Wrighte, Rev. William. Short Account of the Mosaic History of the Creation, 1798, 8vo. Wrighte, William. Grotesque Architecture; or, Rural Amusement, 28 plates, Lon., 1815, r. 8vo. Wrightson, Rev. R. An Introductory Treatise on Sanscrit Hagiographa, or the Sacred Literature of the Hindus, in Two Parts: Part 1, The Philosophy of the Hindus; Part 2, The Veda and Puranas: with Appendix and Notes, Dubl., 1859, 12mo, pp. 265. Wrightson, Richard Heber. A History of Modern Italy, from the First French Revolution to the Year 1850, Lon., 1855, p. 8vo. 215. "It gives a comprehensive and clear and, on the whole, a just and impartial account of Italian affairs."-Lon. Lit. Gaz., 1855, Wrightson, Thomas. Essay on the Punishment of Death, Lon., p. 8vo. See Life and Corresp. of Wil liam Allen, 7 mo., 4, 1837. Wrightson, W. Canine Madness Successfully Treated; Med. Trans., 1772. Wrigley, Rev. Alfred, of St. John's College, Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Military College, Addiscombe, and subsequently Head-Master of Clapham Grammar-School. 1. With JOHNSTONE, W. H., Collection of Examples and Problems in Pure and Mixed Mathematics, Lon., 1845, 8vo; 2d ed., by A. Wrigley, 1847, 8vo; 7th ed., Camb., 1865, 8vo. 2. With PLATTS, J., Head Master of the Government College, Benares, Companion to No. 1, 1861, 8vo: 1867, 8vo. 3. Arithmetic for Colleges and Schools, 1862, 8vo. Wrigley, Edmund. The Workingman's Way to Wealth: a Treatise on Building Associations, 2d ed., Phila., Dec. 1869, 16mo. Wrigley, Thomas. 1. Plan by which the Education of the People may be Secured, Manches., 1857, 8vo. 2. Railway Management, Lon., 1858, 8vo. Writer, Clement. Vindication of Himself against R. Baxter; with an Appendix, Lon., 1658, 8vo. Writtle, Peter. See Exoniensium Threni in Obitum Petrei Baronis de Writtle, Oxon., 1613, 4to. Bindley, Pt. 2, 823, £1: Sotheby's, Dec. 1863, Turnbull, £4 88. Wrixon, H. J. The Condition and Prospects of Australia, as compared with Other Lands; a Lecture, Melbourne, 1869, 8vo, pp. 24. Wroath, or Wroth, Lady Mary, daughter of Robert, Earl of Leicester, a younger brother of Sir Philip Sidney, was married to Sir Robert Wroath or Wroth. It was to this lady that Ben Jonson dedicated The Alchemist. The Countesse of Montgomeries Urania, Lon., 1621, fol. This is a pastoral romance, interspersed with songs, sonnets, &c., in imitation of her uncle's Arcadia. Gough, 4076, 188.; Bright, 6163, 108. Wroe, Caleb, a Dissenting divine at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, d. 1728. 1. Four Letters to a Friend, &c., by a Country Minister, Lon., 1725, 8vo. 2. Remarks on the Various Interpretations of the More Sure Word of Prophecy, 1726, 8vo. Anon. Also one sermon or more. Wroe, John A., and Reid, John. Electro-Biology; or, The Doctrine of Impressions, Weverton, Md., 1850, 12mo. Wroe, Richard, Warden of Winchester College. Single sermons, 1682-1722, q. v. in Watt's Bibl. Brit. Wroe, Richard, M.D. On Horn-like Excrescences on the Fingers; Phil. Trans., 1705. Wroth, H. T. Mahommedanism Considered: Hulsean Prize Essay, 1848; Lon., 1849, 8vo. Wroth, or Wrothe, Sir Thomas. 1. The Abortive of an Idle Hour; or, A Century of Epigrams, Lon., 1620, 4to. 2. The Destruction of Trov, or the Acts of Eneas, from the Second Book of the Eneids of Virgil; translated from Latin into English, (with the Latin version,) 1620, 4to. Ten sheets. 3. Sir Thomas Wrothe his Sad Encomion upon his Dearest Consort, Dame Margaret Wrothe, &c., 1635, 4to, 6 leaves. "Unknown to bibliographers."-J. P. COLLIER: Bibl. Acct. of Early Eng. Lit., 1865, vol. ii. See, also, Bliss's Wood's Athen. Oxon., iii. 514. Wroth, Warw. R. 1. Five Sermons on Old Tes The tament Types of Baptism, Lon., 1860. p. 8vo. 2. Sermons, chiefly Mystical, edited by J. E. Vaux, 1869, 12mo. Wrottesley, Hon. George, Captain R.A. Military Opinions of General Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Bart., G.C.B.; Collected and Edited, Lon., 1859, 8vo, pp. 480. "A volume of great variety and interest."-Lon. Athen., 1859, ii. 41. Wrottesley, Rt. Hon. John, D.C.L., second Lord, b. 1798, graduated first class in mathematics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1819; was called to the Bar by the Society of Lincoln's Inn, 1823; succeeded his father in the barony, 1841; and was elected President of the Royal Society, 1854, 1855, and 1856; d. Oct. 27, 1867. In 1839 he received the gold medal of the (Royal) Astronomical Society (of which he was, in 1820, one of the founders) for his Catalogue of the Right Ascension of 1318 stars, (q. v. in the Society's Memoirs, vol. x., and see Supplement Catalogue of 55 stars in vol. xii.) A notice of his lordship's contributions to astronomical science will be found in Knight's Eng. Cyc., Biog., vol. vi., 1858, 838. 1. Speech in the House of Lords, 26th April, 1853, on Lieut. Maury's Plan for Improving Navigation, Lon., 1853, 8vo, pp. 34. His lordship contributed a treatise on Navigation to Lib. U. K. Soc. Nat. Philos., (1829-38, 4 vols. 8vo,) vol. iii. 2. Address, WorkingMen's College, Wolverhampton, Lon., 1858, 8vo, pp. 14. 3. Thoughts on Government and Legislation, 1859, p.. 8vo, pp. 260. "A sort of Parliamentary Hand-Book or Guide for Young Students."-Lon. Guardian. "The work, though little more than a compilation, offers proof of an ample education and a thoughtful mind.”—Lon. Athen., 1860, i. 50. assistance, not only to those who are preparing themselves for "We feel certain that this unpretending treatise will be of the discharge of legislative duties, but to legislators themselves."-N. Amer. Rev., xci. 166. 