprague's Annals, ix., 1869, Associate Reformed, 45.

Young, John R. Experimental Inquiry into the Principles of Nutrition and the Digestive Process; an Inaugural Dissertation, Phila., 1803, 8vo.

Young, John Radford, b. in London, 1799, was for many years Professor of Mathematics in Belfast College.

1. Elements of Geometry, Lon., 1827, 8vo. Revised, &c. by M. Floy, Jr., Phila., 8vo. 2. Elements of Mechanics, Lon., 1832, 12mo; Revised, &c. by John D. Williams, Phila., 8vo. 3. Elements of Differential Cal

culus, Lon., 1833, 12mo; 2d ed., 8vo. 4. Elements of Integral Calculus, 1833, 12mo; Phila., 8vo. 5. Mathematical Tables of Logarithms, 2d ed., Lon., 1834, 12mo; Phila., Svo. 6. Elementary Treatise on the Computation of Logarithms, Lon., 1835, 18mo. 7. Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Pt. 1, 12mo. 8. Method of Instructing the Deaf and Dumb, 12mo. 9. Analytical Geometry, 1838. 2 Pts., ea. 16mo; Revised, &c. by John D. Williams, Phila., 8vo. 10. Euclid's Elements, &c.; with a New Fifth Book, &c., Lon., 1839, 18mo; 5th ed. by 1843. 11. Introduction to Algebra, 1840, 12mo; new ed., 1853, 12mo. Answer to Questions in, 1853, 12mo. 12. Elementary Treatise on Algebra, 4th ed., 1844, 12mo; Phila., 8vo. Key to, by W. H. Spiller, Lon., 1840, 12mo. 13. Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, 2d ed., 1841, 16mo; Revised, &c. by John D. Williams, Phila., 8vo. 14. Mathematical Dissertations, Lon., Dec. 1840, 8vo. Theory and Solution of Algebraical Equations of the Higher Order, 2d ed., 1842, (some 1843,) 8vo.

15.

"A work which is the most comprehensive on the subject in the English language, and has met with general acceptance among mathematicians on the Continent."-Men of the Time, 1865, 846.

16. Analysis and Solution of Cubic and Biquadratic Equations, 1842, 12mo. 17. Researches upon the Imaginary Roots of Numerical Equations, 1844, 8vo.

"A short and interesting work. We do not agree with Mr. Young as to the demonstration he thinks he has given of Newton's criterion: to us it appears that he has done precisely what Maclaurin did before him, but in a more simple manner."-Lon. Athen., 1844, 61.

18. Three Lectures on Mathematical Study, &c., 1846, 16mo. 19. Introductory Treatise on Mensuration, 1850, 12mo; 1853, 12mo; 1864, 12mo. 20. Treatise on Arithmetic, (Weale's Rud. Ser.,) 1852, demy 12mo: (Key, 1852;) 2d ed., 1854. 21. Compendious Course of Mathe-" matics, 1855, 12mo. 22. Treatise on Navigation and 23. Elementary Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Hydrodynamics, Nautical Astronomy, 1856, p. 8vo: 1858, p. 8vo. and Pneumatics, 1857, p. 8vo. 24. Course of Elementary Mathematics, 1861, 8vo; 2d ed., 1862, 8vo.

66 By far the best elementary course of mathematics in our language."-Lm. Rev., April 6, 1861.

25. Mosaic Cosmogony not "Adverse to Modern Science," 1861, 8vo. 26. Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men, edited by Henry Laws, 4th ed., Revised and Corrected, 1862, 8vo. 27. Science Elucidative of Scripture, and not Antagonistic to it: a Series of Essays, (Dec. 1862,) 1863, fp. 8vo. 28. Modern Scepticism, viewed in Relation to Modern Science; more Especially in Reference to the Doctrines of Colenso, Huxley, Lyell, and Darwin, respecting the Noachian Deluge, the Antiquity of Man, and the Origin of Species, 1865, p. 8vo, pp. xvi., 229. See YOUMANS, EDWARD LIVINGSTON, Nos. 6, 7. Professor Young published in 1847 a paper in Trans. Camb. Philos. Soc., On the Principle of Continuity in Reference to Certain Results of Analysis; in 1848 a paper in Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., On an Extension of a Theorem of Euler; in May and August, 1866. papers On the Completion of the Demonstration of Newton's Rule, in Philos. Mag.; in 1866 a paper in Trans. Victoria Institute, On the Origin of Speech. See Men of the Time, 1868, 838.

Young, Lambton J. H. Sea-Fishing as a Sport: being an Account of the Various Kinds of Sea-Fish,How, When, and Where to Catch them in their Various Seasons and Localities, Lon., 1865, p. 8vo.

"It fills a decided gap in our fishing-literature, and deserves to become popular."-Lon. Reader, 1865, ii. 253.

Young, Loyal, D.D., a Presbyterian, b. at Charlemont, Mass., 1806, graduated at Jefferson College, Penna., 1828. 1. Interviews with Inspired Men, Pittsburg, 1857, 18mo. 2. The Hidden Treasure, Phila., 18mo. 3. Commentary on the Book of Ecclesiastes with Introductory Notices by the Rev. A. T. McGill, D.D., and the Rev. M. W. Jacobus, D.D., 1866, Svo. Contributor to Danville Rev., Presbyterian Advocate, &c.

Young, M. History of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Treaty of Amiens, 1802, Cork, 1815, 2 vols. 12mo.

