The Council met on December 2nd. Twenty-three members were present. Professor W. H. Hudson, in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman, presided.

It was decided, on the motion of Mr. Charles, to appoint a Special Committee to select fit persons to act as Local Correspondents in all centres in the United Kingdom where the Guild is at present unrepresented.

The arrangements for the Bath Conference made by the Executive Committee were approved.

It was decided to establish Teachers' Guild Lectures on educational subjects, and that the first of them should be given in March, 1894.

The Executive Committee was instructed to memorialize Government in favour of early legislation on the Registration of Teachers, and to ask that a Royal Commission be appointed to make recommendations concerning the organization of secondary education.

The Executive Committee met on December 14th, the Rev. the Hon. E. Lyttelton, Chairman, presiding. Nine members were present. The heads of the Memorial on the Organization of Secondary Education were settled.

A letter to the Trustees of the Gilchrist Educational Trust, asking for a donation to the funds of the Educational Museum, was drafted.

Fifty members were elected by the Council and Executive Committee, viz., Central Guild, 18; Aberdeen Branch, 20; Norwich Branch, 7; and West Kent Branch, 5.

Museum.-There are many new exhibits of pictures and wall maps in the Geographical Section, which will be ready early in the year. Amongst them are twenty new wall maps, by Kiepert, sent by Reimer & Co. The Hon. Curator will be in the Museum on Saturday mornings during February to show how the models, &c., can be used. A notice of hours, &c., will be sent with the February Journal. In the Historical Section, progress is being made with the Hellenic exhibits, and there are already a model of the front of a Greek Temple, a doll with various Greek costumes, ground plans and views of the Parthenon and other temples, &c.

METROPOLITAN SECTIONS.

Section A.-Miss Margaret Carter, L. R. A. M., A.R.C.M., gave a lecture at the Skinners' School, Stamford Hill, on November 13th, on "Music; its Growth, Form, and Power." It was first pointed out how largely music entered into our social life. Secondly, that music, when properly taught, was a great educational power, developing thought, reason, accuracy, and taste; and should, therefore, enter into the curriculum of every school. The parrot-like teaching so often met with was strongly objected to as being detrimental alike to child and to

art.

The lecturer then gave a short historical sketch of the development of music, from the music of savages, without form or harmony, to the highly-developed, exquisitely finished and powerful music of Beethoven. As illustrations were played some old airs, Bach's "Fugue No. 14" and Beethoven's " Appassionata Sonata." The brilliant rendering of Beethoven's great work was enthusiastically received.

Section B.-On Friday, 2nd February, there will be a lecture on "Some Aspects of Art in the National Gallery," illustrated with lantern views of some of the pictures, by Miss A. R. Evans, at Highbury High School, Canonbury Place, N., at 8 p.m. Open to members of other Sections. On 23rd February, Dr. Fitch will give a lecture on "Thomas and Matthew Arnold." Open to members of other Sections.

BRANCHES.

Aberdeen. The Annual Conversazione was held on November 3rd in the Free Church College, and there was a large attendance of members. The floral decorations were tastefully arranged. The programme included an address from the Chairman of the Branch Council (the Rev. Professor Kennedy, D.D.), music, and readings, and the members passed a very pleasant evening together.

دو

Exeter. On November 18th a meeting of the Branch was, by the kind permission of Miss Turner, held in the hall of the Exeter High School for Girls. There was a large attendance of members and nonmembers, who, on their arrival, were entertained to an "At Home by Miss Karslake. Mr. Cunningham, Headmaster of Exeter School, took the chair, and Mr. C. D. Acland read an interesting paper on "Teachers' Registration," which was followed by discussion. The chairman announced that the local Guild had been duly affiliated by the Council. A vote of thanks was warmly accorded to Mr Acland for his address. Mr. Acland and Mr. Brodie have joined the Branch. Glasgow.The council of the Branch have arranged the following programme for the current session :-October 16th, Introductory Social Meeting in Cockburn's Hotel, Bath Street; November 6th, Acting President's Inaugural Address "The Novel" (Prof. A. C. Bradley, M.A.); December 4th, Discussion on the Teaching of History (Introduced by Geo. McDonald, Esq., Albion Crescent School, and Dr. Rose, E. C. Training College); December 18th, Notes of Educational Tour in the United States (Miss Galloway, Queen Margaret College); Wednesday, January 17th, Conversazione (chairman-Prof. A. C. Bradley, M.A.); February 5th, "Spectroscopy in its application to Stellar Astronomy" (L. Becker, Esq., Ph.D., Regius Professor of Astronomy, Glasgow University); February 19th, "Kindergarten