4. Address on the Recent Application of the Spectrum Analysis to Astronomical Phenomena, &c., Wolverhampton. Nov. 1865, 8vo, pp. 24. Wroughton, Richard. Shakespeare's Richard the Second adapted to the Stage, 1815, 8vo. Wuddus, W. A Compound Manuell; or, Compost of the Hand, in Englishe; faithfully Translated, Lon., 1560, 1566, 8vo. Wuderman, Dr. Notes on Cuba in 1842, by a Physician, Bost., 1844, 12mo. Wulfstan. See WOLSTAN. Wulfstan. See BosWORTH, JOSEPH, D.D., No. 12. Wulfstan, or Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, 1002 to 1016, and Archbishop of York from 1002 until his death, 1023, is supposed to be the author of the AngloSaxon homilies, to which is generally affixed the name of Lupus Episcopus. Sermo Lupi Episcopi, Saxonica: Latinam Interpretationem notasque adjecit Gulielmus Elstob, Oxon., 1701, fol. From Hickes's Thesaurus, vol. iii., 1705, fol. 99-106. There is also extant of his (MS. C. C. Coll. Cambr., No. 201, art. 7) a letter to the people of his province. See Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit., A.-S. Period, 505; The Lives of Wulstan and St. William, Archbishops of York, 1844, 12mo. Wulstan. See WOLSTAN; WULFSTAN. Wulstan, the last of the Anglo-Saxon prelates, b. 1007 or 1008, Bishop of Worcester, 1062, d. Jan. 1095-6, is supposed, on very slight grounds, by the author of Ancient History, English and French, Exemplified in a Regular Dissection of the Saxon Chronicle, Lon., 1830, 12mo, to be the author of the entries in the Saxon Chronicle from 1034 to 1079, (MS. Cotton., Tiberius, b. iv.) "All the attempts yet made to identify the writers of this important historical document appear to be in the highest de gree unsatisfactory."-THOMAS WRIGHT: Biog. Brit. Lit., A.-S. Period, art. " Wulstan," 527, (q. v.) See, also, the accounts of Wulstan by William of Malmesbury, in his De Gestis Pontificum, and (a separate life) in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, vol. ii. The Wurts, Rev. Edward, of Philadelphia. Thief on the Cross; or, The Way of Salvation by Grace Proved and Illustrated from its Leading Example, Phila., (1869,) pp. 16.. Wyat, George. Extracts from the Life of Queen Anne Boleigne; written at the Close of the XVIth Century, and now first Printed, (Lon.,) 1817, imp. 8vo. 27 copies. Privately printed. Add to this An Account of writing of Sir Roger Twysden, 1623. (Lon., 1817,) 8vo. Queen Anne Bullen, from a Manuscript in the Hand Wyat, Wyatt, or Wiat, Sir Thomas, the Elder, b. at Allington Castle, Kent, 1503; entered of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1515, and took B.A. 1518, M.A. 1520; officiated for his father as ewerer at the coronation of Anne Boleyn, July, 1533, and subsequently fell into temporary disgrace with the king on her account; nominated High Sheriff for Kent, 1537, and in the same year was sent minister to Spain; charged by Bonner with treasonable correspondence with Cardinal Pole, and placed under arrest in 1540 or 1541, but soon acquitted and restored to high favour with Henry VIII. d. at Sherborne, Oct. 11, 1542. To the editions of the poem of Surrey, Wyatt, and others, noticed on p. 899, supra, "A visage stern and myld; where both did grow To line upright, and smile at Fortune's choyce. "A hand that taught what might be sayd in ryme, A mark the which (vnparfited for time) Some may approche, but neuer none shall hit." Surrey's Songes and Sonnettes, 1557, sm. 8vo and sm. 4to. For notices of these and other editions, see Bohn's Lowndes, Pt. 9, (1863,) 2547-49, voc. Surrey. "Henry, Earl of Surrey, and Sir Thomas Wyat, betweene whom I finde very little difference, I repute them (as before) for the two chief lanternes of light to all others that hane since employed their pennes vpon English Poesie; their conceits were loftie, their stiles stately, their conueyance cleanly, their termes proper, their metre sweete and well proportioned."-PUTTENHAM: The Arte of English Poesie, 1589, 4to. "Had your (P. Henry's) praise been limn'd with pen They on this theame discoursers had been meet." "In point of taste and perception of propriety in composition, Surrey is more accurate and just than Wyatt; he therefore seldom either offends with conceits or wearies with repetition, and when he imitates other poets he is original as well as pleasing. In his numerous translations from Petrarch he is seldom inferior to his master, and he seldom improves upon him. Wyatt is almost always below the Italian, and frequently degrades a good thought by expressing it so that it is hardly recognizable. Had Wyatt attempted a translation of Virgil, as Surrey did, he would have exposed himself to unavoidable failure."-DR. NOTT: ed. of Surrey and Wyatt, 1815-16, ii. 156. See Lon. Mon. Rev., 1817, ii. 113, 402; Lon. Gent. Mag., 1831, ii. 302. "The lighter poems of Wyatt are more unequal than those of Surrey; but his Ode to his Lute does not seem inferior to any production of his noble competitor. The sonnet in which he intimates his secret passion for Anne Boleyn, whom he describes under the allegory of a doe, bearing on her collar 'Noli me tangere: I Cesar's am,' is remarkable for more than the poetry, though that is pleasing. It may be doubtful whether Anne were yet queen; but in one of Wyatt's latest poems he seems to allude penitentially to his passion for her."