Young, Mrs. M., formerly Mrs. Thomas Postans, (q. v.) Since her last marriage she has published: 1. Our Camp in Turkey, and the Way to it, Lon., 1854, er. 8vo; 2d ed., 1855. Commended by Lon. Athen. and Lon. Lit. Gaz. 2. Aldershot, and All about it, 1857, 12mo; 2d ed., 1858. Commended by Lon. Athen. and Lon. Reader. 3. The Moslem Noble, his Land and People, &c., 1857, 8vo.

"Will add little to her reputation."-Lon. Athen., 1857, 907.

Young, M. The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario; | Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; SMITH, SIR THOMAS, (Rabbi or, A History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Smith,) No. 11. Century; Illustrated by Original Letters and Unedited Documents, Lon., 1860, 2 vols. 8vo.

"This is a painstaking book, which contains a good deal of interesting reading about interesting characters."-Lon. Athen.,

1861, i. 47.

"A great deal that is new and interesting."-Sat. Rev. "Much that is striking and original."-Cler. Jour. Young, M. Readable Short-Hand Self-Taught, Lon., 1869, 12mo.

Young, Maria D. 1. Reflections on Prayer, Lon., 1839, 12mo. 2. Little Child's Reader, 7th ed., 1851, 18mo.

Young, Miss Mary Julia. 1. Innocence; an Allegorical Poem, Lon., 1790, 4to. 2. Voltairiana, 1805, 4 vols. 12mo. 3. Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch, (the actress,) 1806, 2 vols. 12mo. Also, novels and poems, q. v. in Watt's Bibl. Brit.

Young, Matthew, D.D., an eminent mathematician and natural philosopher, b. in the county of Roscommon, Ireland, 1750, was admitted of Trinity College, Dublin, 1766, elected Fellow, 1775, and took holy orders; Professor of Natural Philosophy in Trinity College, Dublin, 1786, and subsequently made Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduach; d. 1800.

1. Inquiry into the Principal Phenomena of Sounds and Musical Strings, Lon., 1784, 8vo. 2. The Force of Testimony, &c., 4to. 3. On the Book of Psalms, circa 1798, r. 8vo. Suppressed: only a few copies were circulated. 4. Number of Primitive Colours in Solar Light; on the Precession of the Equinoxes; Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1800, 8vo. 5. Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy, Dubl., 1803, 8vo.

"Contains much that is valuable, and not a little which a mere English student could scarcely be shown in any other performance."-Lon. Quar. Rev.

He contributed to Trans. Irish Acad. and Nic. Jour., (see Watt's Bibl. Brit.,) and left in MS. in Latin, still (1870) unpublished, The Method of Prime and Ultimate Ratios, illustrated by a Commentary on the First Two Books of the Principia. See Lon. Gent. Mag., 1800, ii. 1217, (Obituary;) Hutton's Dict.; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Knight's Eng. Cyc., Biog., vi. (1858) 892. Young, Murdo, for upwards of thirty years proprietor and editor of The Sun, (London,) d. 1870, in his 80th year. 1. The Shades of Waterloo; a Vision, in Verse, Lon., 1817, 8vo. 2. Antonia; a Poem: with Notes descriptive of the Plague in Malta, 1818, 12mo. 3. Wallace; an Historical Tragedy, in Five Acts, 1837, "Written, we have been credibly informed, by Murdo Young, the Flaming Minister of The Sun."-Blackw. Mag., xliii. 729, (q. v.) Young, Noble. Valedictory Address before the Medical Department of Georgetown College, Washington, 1860, 8vo.

Svo.

Young, P. Lessons on Confirmation, Lon., 1870, 12mo.

Young, Patrick, Latinized Patricius Junius, the son of Sir Peter Young, (infra,) b. at Seaton, East Lothian, 1584, and educated at the University of St. Andrews, became Librarian to James I. of England about 1620; was presented to the rectories of Hayes and Llannine; d. 1652. In 1617 he travelled on the Continent, where his learning produced a profound impression on eminent scholars. In 1633, Oxon., 4to, some 1. p., he published an edition of Clemens Romanus, reprinted in 1637, with a Latin version, Catena Græcorum Patrum in Jobum, collectore Niceta Heraclea Metropolita, to which he subjoined, from the Alexandrian MS., a continued series of the books of Scripture called Poetici, (see the Sacrosancta Concilia of Labbeus and Cossartus, vol. i. :) in 1638, Expositio in Canticum Canticorum Gilberti Folioti Episc. Londini, una cum Alcuini in idem Canticum Compendio; and in 1643 he printed a specimen of his intended fac-simile of the Alexandrian MS. of the Old and New Testament, (see WOIDE, CHARLES GODFREY, D.D., LL.D., No. 3.) From his collation of the Alexandrian MS. he furnished the various readings to Usher, Grotius, and others, and made notes down to Numbers chap. xv., which see in Walton's Polyglot Bible, vol. vi., under the title of Patricii Junii Annotationes quas paraverat ad MS. Alexandrini Editionem, &c. He assisted Thomas Reid in translating King James's works into Latin, Lon., 1619, fol., and aided Selden (who dedicated the book to him) in his Arundelian Marbles. See Biog. Brit.; Bliss's Wood's Athen. Oxon., iii. 439, iv. 198, 801;

Young, Sir Peter, Latinized Petrus Junius, father of the preceding, said to have been born in Forfarshire, Scotland, 1544, in 1569 was appointed co-tutor, along with George Buchanan, to the Prince of Scotland, afterwards James I. of England; d. 1628. See SMITH, THOMAS, (Rabbi Smith,) No. 11. He left a MS. Diary: see Lon. Gent. Mag., 1847, i. 2.

Young, Peter. Brief Account of his Life, ExpeWritten by Himself, Portsmouth, 8. a., fp. 8vo. rience, Call to the Ministry, Travels, and Afflictions;

Young, Rev. Peter. Daily Readings for a Year on the Life of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, Lon., in Nos., 1858-59, and in 2 vols. cr. 8vo, 1859; 2d ed., 1860; 3d ed., 1863.

Young, Philip, M.D. History of Mexico, her Civil Wars and Colonial and Revolutionary Annals, from 1520 to 1847, &c., Cin., 1847, 8vo.

Young, Reuben. The Decree, in Three Cantos; and other Poems, Lon., 1861, 8vo.

fit of Afflictions, &c., Lon., 1637, 8vo. Young, Richard. Victory of Patience and Bene

Young, Robert. A Breviary of the Late Persecutions, Glasg., 1663, sm. 8vo.

Young, Robert. 1. Examination of the 3d and 4th Definitions of the Tenth Book of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia, and of the Three Axioms or Laws of Motion, Lon., 1787, 8vo. 2. Essay on the Powers and Mechanism of Nature, &c.; Newtonian System, 1788, 8vo.

Young, Robert, D.D. 1. Sermon, Lon., 1805, 4to. 2. Sermon, 1812, 8vo.

Young, Rev. Robert, President of the Wesleyan Conference. 1. Suggestions for the Conversion of the World, 5th ed., Lon., 1845, 18mo; N. York, 18mo. 2. Entranced Female; or, The Remarkable Disclosures of a Lady concerning another World, Lon.; A Remarkable Trance, by Rev. Robert Young, President of the Wesley an Conference: being a reprint of the original tract pubMissionaries, in the Island of Jamaica, West Indies, lished by Mr. Young and Rev. John Croft, Wesleyan Phila., 1870. 3. Importance of Prayer-Meetings, N. York, 18mo. 4. The Southern World; Journal of a Deputation from the Wesleyan Conference to Australia

and Polynesia, Lon., 1854, cr. 8vo; 2d ed., 1855.

Young, Robert. 1. The Book of the Precepts, by Rabbi Moses Maimonides; translated, with a Life of the

Author, Edin., 1852. See Lon. Lit. Gaz., 1852, 317. 2. lonian, A.D. CC.; translated from the Original, with an Ethics of the Fathers; Collected by Nathan the BabyIntroduction to the Talmud, 1852. See Lon. Lit. Gaz., 1852, 317. 3. The Shorter Catechism, &c., translated into Syriac, 1854. See Lon. Lit. Gaz., 1854, 174. 5. The Hebrew Tenses Illustrated from the Original Text, the Cognate Semitic Languages, &c., 1863, 4to. 6. Holy Bible, Literally and Idiomatically Translated from the Hebrew and Greek, 1863, cr. Svo. 7. Commentary on the Holy Bible Literally and Idiomatically Translated from the Hebrew and Greek, 1868, cr. 8vo.

Young, S., Theological Tutor at the Baptist Academy, Stepney. Twelve Sermons on Various Subjects, with Memoir by S. Tomkins, 1832, 8vo. Commended by Baptist Mag.

Young, Samuel. Tracts, under the names of Calvin Philanax and Trepidantium Malleus, Lon., 1698-1700, against George Keith and Reformed Quakers. See Darling's Cyc. Bibl., i. 3286.

Young, Samuel. 1. Inquiry into the Nature and Action of Cancer, Lon., 1805, 8vo. 2. Minutes of Cases of Cancer and Cancerous Tendency Successfully Treated, 1805, 8vo; 2d ed., 1816, 8vo; vol. ii., 1818, 8vo. Attempt at a Systematic Reform of the Modern Practice of Adhesion, 1808, 4to.

3.

Young, Samuel. Ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Baltimore; with Act of Incorporation, &c.. Balt., 1816, 8vo.

Young, Samuel.

1. Treatise on Internal Navigation, Ballston Spa, 1817, 12mo. 2. Discourse before the Alpha of the Phi Beta Kappa, 1826, Svo. 3. Lectures on Civilization, Saratoga Springs, 1841, 8vo. Other Lectures, Addresses, &c.

Young, Samuel. Missionary Narrative of Triumphs of Grace, (in South Africa,) Lon., 1842, 18mo; N. York, 18mo.

Young, Samuel, Manchester, England. System of Practical Arithmetic, 6th ed., Lon., 1853, 12mo. Key, 4th ed., 1854, 12mo. Commended.

Young, Samuel. A Wall Street Bear in Europe, with his Familiar Foreign Journal of a Tour through Portions of England, Scotland, France, and Italy, by T. Q., N. York; Printed for private circulation, 1855, 12mo. Young, T. The Siege of Derry; a Prize Poem, Lon., 1868, 12mo.

Young, T. U. Teacher's Manual for Infant Schools, &c., Lon., 1852, 12mo.

Young, Thomas. England's Bane, or the DeWould that scription of Drunkennesse, Lon., 1617, 4to. England had given heed to Young's faithful warning! Young, Thomas, D.D. See MILTON, JOHN, (p. 1296.) 1. Dies Dominica, or the Lord's Day, 1639, 4to: Bindley, Pt. 2, 798, £1 18.; 1672, 8vo. Ascribed to Young. 2. Hope's Incouragement, (a sermon,) Lon., 1644, 4to.