-HALLAM: Lit. Hist. of Europe, 4th ed., 1854, i. 425, n. "We must agree with a critic above quoted that Wyat cooperated with Surrey in having corrected the roughness of our poetic style. But Wyat, although sufficiently distinguished from the common versifiers of his age, is confessedly inferior to Surrey in harmony of numbers, perspicuity of expression, and facility of phraseology. Nor is he equal to Surrey in elegance of sentiment, in nature and sensibility. His feelings are disguised by affectation and obscured by conceit. His declarations of passion are also embarrassed by wit and fancy; and his style is not intelligible, in proportion as it is careless and unadorned. His compliments, like the modes of behaviour of that age, are ceremonious and strained. He has too much art as a lover, and too little as a poet. His gallantries are laboured, and his versification negligent. The truth is, his genius was of the moral and dalactic species; and his poems abound more in good sense, satire, ... and observations on life, than in pathos or imagination. Yet Wyatt's love-poems are certainly conceited and unnatural; but these faults belong to the models on which he formed his style, and were the faults of the time in which he lived. Surrey alone felt for himself, and expressed his feelings with taste and delicacy."-DR. BLISS: Athen. Oxon., i. 128, (q. v.) See, also, HoWARD, HENRY, EARL OF SURREY, and auHistory of Sir Thomas Wyat, &c., by T. Dickers and J. thorities there cited, and the following: The Famous Thomæ Viati Equitis Incomparabilis, by John Leland, Webster, 1607, 4to, 1612, 4to; Næniæ in Mortem 1542, 4to; An Excellent Epitaffe of Syr Thomas Wyatt, &c., 4to; Walpole's Miscellaneous Antiquities, 1772, 4to, and his Letters, ed. 1861, v. 445 et supra, ix. 494; D'Israeli's Amenities of Lit.: The Earl of Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt; Holland's Psalmists, i. 79; Blackw. Mag., vi. 367 and xliv. 456, 457; Lon. Gent. Mag., 1850, i. 563, ii. 235; ALLOT, ROBERT, No. 43. Wyatt, A., and Webb, G. H. F. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Victoria, Mich. T. 25 Viet. to Hil. T. 26 Vict., 1861-62, r. 8vo: vol. i., 1863. Wyatt, Benjamin. 1. Observations on the Principles of the Design for the Theatre now Building at Drury Lane, Lon., 1811, 8vo. 2. Observations on the Design for the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, as executed in 1812, with 18 plates, 1813, r. 4to. Fonthill, 1384, £1 68. Wyatt, George, Rector of Burghwallis, Doncaster. Education, Lon., 1849, 8vo. thoroughness in religious education. Wyatt, James. Life and Surprising Adventures of, 3d ed., 1751, 12mo. Wyatt, James. 1. Guide to the Bedford Charity, ties of Sir William Harper, 1856, 8vo. Lon., 1843, p. 8vo. 2. The Bedford Schools and Chari "Mr. Wyatt's very well constructed volume."-Lon. Athen., 1856, 1189. Wyatt, John. The Practical Register in Chancery; with the Modern Cases, Lon., 1800, Svo. First pub., anon., 1714, 8vo. Not of authority, but may be cited where nothing better can be found. See 2 Atk., 22; Leg. Bibl., 583. See, also, DICKINS, JOHN. Redes. Pl., 7, n. ; 2 Sim. & St., 243; 2 Sim., 86; Marvin's Wyatt, John, Battalion Surgeon, (ut infra.) History of the First Battalion Coldstream Guards during the Eastern Campaign, from February, 1854, to June, 1856, Lon., 1858. "Elaborate and conscientious, although it is of a cold and special tenor."-Lon. Athen., 1858, i. 717. Wyatt, Lady Louisa Henrietta. See SHERIDAN, LOUISA HENRIETTA. Wyatt, Matthew Digby, deservedly eminent for his services in promotion of the Great Exhibition of 1851, his architectural structures, and his valuable works on decorative art, was b. at Bowle, near Devizes, Wilts, in 1820. It is our place to notice his books: for detailed accounts of his services, we refer the reader to Knight's Eng. Cyc., Biog., vi., 1858, 843, and Men of the Time, 1868, 833. 1. Specimens of the Geometrical Mosaics of the Middle Ages, with a Historical Notice of the Art, and 21 plates in colours and gold, Lon., 1848, (some 1852,) fol., £2 12s. 6d. 2. Report of the Eleventh French Exposition of the Products of Industry, 1849, fol. 3. Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century: a Series of Illustrations of the Choicest Specimens produced by Every Nation at the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry, 1851, with Critical and Explanatory Notices, 160 plates in colours and gold, 1851, 2 vols. fol., £17 178. 4. An Attempt to Define the Principles which should Determine Form in the Decorative Arts, 1852, 8vo. This is one of the series, proposed by Prince Albert, On the Results of the Exhibition of 1851. 5. Metal Work and its Artistic Design, 50 plates in colours and gold, 1852, fol., £6 68. 6. Views [23] of the Crystal Palace and Park at Sydenham, 1854-55, fol. 7. An Address delivered at the Crystal Palace, November 8, 1855, at the Opening of the Exhibition of the Works of Art belonging to the Arundel Society, 1856, 8vo. "It is a little manual in itself, and belongs to the highest order of Art-criticism."-Lon. Athen., 1856, 361. In conjunction with J. B. Waring, he prepared a series of hand-books for use at the Crystal Palace. See, also, The Crystal Palace and Park, Sydenham, 23 Views by Eminent Artists, and Photographs by P. H. Delamotte, with a title page and Literary Notices by M. Digby Wyatt, Architect, with illuminated title-page and ornamental cover, by M. Digby Wyatt, imp. 4to. 8. Notices of Sculpture in Ivory, &c., by Digby Wyatt, and Catalogue of Specimens of Ancient Ivory Carvings in Various Collections, by Edm. Oldfield, with Nine Photographic Illustrations by J. A. Spencer, 1856, 4to, (Arundel Soc.) See Lon. Athen., 1856, 1145. 9. What Illuminating Was,-What It Should Be, &c., 1861, p. 8vo, 58.; also in 2 vols., ea. 18. 6d., 1861. Republished from TYMMS, W. R. See, also, Emblematic Illumination, &c., Collected and Edited by F. M. R., John B. Day, 4to, 58. 