Young, Thomas. Disput. de Gangræna et Sphacelo, Traj. ad Rhen., 1694, 4to.

Young, Thomas, M.D., Professor of Midwifery in the University of Edinburgh, d. 1783. 1. Dissertatio 2. DisMedica Inauguralis de Lacte, Edin., 1761, 4to. sertatio Medica et Natura et Usu Lactis in diversis Animalibus, 1776, 8vo. 3. Observations on Cataract; Ess. Phys. and Lit., 1756. We find in Penna. Hosp. Lib. Cat., p. 469, MS. Notes taken from the Lectures of Dr. Thomas Young, Professor of Midwifery, Edin., 1763, 4to. See, also, SMELLIE, WILLIAM, M.D.

Young, Thomas, M.D., a man who will be reverenced by posterity as one of the most illustrious philosophers and scholars of all ages and nations, (I venture this prediction in 1870,) was born of parents belonging to the Society of Friends, at Milverton, Somersetshire, June 13, 1773; at two years of age could read fluently; before he was four, had travelled twice through the Bible; and when between four and five, recited, "with the exception of a word or two," the whole of Goldsmith's Deserted Village; in 1787, at a little more than fourteen, being then versed in Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic, to which he soon added some knowledge of seven other languages, was appointed classical tutor to Hudson Gurney, of Youngsbury, and held this post until 1792; when about eighteen, produced, in exquisite calligraphy, a Greek translation or paraphrase of Wolsey's Farewell to Cromwell, (from Shakspeare's Henry VIII.,) which elicited the applause of Burke, who advised that the youth should be reared in such a way as to "emulate a Bacon or a Newton in the maturity and fulness of time;" at nineteen, under the auspices of his great-uncle, Dr. Brocklesby, (p. 249, supra,) commenced his medical studies in London; and at twenty read before the Royal Society an essay on vision, which was published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1793; at twenty-one, declined the post of private secretary to the Duke of Richmond, and shortly afterwards removed first to Edinburgh and then to Göttingen, for the purpose of continuing his professional education, at the last-named city also devoting a portion of his time to drawing, dancing, riding, music, and horsemanship; on his return to England was entered as a Fellow Commoner at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he was introduced by Dr. Richard Farmer as "a pupil qualified to read lectures to his preceptors," and silenced the pompous Parr by an apt quotation of an opposing verdict of the great Bentley; in 1797 inherited from Dr. Brocklesby his house, library, gallery of paintings, collection of prints, and about £10,000; elected Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, 1801, and Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society, which office he held for life, 1802; from 1800 to 1825 practised medicine at No. 48, Welbeck Street, London, from 1804 to 1820 spending the terms between July and October at Worthing; in 1807 was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Physician to the Middlesex Hospital, but in 1811 was elected to the same office in St. George's Hospital, and retained this post until his death in Park Square, London, where he had resided since 1826, in his 56th year, May 10, 1829.

In 1818 he was one of the Commissioners on Weights and Measures, and in the same year was appointed Secretary to the Board of Longitude, with the charge of the supervision of the Nautical Almanac. After a period of ten years, the Board was suppressed; but the Admiralty continued to employ the services of the officer who made the calculations for the almanac; and a new council, of three members, Dr. Young, Captain Sabine, and Mr. Faraday, succeeded to the duties of the old Board. An amount of labour now devolved upon Young to which his health, seriously impaired by the petty persecutions

which assailed him, was unequal, and it was soon evident that the close of his industrious and useful career was at hand.

"Though thus under the pressure of severe illness," remarks his friend and biographer, "nothing could be more striking than the entire calmness and composure of his mind, or could surpass the kindness of his affections to all around him. He said that he had finished all the works on which he was engaged, with the exception of the rudiments of an Egyptian Dictionary, [No. 10, infra.] which he had brought near to its completion, and which he was extremely anxious to be able to finish. It was then in the hands of the lithographers; and he not only continued to give directions concerning it, but laboured at it with a pencil when, confined to his bed, he was unable to hold a pen. To a friend who expostulated with him on the danger of fatiguing himself, he replied, it was no fatigue, but a great amusement to him; that it was a work which, if he should live, it would be a satisfaction to him to have finished, but that if it were otherwise, which seemed most probable, as he had never witnessed a complaint which appeared to make more rapid progress, it would still be a great satisfaction to him never to have spent an idle day in his life.. In the very last stage of his complaint, in the last lengthened interview with the writer of the present memoir, his perfect self-possession was displayed in the most remarkable manner. After some information concerning his affairs, and some instructions concerning the hieroglyphical papers in his hands, he said that, perfectly aware of his situation, he had taken the sacraments of the Church on the day preceding; that, whether he should ever partially recover, or whether he were rapidly taken off, he could patiently and contentedly await the issue."-HUDSON GURNEY: Memoir of the Life of Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., Foreign Associate of the Royal Institute of France, dc. dc.; with a Catalogue of his Works and Essays, Lon., 1831, r. 8vo, pp. 62. This was prefixed to Young's Rudiments of an Egyptian Dictionary, &c., (No. 10, infra;) and a few copies for private distribution were thus taken off separately. LIST OF DR. YOUNG'S WORKS.

1. De Corporis Humani Viribus conservatricibus Dis sertatio, Göttingen, 1796, 8vo. This was his inaugural dissertation on taking his degree of M.D. at Göttingen. 2. Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Nature and Experimental Philosophy, Lon., 1802, 8vo. 3. Reply to the Animadversions of the Edinburgh Reviewers, 1804, 8vo. Positions assumed by Young in his Bakerian Lecture on the Theory of Light and Colours, published in Phil. Trans. for 1802, in an Account of Some Cases of the Production of Colours not hitherto Described, published in Phil. Trans., 1802, and in his Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics, published in Phil. Trans. for 1804, were attacked by a shallow critic, afterwards Lord

Of

Brougham, (whose errors in a memoir in Phil. Trans. for 1798 had been exposed by Young.) in the Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1803, 450, 457, and Oct. 1801, 97. Young's Reply, above noticed, just one copy was sold! In vain did the young philosopher strive to arouse the obtuse intellects of his countrymen to the importance of his great discovery of the Fundamental Law of Interference. A publisher, who had agreed to give £1000 for the copyright of his Lectures on Natural Philosophy, declined the purchase, and they were not published until 1807, (No. 4, infra.) See Lockhart's Life of Scott, ch. xiii.

"The Edinburgh Review, in its second number, undertook to crush at once the theory of Young and his reputation as a philosopher.... This attack, paltry as it was, seriously prejudiced the reception, or even the dispassionate consideration, of Young's views. His anxious vindication, put forth in a separate pamphlet, was unread, and the doctrine of interference was first understood and relished in France ten years later."-PROF. J. D. FORBES, D.C.L., Encyc. Brit., 8th ed., i., 1853, 898: Prelim. Dissert., q. v. for an estimate of the respective merits of Young and Fresnel in the establishment of the Undulatory Theory; respecting which an eminent authority remarks,

"Such is the beautiful theory of Fresnel and Young; for we must not, in our regard for one great name, forget the justice which is due to the other; and to separate and assign to each his share would be as impracticable as invidious, so intimately are they blended together throughout every part of this system, early, acute, and pregnant suggestion characterizing the one, and maturity of thought, fulness of systematic development, and decisive experimental illustration equally distinguishing the other."-SIR JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL. See Peacock's Life of Young, 397.

Young was satisfied with this verdict, and thought that "Fresnel, if he had lived, would have preferred his share of the treasure as much as he did his." See remarks of M. Arago, (infra.)

4. A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and/ the Mechanical Arts, 1807, 2 vols. 4to. Hibbert, 8704, £3 68.; H. G. Bohn's Guinea Cat., 1841, No. 23198, £5 158. 6d. The substance of his sixty Lectures delivered at the Royal Institute. Contains a Catalogue of Books relative to Natural Philosophy and the Mechanic Arts,

2901

[blocks in formation]

"Dr. Young travelled over the whole literature of science; and, whilst we are astonished at the rich store of materials he has collected, we find nothing more prominent than the impress of his own acute and powerful mind."-KELLAND.

"The admirers of Young will be glad to hear of an accessible edition of his Lectures, in which the text has been carefully preserved; and all who seek information should know that Young is not only a popular writer, but by far the most popular of those whose accuracy can be relied on in a vast range of subjects, and who have actually written through that range."Lon. Athen., 1845, 196.

"From 1801 till 1804 he held the professorship of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution, and delivered a series of lectures which he published in 1807, and which to this day forms the best existing compendium of the elementary principles of physics. Considering that this work is composed of popular lectures, from which the symbols and technical language of mathematics were designedly excluded, its precision, accuracy, and completeness are marvellous, and are combined with almost unparalleled brevity and clearness. It was far in advance of the time when it appeared; and, indeed, the popular treatises of the present day still lag behind it, after a lapse of sixty years. The original edition, in 2 vols. 4to, is highly prized on account of the beauty and accuracy of the illustrations of the phenomena of light which it contains; but a new edition, in 2 vols. 8vo, has the advantage of containing accounts of the recent progress of science, added by Professor Kelland."-PROF. W. J. M. RANKINE, LL.D.: Imp. Diet. of Univ. Biog., vi. (1866) 1409.

See, also, Whewell's Hist. of Indust. Sci.; Brewster's Newton, ed. 1855, i. 202; N. Brit. Rev., Feb. 1856, art. ii.; Lon. Reader, 1864, i. 429, 459: No. 5, infra.

5. Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the Elements of Medical Science and on the Practice of Physic, 1809, 8vo. 6. An Introduction to Medical Literature; including a System of Practical Nosology: intended as a Guide to Students and an Assistant to Practitioners, 1813, 8vo.

"It is no less a guide to youth than a staff to age; and both descriptions of practitioners are under great obligations to the author for this productive effort of talent, labour, and erudition."-Lon. Quar. Rev., May, 1813, 125.

"Tell me,-how is it possible for the same person to possess so deep and comprehensive a knowledge of two sciences so widely different as Natural Philosophy and Medicine, with its subordinate sciences of Anatomy and Physiology? When I reflect that Chemistry constitutes my only pursuit, and that, nevertheless, I am daily learning how much has been done in that science that has escaped my inquiry, I marvel how you can have had time enough to go over all that you must have required to read in order to produce your Lectures on Natural Philosophy [No. supra] and this Medical Work."-Berzelius to Young. Second edition, Continued and Corrected, 1823, 8vo. 6. A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases, deduced from Original Observations, and collected from Authors of all Ages, 1815, 8vo. 7. Elementary Illustrations of the Celestial Mechanics of La Place, with some Additions relating to the Motion of Waves and of Sound, and to the Cohesion of Fluids, 1821, 8vo. 8. An Account of some Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities; including the Author's Original Alphabet, as extended by M. Champollion, with a Translation of Five Unpublished Greek and Egyptian Manuscripts, 1823, 8vo. This title-page appropriately introduces a great question, (the one by which Young's name is chiefly known -I fear that I might justly add, solely known-to most students in Great Britain and America:) the opposing claims of Champollion and Young to the discovery of the hieroglyphic alphabet,-in the estimation of Niebuhr and Bunsen, the greatest event in the literary history of the age. The unjust charge preferred by Dr. Bunsen in Egyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte, Hamburg. 1845, that "on the publication of Champollion's Alphabet, in 1822, Young made a vain attempt to appropriate the discovery to himself," renders a brief statement of the facts, and the citation of more intelligent opinions, imperative.