6d. He is the author of many valuable papers published by the Royal Institute of British Architects, Archæological Institute, Society of Arts, Institute of Civil Engineers, Board of Trade, in the Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of 1851, &c., and in periodicals, and he contributed to Owen Jones's Grammar of Ornament. See, also, WARING, J. B., No. 4. Nor should we omit to notice among Mr. Wyatt's substantial claims to distinction the fact that his water-colour drawings gained prizes at the Universal Exhibitions both of London and Paris. At the Paris Exhibition of 1855 his services were very cheaply rewarded by the title of a Knight of the Legion of Honour. Wyatt, R. H. England's Pride, England's Peril: a Sermon at Trinity Chapel, Brighton, Lon., 1857, 12mo. Wyatt, Thomas. 1. Manual of Conchology, with 36 plates, N. York, 1838, 8vo, pp. 191. 2. Synopsis of Natural History, &c.; from the French, with plates, Phila., 1839, 8vo. 3. History of the Kings of France, with portraits, 1846, 12mo. 4. Beauties of Sacred Literature, Illustrated, Bost., 1848, 8vo. 5. Memoirs of [American] Generals, etc. who were Presented with Medals, etc., Phila., 1848, 8vo. 6. Description of the National Medals of America presented to the Officers of the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812, N. York, 1854, 12mo. Wyatt, Captain W. J. 1. Political and Military Review of the Austro-Italian War, Lon., 1866, 8vo. Political History of the Hanoverian and Italian War, 1868, 2 vols. r. 8vo. 3. Reflections on the Formation of Armies, 1869, 8vo. 2. Wyatt, William, Prebendary of Lincoln, 1668, d. 1683, aged 63. Sermon, 1 Cor. viii. 1, Lon., 1679, 4to. See, also, TAYLOR, JEREMY, D.D., No. 3. Wyatt, William Edward, D.D., for more than fifty years Rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Baltimore, Md., d. in that city, June 24, 1864, in his 76th year. 1. Christian Offices, for the Use of Families and Individuals, new ed., N. York, 1850, 12mo; 4th ed., 1855, 12mo. "It is nearly thirty years since we first became acquainted with this admirable work."-Banner of the Cross, 1855. 2. The Christian Altar; or, Offices of Devotion for Persons receiving the Lord's Supper, new edits., 18mo and 32mo. 3. The Parting Spirit's Address to his Mother, Illustrated, 1863, 12mo; 4th ed., 12mo. Also, occasional sermons, discourses, &c. See SPARKS, JARED, LL.D., No. 1. Wyatville, Sir Jeffrey, (he changed his name from Wyatt in 1824,) the architect of the improvements in Windsor Castle, was b. at Burton-upon-Trent, Aug. 3, 1766, and d. in London, Feb. 10, 1840. Illustrations of Windsor Castle, Lon., 1841, 2 vols. colombier fol., £8 88.; India paper, £14 148. Posthumous: edited by Henry Ashton. Sir Jeffrey expended £3000 upon the drawings and engravings connected with the work. See Lon. Gent. Mag., 1840, i. 545, (Obituary ;) Knight's Eng. Cyc., Biog., vi., 1858, 849. Wybard, J. D. M. 1. Lunar Horologiographie, 1639, 8vo. 2. Tractometria; or, The Geometry of Regulars, &c., Lon., 1650, 8vo. Wybarne, Joseph. See WIBARNE, JOSEPH. Wyborne, Edward. Carmen in Ducem et Ducissam Eboracens, Lon., 1674. Wybrow, Rev. F. See Memoir of, Lon., 1856, 12mo. Wyburd, Henry. An Introduction to the Linnæan Classification of Plants, Lon., 1810, 12mo. Wyche, Sir Peter. 1. Life of Don J. de Castro, by J. F. de Andrada; trans. into English, 1664, fol. 2. Short Relation of the River Nile, of its Source and Current, &c.; trans. from a Portuguese MS., Lon., 1669, Svo: 1673, 8vo; 1791, 8vo; 1798, 8vo. Wyche, William. Treatise on the Practice of the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of New York in Civil Actions, 2d ed., N. York, 1794, 8vo. Wycherley, William, son of Daniel Wycherley, of Cleave, Shropshire, and Bethia Shrimpton, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, (who were married Feb. 20, 1640,) was b. 1640, and in 1655 sent to France, where he professed the Roman Catholic religion; on his return to England, became a member of Queen's College, Oxford, and, by Bishop Barlow's influence, abjured his new faith,-which, however, after a life not calculated to do credit to any church, he again embraced and adhered to (as Pope assures us) in his last moments. The chief points in his personal history are detailed in the authority from which we have just cited, and from which we shall make some apposite quotations,-premising that, after a short residence at Oxford, he was entered as a student of law in the Middle Temple, but soon became involved in the circle of fashionable dissipation in which he acquired so high an eminence. "Wycherley was a very handsome man. His acquaintance with the famous Duchess of Cleveland commenced oddly enough. One day, as he passed that Duchess's coach in the ring, she leaned out of the window and cried out, loud enough to be heard distinctly by him, 'Sir, you're a rascal! you're a villain!' Wycherley from that instant entertained hopes. He did not fail waiting on her the next morning, and, with a very melancholy tone, begged to know how it was possible for him to have so much disobliged her Grace. They were very good friends from that time."