Dr. Young published in 1814 his conjectural translation of the Rosetta inscription; in 1815 discovered that there were symbolic signs in the enchorial character; in 1816 proved that the cursive characters of the sacred papyri were derived from the hieroglyphics; in 1818 discovered the hieroglyphic alphabet; and in 1819 embodied the results of his laborious investigations in that famous article on Egypt (in Eneye. Brit., Supp., vol. iv.) which was characterized by the Edinburgh Review as "the greatest effort of scholarship and ingenuity of which modern literature can boast."

[blocks in formation]

Young, "I had accidentally received a letter from M. Champollion, which accompanied a copy of his work on the State of ciety; and, as he requested some particular information respectEgypt under the Pharaohs, sent as a present to the Royal Soing several parts of the enchorial inscription of Rosetta, which were imperfectly represented in the engraved copies, I readily answered his inquiries from a reference to the original monument in the British Museum; and a short time afterwards I sent him a copy of my conjectural translation of the inscription as it was inserted in the Archæologia."

He adds that, "with regard to the enchorial inscription, M. Champollion appeared to me to have done at that time but little," and that the few references he made to it "seemed to depend entirely on Mr. Akerblad's inAccount, &c., 1823, 40, 41. vestigations," which he had tacitly adopted. See Young's

"As M. Champollion has not ventured to contradict the statement of Dr. Young in regard to the communication above referred to, and as he admits having seen the article EGYPT in the

Supplement nearly two years before he published his Lettre à M. Dacier, [Paris, 1822, 8vo,] which contains his first aperçus touching Hieroglyphics, it is evident that he was in the knowledge of Dr. Young's opinions at almost every stage of his progress, and that the question of originality may be as easily settled as that of priority of publication."-Edin. Rev., xlv. (Dec. 1826) 121: Hieroglyphics.

I record the verdict of several Egyptologists:

"The first idea," remarks a critic whom Champollion, on another occasion, commends for his candour towards himself, "of certain hieroglyphics being intended to represent sounds, was suggested by Dr. Young, who from the names of Ptolemy and Berenice had pointed out nine which have since proved to be correct. Working upon this basis, Monsieur Champollion, with happy success, made out four or five others, as also about thirty synonymes, and by the ingenious application of these he has been able to turn to effect the discovery, and to decipher therewith a great number of the names of the Ptolemies and the Roman emperors, together with their titles, which, fortunately, gives us the means of determining the dates of most of the temples built within the period of their rule. M. Champollion seems to be unwilling to allow this, but the fact is evident; and surely he has accomplished too much to stand in need of assuming to himself the merit of another."-HENRY SALT. See SALT, HENRY, No. 3.

To the same effect the Chevalier de Paravey, a country. man of Champollion, observes,

"Dr. Young was the first who showed that the hieroglyphic characters have, in many cases, an alphabetic value, and thus furnished M. Champollion with a key, without which the latter could never have arrived at the important and curious results which he has since obtained;"

and he considers that to dispute the priority of Young's discovery would be as absurd as to say that the inventor charcoal, but the one who first applied the mixture to of gunpowder was not he who mixed nitre, sulphur, and the impulsion of projectiles.

The following testimony, from a very eminent authority, is, on every account, of great value:

"Depuis dix ans on parle avec enthousiasme de la découverte de l'alphabet phonétique faite par feu M. Champollion, mais peu de personnes paraissent avoir une idée bien nette, soit de ce qu'elle est réelement, soit des résultats qu'elle a pù produire. Le Docteur Young, en Angleterre, est sans contredit le premier auteur de cette découverte. Ce fut en 1818 qu'il reconnut la

valeur alphabétique de la plupart des signes hieroglyphiques qui composent les noms de Ptolémée et de Bérénice, parmi lesquels il a bien exactement déterminé les sept suivans, qui correspondent avec les résultats obtenus par M. Champollion.. Après un exposé pareil, on peut être bien convainen qu'en 1821 M. Champollion ne croyait pas à l'existence de signes alphabétiques parmi les hiéroglyphiques, quoique le Docteur eût déjà communiqué sa découverte aux savans de l'Europe, par nn mémoire imprimé en 1818, et qui fut publié l'année suivante, dans le Supplément de l'Encyclopédie Britannique."-KLAPROTH: Eramen critique des Travaux de feu M. Champollion sur les Hiéroglyphiques, Paris, 1832, r. 8vo.

Quoted by M. Leitch in Dr. Young's works, ut infra,

[blocks in formation]

"Any person may see in the same work the arguments by which this learned Orientalist established the opinion which he had embraced regarding the constantly phonetic nature of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. Young has, therefore, the priority on one single point. It is to him we owe the first attempt that had been made to decompose into letters the groups of the cartouches, in order to give a phonetic value to the hieroglyphics that composed the name of Ptolemy in the Rosetta stone.. I have sought for an example in which the parts of two pretenders to an invention may be assimilated to those of Champollion and Young, and which had, on the other hand, reconciled all opinions. This example I think I have found in interferences, even if we entirely set aside in the hieroglyphical question the quotations made from the memoir of De Guignés. Dr. Hooke had distinctly stated before Dr. Young that the luminous rays interfered, as the latter had supposed before Champollion

that the Egyptian hieroglyphics are sometimes phonetic. | the following works and periodicals: Hodgkin's CalliHooke did not directly prove his hypothesis: the proof of the graphia Græca, (which he suggested, and furnished the phonetic values assigned by Young to different hieroglyphics writing for;) Dalzell's Collectanea Majora; Supplement cannot rest upon readings which are not yet made, and which cannot be made. From not knowing the composition of white to the Encyclopædia Britannica, (63 articles, 46 of them light, Hooke had not an exact idea of the nature of interfer- biographical, 1815-24;) Encyclopædia Metropolitana; ences, as Young, on his part, was deceived by a pretended sylla- Quarterly Review, (18 articles, 9 scientific and 7 on bic or dissyllabic value of hieroglyphics. Young, by unanimous medicine, languages, and criticism;) Imperial Review; consent, is considered as the author of the theory of interferences; and therefore, by a consequence which appears to me Nic. Jour.; Trans. Roy. Soc.; Trans. Linn. Soc.; and inevitable, Champollion ought to be regarded as the author of Brande's Quar. Jour. of Sci. the discovery of hieroglyphics."-Mémoire de l'Instit. Acad. des Sciences, tom. xiii., lxxxvi., lxxxvii., lxxxix., xc. Quoted in N. Brit. Rev., Aug. 1855, art. vi., (q. v.)

Arago thinks that if Young had the choice of the two discoveries he would have left the hieroglyphics to Champollion. Dr. Peacock is not satisfied with the verdict of Arago see the chapter in his Life of Young, (ut infra,) entitled Hieroglyphical Researches. One of the latest decisions on this rexata quæstio will perhaps be generally allowed to be also one of the fairest summaries of the merits of both claimants:

"Young and Champollion contended in their lifetime for the honour of having discovered the interpretation of hieroglyphics, and their friends have not ceased to maintain the controversy. Too much acrimony was displayed by both the principals, and Champollion was unquestionably guilty of unfairness in endeavouring to establish his claim. The truth is, that neither can claim the merit of undivided discovery. Young, indeed, first read the mysterious characters, but his reading was not correct until Champollion had taken it up. Certainly Champollion was unable to discover what Young discovered; but it is equally sure that Young could not apply the discovery, as did Champollion. It is most unfair to say that Young did little when he made the first step, and it is no less unfair to decry Champollion as a fortunate guesser, when we see how little has been effected since his death. The abilities of these two great men are distinct; and, while we admire the patience, the scientific skill, and the varied knowledge of Young, we need not undervalue the marvellous felicity of conjecture, power of comparison, and accuracy which distinguished Champollion."R. S. POOLE: Encyc. Brit., 8th ed., xi., 1856, 408: Hieroglyphics. See, also, Gustavi Seyffarthi Rudimenta Hieroglyphices, Lips., 1825, 4to; Greppo's Essai sur le Système hiéroglyphique, Paris, 1829, 8vo, (see STUART, ISAAC WILLIAM;) C. W. Wall on the Ancient Orthography of the Jews, &c.; Edin. Rev., xlv. 528, Ivii. 461; Lon. Quar. Rev., xxviii. 188, lvii. 462, 464, lxiv. 83, 84, 1xx. 61, lxxix. 413; For. Quar. Rev., iv. 438, xxv. 1, xxviii. 263; Westm. Rev., iv. 40; Lon. Mon. Rev., civ. 457, cvii. 175, exix. 550; Blackw. Mag., xxiv. 313, xliv. 106, 108; Fraser's Mag., ii. 329, ix. 629; N. Amer. Rev., xxxii. 95, (by E. Everett;) Chris. Quar. Spec., ix. 29, (by A. B. Chapin ;) Amer. Quar. Rev., i. 438, ix. 339; Eclec. Mag., xxi. 382; Spirit of Pilg., iv. 98, 197; Bunsen's Egypt's Place in Univ. Hist., vol. v., 1867; No. 9, infra.

"An attack upon the principles of hieroglyphical interpretation has been recently made by Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, in his History of Ancient Astronomy, [Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients, Lon., 1862, 8vo.] This writer demurs to the premises on which the interpretation is based, and does not consider the first steps sufficiently proved, but holds that the results have been obtained by a series of vicious hypotheses, and that the Coptic by no means is the language of the ancient Egyptians. He also relies on the fact of the phonetic nature of the symbols not having been mentioned by the Greek writers. The inductive method of interpretation he considers unsound. The objections brought forward have, however, been strongly rebutted by the Egyptologists: the basis is considered sure from the bilingual monuments of the Rosetta Stone, obelisk of Phile, contracts, rituals, and other documents; the truth of the phonetic value of the symbols is also thought to be proved beyond a doubt, by the fact of the sounds obtained from the first sources enabling the names of Roman emperors, Ptolemies, and even many Pharaohs, to be read with facility; while the fact of the Coptic being the remains of the ancient language of the country, is proved by its corresponding with the names of Egyp tian objects and persons mentioned by Herodotus and other Greek authors. The truth of the interpretation is also defended by the results obtained, and the fact that these results enable the hierologists to read with ease documents and monuments newly discovered. Whatever doubt, in fact, may exist as to the minor details and more delicate shades of language, the labours of the last half-century have analyzed and established all the principal grammatical forms and three-fourths of the words of the old Egyptian language. The study of the hieroglyphics has