-POPE: Spence's Anec., sect. i. Wycherley was in a bookseller's shop at Bath, or Tunbridge, when Lady Drogheda came in and happened to inquire for the Plain Dealer. A friend of Wycherley's, who stood by him, pushed him toward her, and said, 'There's the Plain Dealer, Madam, if you want him.' Wycherley made his excuses, and Lady Drogheda said that she loved plain dealing best." He afterwards visited that lady, and in some time after married her. This proved a great blow to his fortunes: just before the time of his courtship he was designed for governor to the late Duke of Richmond, and was to have been allowed fifteen hundred pounds a year from the government. His absence from court in the progress of this amour, and his being yet more absent after his marriage, (for Lady Drogheda was very jealous of him,) disgusted his friends there so much that he lost all his interest with them. His lady died, and his misfortunes were such that he was thrown into the Fleet, and lay there seven years. It was then that Colonel Brett got his Plain Dealer to be acted, and colonel attended him thither. The king was mightily pleased contrived to get the king (James the Second) to be there. The with the play,-asked who was the author of it; and, upon hearing that it was one of Wycherley's, complained that he had not seen him for so many years, and inquired what was become of him. The colonel improved this opportunity so well that the king gave orders his debts should be discharged out of the privy purse. Wycherley was so weak as to give an account only of five hundred pounds, and so was confined almost half a year, till his father was at last prevailed on to pay the rest,between two and three hundred pounds more."-JOHN DENNIS: Spence's Anec., sect. i. He again became embarrassed by debt; and as his father's estate, to which he succeeded, was entailed, and the income attached by the son's creditors, he saw no mode of relief at a period of life when cares of this kind are not easily borne. In his 80th year he was married to a young woman with a fortune of £1500, which was soon reduced by the husband, who died Jan. 1, 1715, eleven days after his nuptials. As an author, he is chiefly known by four comedies, first acted respectively in the years in which they were published, viz.: 1. Love in a Wood; or, St. James' Park, Lon., 1672, 4to; 1694, 4to. 2. The Gentleman Dancing-Master, 1673, 4to; 1693, 4to. 3. The Country Wife, 1675, 4to; 1683, 4to; 1695, 4to; 1777, 12mo. 4. The Country Girl; altered Wyckoff, Isaac N., D.D. 1. Address at Rutgers College, Albany, 1840, 8vo. 2. Christian Example; a Sermon, 1844, 8vo. from Wycherley by Garrick, 1790, 12mo. The Plain | HENRY LEIGH; SHADWELL, THOMAS; VANBRugh, Sir Dealer, 1677, 4to; 1686, 4to; 1694, 4to. The Plain JOHN. Dealer, with Illustrations, (by Bickerstaff,) 1766, 8vo. Wycherley's Plays, (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, supra,) 1712, 8vo; 1720, 2 vols. 12mo; 1731, 12mo; 1735, 12mo: 1768, 12mo; Dubl., 1775, 12mo. Also in Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, with Biographical and Critical Notices by Leigh Hunt, Lon., Moxon, 1840, r. 8vo; 1849, r. 8vo; 1855, r. 8vo; Routledge, Dec. 1863, r. 8vo. "We are incredulous, we own, as to the truth of this story. Nothing that we know of Wycherly leads us to think him incapable of sacrificing truth to vanity. And his memory in the decline of his life played him such strange tricks that we might question the correctness of his assertion without throwing any imputation on his veracity. It is certain that none of his plays was acted till 1672, when he gave Love in a Wood to the public. When we look minutely at the pieces themselves, we find in every part of them reasons to suspect the accuracy of Wycherley's statement. . . . His fame as a writer rests wholly on his comedies, and chiefly on the last two. Even as a comic writer, he was neither of the best school nor highest in his school. He was, in truth, a worse Congreve. His chief merit, like Congreve's, lies in the style of his dialogue. But the wit which lights up The Plain Dealer and The Country Wife is pale and flickering when compared with the gorgeous blaze which dazzles us almost to blindness in Love for Love and The Way of the World. In truth, his mind, unless we are greatly mistaken, was naturally a very meagre soil, and was forced only by great labour and outlay to bear fruit, which, after all, was not of the highest flavour. He had scarcely more claim to originality than Terence. It is not too much to say that there is hardly any thing of the least value in his plays of which the hint is not to be found elsewhere.... The only thing original about Wycherley, the only thing which he could furnish from his own mind in inexhaustible abundance, was profligacy. It is curious to observe how every thing that he touched, however pure and noble, took in an instant the colour of his own mind. We pass a very severe censure on Wycherley when we say that it is a relief to turn from him to Congreve."-LORD MACAULAY: Comic Dramatists of the Restoration: Edin. Rev., Jan. 1841, and in his Essays. "As long as Men are false and Women vain, Whilst gold continues to be Virtue's Bane, In pointed satire Wycherley shall reign." EVELYN. "Wycherley was ambitions of the reputation of wit and libertinism; and he attained it: he was probably capable of reaching the fame of true comedy and instructive ridicule."-HUME: Hist. of Eng., ch. lxxi. "Wycherley was before Congreve; and his Country Wife' will last longer than any thing of Congreve's as a popular acting play. It is only a pity that it is not entirely his own; but it is enough so to do him never-ceasing honour, for the best things are his own. His humour is, in general, broader, his characters more natural, and his incidents more striking, than Congreve's, It may be said of Congreve, that the workmanship overlays the materials in Wycherley, the casting of the parts and the fable are alone sufficient to ensure success. We forget Congreve's characters, and only remember what they say: we remember Wycherley's characters and the incidents they meet with, just as if they were real, and forget what they say, comparatively speaking."-HAZLITT: Lects, on the Eng. Comic Writers, Lect. IV. 5. Miscellany Poems, as Satyres, Epistles, LoveVerses, Songs, Sonnets, &c., 1704, fol.; some 1. p. "This bulky volume of obscene doggerel. The book amply vindicated the most unfavourable prophecies that had been hazarded. The style and versification are beneath criticism; the morals are those of Rochester."-LORD MACAULAY: ut supra. 6. Posthumous Works, in Prose and Verse, published from his Original MSS. by Lewis Theobald; to which are prefixed Some Memoirs of Mr. Wycherley's Life, by Major Pack, 1728, 8vo. "Wycherley was really angry with me for correcting his verses so much. I was extremely plagued up and down for almost two years with them. However, it went off pretty well at last and it appears, by the edition of Wycherley's Posthumous Works, that he had followed the advice I so often gave him, and that he had gone so far as to make some hundreds of prose maxims out of his verses. Those verses that are published are a mixture of Wycherley's own original lines with a great many of mine inserted here and there, (but not difficult to be distinguished,) and some of Wycherley's, softened a little in the running, probably by Theobald, who had the chief care of that edition."-POPE: Spence's Anec., sect. iv. See, also, Index, and the following: Biog. Brit.: Bowles's ed. of Pope's Works; Malone's Dryden, i. 160, iii. 37, iv. 168, 335; New Atlantis, (7th ed., 1741, 4 vols. 12mo,) iii. 217: Biog. Dramat.; C. Lamb's Works; T. Moore's Memoirs, ii. 256, 268, 269; Eneye. Brit., 8th ed., xxi. (1860) 941, (by R. Caruthers :) Blackw. Mag.. ix. 282: Lon. Athen., 1841, 7; 1857, 1232; 1860, ii. 280. 319; Lon. Gent. Mag., 1811, ii. 509; 1812, i. 609; 1850. ii. 366; BEAUMONT, FRANCIS; COLLIER, JEREMY; CONGREVE, WILLIAM; FARQUHAR, GEORGE; HUNT, JAMES Wyckoff, W. H., LL.D., late Principal of the Collegiate School, New York. 1. Sketch of Bible Societies, N. York, 8vo. 2. Rollin's Ancient History, Abridged, 8vo. See, also, EVARTS, REV. W. W., No. 4. Wycliffe, Wyklyf, Wicliff, Wycliffe, or Wiclif, (there are about twenty variations,) John De, D.D., "The Morning Star of the Reformation," b., according to the assertion of Leland, (Itinerary, v. 99,) happily confirmed by Dr. Vaughan, (Lon. Athen., 1861, i. 529,) "at Sprewsel, a poor village, a good mile from Richmont,' Yorkshire, about 1324, and, according to his biographers, save Mr. Shirley, who is skeptical as regards this statement, educated at Queen's College and Merton College, Oxford, in 1361, (before which time he is said to have warmly opposed the Mendicant Orders;) was made Warden or Master of Balliol Hall, and in the same year was presented to the rectory of Fylingham or Fillingham, Yorkshire; was subsequently Rector of Ludgershall; in 1365 appears to have resigned the mastership of Balliol Hall for that of Canterbury Hall, but was ejected in 1366; became Rector of Lutterworth, Leicestershire, 1374, and Prebendary of Worcester, 1375; was arraigned for heresy, by a convocation of the clergy at St. Paul's, in 1377, and again, by order of Pope Gregory, at the same place, in 1378; d. at his rectory of Lutterworth, after an indefatigable warfare against the corruptions of faith and practice then prevalent, Dec. 31, 1384. About thirty years after his death, i.e. on May 5, 1415, the Council of Constance (the same assembly of saints which burned John Huss and Jerome of Prague) condemned forty-five articles maintained by Wycliffe, as heretical, false, and erroneous, and ordered that his bones should be dug out of consecrated ground and cast on a dunghill. This disgraceful sentence-there was some manhood left in England-was not executed until 1428, when orders were sent by Pope Clement VIII. to the Bishop of Lincoln to have it strictly carried out. Therefore, after a rest of forty-four years, his remains were exhumed and burnt; and the ashes were cast into the Swift, (a branch of the Avon,) which runs by the foot of the hill on which the town of Lutterworth is built. "Thus," exclaims the eloquent Fuller," this brook did convey his ashes into Avon; Avon into Severn; Severn into the narrow sea; and this into the wide ocean. And so the ashes of Wickliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which is now dispersed all the world over."-Fuller's Church History. Thus beautifully rendered by Wordsworth: Yea, his dry bones to ashes are consumed, Of Severn-Severn to the narrow seas—- By truth, shall spread throughout the world dispersed." "The grain of mustard-seed which was now sown became a great tree. The doctrine which Wycliffe propagated with so much zeal and ability could not again be suppressed: the seat of Antichrist was gradually shaken from its old foundation; and the impulse which he gave to religious inquiry is apparently destined to reach the latest ages of futurity. His theological opinions cannot be detailed in this brief and imperfect notice. It may, however, be remarked that he clearly anticipated the most distinguishing doctrines of the Protestants, and that his opinions on certain points present an obvious coincidence with those of Calvin. . . . The influence of Wycliffe's doctrines soon extended from England to the Continent, and their connexion with the subsequent progress of the Reformation may very easily be traced. The next conspicnous stage was the kingdom of Bohemia. The King of Bohemia's sister was the consort of Richard the Second, and she came to England in the year 1382, She was a religious princess, and constantly studied the four Gospels in English, explained by the expositions of the