His Summary of Practical Hydraulics (from Encyc. Metrol.) was published in Tredgold's Tracts on Hydrau lies; and his Treatise on Carpentry (from Encyc. Metrol.) is in the same volume with Treatises by Hoskins and Tredgold, Edin., 1846, 4to; N. York, 1852, 4to. gladdened by a selection of his Miscellaneous Works, in

It was not until 1855 that the scientific world was

3 vols. 8vo,-vols. i. and ii. edited by George Peacock, D.D., vol. iii. by John Leitch,-and The Life of Thomas Young, M.D., by George Peacock, D.D., (q. v.,) in 1 vol. Svo. See reviews in Brit. Quar. Rev., Aug. 1855, (same in Bost. Liv. Age, xlvi. 451, and see 244,) N. Brit. Rev., Aug. 1855, art. vi., Lon. Athen., 1855, 403, and Lon. Lit. Gaz., 1855, 227. Dr. Peacock had contemplated nothing more than a short introductory memoir as a preface to the Works; but the intelligent and affectionate zeal of Dr. Young's widow (whose scientific culture has been commemorated by Arago) was rewarded by this valuable biography, for which we should forever be grateful. But no more impressive testimony to the learning and industry of this truly great man can be presented than a list of the contents of the three volumes of his Miscellaneous Works, which are arranged as follows:

Vol.

Contents. Vols. I., II. Scientific Memoirs, &c. I. Vision; Mechanism of the Eye; Sound and Light; Cycloidal Curves; Music; Letter to Mr. Nicholson, respecting Sound and Light; Light and Colours; Physical Optics; Reply to the Edinburgh Reviewers on some papers in the Phil. Trans.; Harmonic Sliders; Review of La Place's Memcir, La Réfraction dans les Cristaux diaphanes; Review of the Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil; Review of Malus, Biot, Seebeck, and Brewster, on Light; Chromatics; Measurement of Minute Particles of the Blood, etc.: Optical Subjects; Cohesion of Fluids; Cohesion; Hydraulic Investigations; Functions of the Heart and Arteries; Employment of Oblique Riders in the Construction of Ships; Numerical Table of Elective Attractions; Review of H. Davy's Elements of Chemical Philosophy. Vol. II. Experiments for Determining the Length of the Pendulum; Probabilities of Error in Physical Observations, and the Density of the Earth; Solutions of the Problem of Atmospherical Refraction; Effect of Terrestrial Refraction in the Actual Condition of the Atmosphere; Remarks on La Place's Latest Computation of the Density of the Earth; Astronomical Measurements of the Ancients; Effect of the Terms involving the Square of the Disturbing Force on the Determination of the Figureof the Earth; Simple Determination of the Most Ancient Epoch of Astronomical Chronology; Resistance of the Air; Reduction of the Length of the Pendulum to the Level of the Sea; Computations for Clearing the Compass of the Regular Effect of a Ship's Permanent Attraction; Properties of the Geodetic Curve; Calculation of the Rate of Expansion of a Supposed Lunar Atmosphere; Method of Determining the Figure of a Gravitating Body revolving round Another; Direct Attraction of a Spheroid, and Demonstration of Clairaut's Theorem; Equilibrium and Strength of Elastic Substances; Waves and Sound; Pressure sustained by the Fixed Supports of Flexible Substances; Pressure of Semi-Fluid and Cohesive Substances; Structure of Covered Ways; Friction of Wheelwork, and the Forms Best Suited for Teeth; Bridge; Carpentry; Theory of Tides; Algebraical Expression for the Value of Lives; Formula for Expressing the Decrement of Human Life;

been formally recognized by the learned Academies of Europe Compound Interest; Letter to W. Morgan, on the Expe

as a branch of Oriental learning."-Chambers's Encyc., Edin., v., 1869, 364, art. Hieroglyphics, q. v. for references. See, also, OSBURN, WILLIAM, No. 3.

9. Hieroglyphics collected by the Egyptian Society, arranged by Thomas Young, M.D., Lon., Roy. Soc. of Lit., 1823-28, r. fol., Nos. 1 to 5, with 98 plates counted as 100, £10 10s.; red. to £5 58. 10. Rudiments of an Egyptian Dictionary in the Ancient Enchorial Character; with a Memoir of the Author, and Catalogue of his Works, Lon., 1831, 8vo. Posthumous. See TATTAM, HENRY, D.D., Ph.D., No. 2. He was a contributor to

rience of the Equitable Society; Comparison of the Dif ferent Tables of Mortality; Application of the Doctrine of Chances to the Subdivision of Risks; Addendum to the Article on Annuities; Review of an Essay on Dew; Weights and Measures; New Species of Opercularia; Habits of Spiders, etc.: Biographies of Men of Science: Cavendish, Smithson Tennant, B. Thomson, Dr. Watson, Foureroy, Ingenhouz, Robison, Dolomieu, Coulomb, Borda, Condamine, Lagrange, Fermat, Dollond, Malus, Lalande, Lambert, Maskelyne, Atwood. Vol. III.

« AnteriorContinuar »