doctors, The Bohemians who had frequented her court returned to their own country, and carried along with them some of the works of the great Reformer, which, being written in Latin, were intelligible to the learned of all the European nations. Jerome of Prague, who had studied in the University of Oxford, is said to have translated many of his works into the Bohemian language; but, according to another and more probable account, he only copied some of them in England, and carried the transcripts to Bohemia. By this eminent person, and by his pious leader John Huss, the writings and character of Wycliffe were held in the highest veneration; and they endeavoured to follow his foot steps, by contributing to remove the corruptions of the church.” -DAVID IRVING, LL.D.: Encyc. Brit., 8th ed., xxi., 1860, 947, art. Wycliffe. Had it not been for the obstinate perverseness of our prelates against the divine and admirable spirit of Wickliffe, to suppress him as a schismatic and innovator, perhaps neither the Bohemian Husse and Jerome, no, nor the name of Luther or of Calvin, had ever been known: the glory of reforming all our neighbours had been completely ours. But now, as our obdurate clergy have with violence demeaned the matter, we are become the latest and the backwardest scholars of whom God offered to have made us the teachers."-JOHN MILTON: Areopagitica: A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing to the Parliament of England, 1644. "Wickliff, that Englishman honoured of God to be the first preacher of a general reformation to all Europe."-JOHN MILTON: Tetrachordon. But, on the other hand,-for I desire to do justice to all sides in the controversies which come under my notice, a justification of the condemnation of Wycliffe is attempted by Heribertus Rosweydus in his De Fide Hæreticis Servanda ex Decreto Concilii Constantiensis Dissertatio cum Daniele Plancio, Scholæ Delphensis Moderatore; in qua quæ de Husso Historia est excutitur, Antverpiæ, 1610, 8vo. I continue notices of Wycliffe: "Vir excellenti ingenio, magno animo, et pietate solida præstans, sed quem linguarum sacrarum peritia, literarumque elegantiorum studia deficiebant.”—JABLONSKI: Instit. Hist. Christ., i. 329. "The English had not for ages been bigoted Papists. In the fourteenth century, the first, and perhaps the greatest, of the reformers, John Wickliffe, had stirred the public mind to its inmost depths. . . . It is clear that a hundred years before the time of Luther a great party in this kingdom was eager for a change, at least as extensive as that which was subsequently effected by Henry the Eighth."-LORD MACAULAY: Nares's Memoirs of Lord Burghley: Edin. Rev., April, 1832, 287, and in his Essays. "During the session of the Popes for seventy years to Avignon, and the schism which ensued on their return to Italy, not only grew up the strong league of the hierarchy against the autocracy of the Pope; . . . in England also had appeared the first powerful adversary of the whole hierarchial system, and sowed deep in the popular mind thoughts, opinions, passions, which eventually led to the emancipation of mankind from sacerdotal and from Latin Christianity. The first teacher who shook with any lasting effect the dominion of the hierarchy the harbinger, at least, if not the first apostle, of Teutonic Christianity-was John Wycliffe. As with his contemporary and most congenial spirit, Chaucer, rose English poetry,... was Wycliffe the Father of English prose: rude, but idiomatic, biblical in much of its picturesque phraseology, at once highly coloured by and colouring the Translation of the Scriptures.. Wycliffe had now at least begun his great work, the Complete English Version of the Scriptures; and as the work proceeds it more entirely engrosses his mind, and assumes its place as the sole authority for religious belief. It must have been sent out and widely promulgated in different portions, or it could not, before the days of printing, have become so familiar to the popular mind as to give ground to the bitter complaint of one of Wycliffe's adversaries [see Knighton, in Twys. Dec. Scrip., i. 2644] that laymen and women who could read were better acquainted with the Scripture than the most learned and intelli ... 80 gent of the clergy.... His industry, even in those laborious days, was astonishing. The number of his books, mostly indeed brief tracts, baffles calculation. Two hundred are said to have been burned in Bohemia. How much of the translation of the Scriptures he executed himself is not precisely known; but, even if in parts only superintended, it was a prodigious achievement for one man, so deeply involved as he was in polemical warfare with the hierarchy, the monks, and the Mendicant Orders. He was acknowledged to be a consummate master in the dialectics of the Schools: he was the pride as well as the terror of Ox ford. He was second to none,' so writes a monk, [Knighton,]' in philosophy; in the discipline of the schools, incomparable.' In this, indeed, appear at once his strength and the source of the apparent contradictions in the style and matter of his writings. Wycliffe was a subtile schoolman and a popular religious pamphleteer. He addressed the students of the University in the language and in the logic of their schools; he addressed the vulgar, which included no doubt the whole laity and a vast number of the parochial clergy, in the simplest and most homely vernacular phrase. Hence he is, as it were, two writers: his Latin is dry, argumentative, syllogistic, abstruse, obscure; his English rude, coarse, but clear, emphatic, brief, vehement, with short sting ng sentences, and perpetual hard antithesis.. Wycliff's Bible, as translated from the Vulgate, had not so entirely shaken off the trammels of Latinity as our later versions; but this first bold assertion of Teutonic independence immeasurably strengthened, even in its language, that independence. It tasked the language, as it were, to its utmost vigour, copiousness, and flexibility, and, by thus putting it on its trial, forced out all those latent and undeveloped qualities. It was constantly striving to be English, and by striving became so more and more. Compare the freedom and versatility of Wycliffe's Bible with Wycliffe's Tracts! Wycliffe has not only advanced in the knowledge of purer and more free religion, he is becoming a master of purer and more free English."-II. H. MILMAN: Hist. of Lat. Chris., vii., b. xiii. ch. vi., and viii., b. xiv. ch. vii, See, also, WYKEHAM, WILLIAM. The first edition of Wycliffe's translation, The New Testament, Translated out of the Latin Vulgat, by John Wielif, S.T.D., about 1378, to which is Præfixt, &c., Lon., 1731, fol., 150 copies, we have already noticed, (LEWIS, JOHN, No. 4.) There was subsequently published The New Testament, Translated from the Latin, in the Year 1380, by John Wycliff, D.D.; to which are prefixed Memoirs of the Life, Opinions, and Writings of Dr. Wycliff, and an Historical Account of the Saxon and English Versions of the Scriptures previous to the Fifteenth Century; by the Rev. Henry Hervey Baber, M.A., 1810, 4to; 1. p., r. 4to, £1 118. 6d. Wycliffe's New Testament was also published in Bagster's English Hexapla, 1841, 4to. There has since appeared Wycliffe's New Testament: the First Translation into English, and now for the First Time Printed from a Contemporary MS. written about 1380, formerly in the Monastery of Sion, and late in the Collection of Lea Wilson, F.S.A., Pickering, printed in black letter by C. Whittingham, Chiswick Press, 1848, sm. 4to, on thick paper, £2 28.; antique calf, £2 12s. 6d. On vellum, 2 or 3 copies: Maskell, May, 1854, £18 18s. This version is earlier than the one published by Lewis, and differs greatly from it. See, also, The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels in Parallel Columns, with the Versions of Wycliffe and Tyndale: Arranged, with Preface and Notes, by the Rev. Jos. Bosworth, Professor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford; Assisted by G. Waring, Esq., M.A., Lon., J. R. Smith, 1865, 8vo, 128. 6d. "This book is a great boon to the students of English."Lon. Reader 1865, ii. 650. "Of the merit attaching to their [the translators of "King James's"] version, a considerable share belongs to Tyndale. Parker's Bible was the professed basis, and that was a version of Cranmer's. Cranmer's Bible was chiefly a correction of Matthews's, or, in other words, of Tyndale's, so far as Tyndale had translated. Thus King James's translation resolves itself at last in no small measure into Tyndale's; and when we consider the adverse circumstances continually pressing upon that noble-minded man, with the little assistance he could obtain, the work which he produced assumes a pre-eminent position amid the immortal monuments of human learning and skill."— Bibl. Cyc., ii. 919. See, also, (Lon.) Quar. Rev., 1870, (Early Translations of the Bible into English.) A manuscript of Wycliffe's New Testament, with a version of the Lessons and Epistles, written about 1380, comprised in 2 vols. small 12mo, formerly in the possession of Sir Edward Dering, was sold from the library of Dean Conybeare, Dec. 1857, for £145. Selections from Wycliffe's New Testament will be found in Cruttwell's edition of Bishop Thomas Wilson's Bible, Bath, 1785, 3 vols. 4to. But it is only within the last twenty years that the whole of Wycliffe's version was given to the world: The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions, made from the Latin Vulgate, by John Wycliffe and his Followers; Edited by the Rev. Josiah Forshall, F.R.S., and Sir Frederick Madden, K.H., F.R.S., Oxford University Press, 1850, 4 vols. r. 4to, £5 158. 6d. The editors laboured more or less on this work for nearly twenty years. 170 MSS. were collected. Various readings, a glossary, historical preface, description of the MSS., &c., add greatly to the value of the volumes. the sale of Archbishop Tenison's MSS., July 1, 1861, a portion of Wycliffe's translation of the Old Testament, written on vellum, was sold for £150. EDITIONS OF WYCLIFFE'S TREATISES. At 1. Jo. Wiclefi Dialogorum Libri quatuor, (Basil,) 1525, 4to. See Ames's Typ. Antiq., 1535. Ames gave for a copy at Dr. Evans's sale £3 14s. Hanrott, Pt. 4, £2 38.; Gardner, 2439, £2 168.; J. Lilly's Cat., Nov.-Dec. 1857, p. 86, £6 68.; Sotheby's, Aug. 1860, from the La Vallière Library, £5 2s. 6d.; B. Quaritch's Gen. Cat., 1868, 1189, £6 68. Ex editione L. P. Wirthii, Francof., 1753, 4to: Hanrott, Pt. 4, 168.; Baireuth, 1754, 4to. 2. Wycklyffes Wycket; whyche he made in Kynge Rycard's Days the Second in the Yere of our Lorde God MCCCXLV., &c., Imprynted at Norenburch, 1546, 16mo. Inglis, 1550, £2 58. Wicklieffes Wicket, Faythfully ouerscene and corrected after the originall and first Copie, &c., 8. 1. et a., (1548,) 16mo. Bindley, Pt. 4, 481, 178.; resold, Mitford, April, 1860, £4 138. Again, 1552, 12mo. See Willis & Sotheran's Cat., 1862, No. 14981. Wickleffe's Wicket, or a learned and godly Treatise of the Sacrament made by John Wickliffe, Oxf., 1612, 4to. Reprinted, edited by T. P. Pantin, Oxf., 1828, sq. 12mo: a few copies only. 3. The True Copye of a Prolog wrytten about Two C years past by John Wyckliffe; the originall |