System of teaching French" (Mdlle. Eugénie Lacaille, 14 Hamilton Park Terrace); "The Study of Modern Languages in British and in German Universities (Dr. Alex. Tille, Queen Margaret College); March 12th, "Methods of teaching to Read" (Miss Ellen S. Watson, B.A., 8, Woodside Crescent); "Another World and its Inhabitants" (T. Mackenzie Morrison, Esq., M. A., E. C. Training College); April 16th, Discussion on the Teaching of Modern Languages (Introduced by A. J. Ashton, Esq., M. A., Kelvinside Academy, and Wm. Thomson, Esq., B. A., Hutcheson's Girls' School); May 7th, "Tragedy and Comedy in Literature and Life" (Rev. John Hunter, D.D., Trinity Congregational Church); May 21st, General business meeting.

Norwich.-The Master of Trinity (Dr. Montague Butler) gave a lecture on November 24th, under the auspices of the Norwich Centre of the National Home Reading Union and the Branch of the Guild, on "Some English Orators." The Bishop of Norwich presided. The lecture dealt chiefly with Pitt, Fox, and John Bright, and was frequently applauded by a large audience.

Three Towns (Plymouth, &c.).-There was a good attendance at the first meeting for the session of the Branch, on November 10th, under the presidency of Mr. D. Slater, M. A. The subject for discussion was the Secondary Education Bill. It was introduced by Mr. F. II. Colson, M.A., who considered that the Oxford Conference in October last showed that the country is not yet ripe for legislation upon this matter. In his opinion the Bill did not provide for the efficient inspection of schools. What was wanted was a Bill which would bring all schools under Government inspection, to some extent at least, and which would also prevent the waste of energy which characterizes the present competitive system. Clever boys are now retained by headmasters of schools, when they ought really to pass on to larger and more efficient schools. It would be difficult to decide what schools are conducted for private profit, as some so-called public schools are really under private control. If the power to subsidise schools were left to local authorities, great disputes and jealousies would be likely to arise. As to the question of training, there would be no difficulty in the way of providing training colleges, but would secondary teachers avail themselves of them? The offer of scholarships by local authorities seemed to him a waste of public money, as these scholarships would sooner or later fall to the preparatory schools, where they were not needed.-An interesting discussion followed, in which Miss Turnbull, Rev. J. M. Hodge, Messrs. A. J. Rider, C. S. Jago, T. F. White, F. H. Thomas, Mrs. Wakeford, Miss Kendal, and Mr. G. P. Dymond took part. The prevailing opinion was that whilst some system of inspection seemed desirable, yet the whole question of secondary education needed fuller consideration than it had yet received before any satisfactory legislation could be arrived at. Miss Field (Plymouth High School) lectured to the Branch on December 1st, on "Methods of Teaching Euclid." She considered that young pupils might well begin with Book II., with the aid of papercutting. A course of practical geometry should precede all teaching of Euclid, and an account should be given of some of the leading mathematicians. Riders should be worked from the first, and on no account should pupils be allowed to learn propositions by heart. Letters and diagrams should be used which differed from those in the textbooks. She approved, however, of abbreviations and all time-saving processes, and shorter proofs than Euclid's should certainly be adopted in many cases. Examiners should accept these if a candidate thoroughly understood his subject. By the uses of simpler methods she believed that a child's reasoning powers might be developed earlier, and a good basis secured for future studies. Mr. W. G. Tweedy considered that Euclid's methods should be followed in the main, though he had used Nixon's "Euclid Revised" with advantage. If practical geometry preceded Euclid, boys became impatient of Euclid's more elaborate processes. Mr. D. Slater thought it would be a great gain if the Cambridge University would issue an authorized text-book with a revision of Euclid's propositions, and including some of the most important riders. Messrs. Jago, Treglohan, White, and Dymond also took part in the discussion, and a vote of thanks to Miss Field was unanimously carried. The next lecture will be by the president (Mr. D. Slater, M.A.), on January 26th. Subject-"The Teaching of English."

Presented per Miss II. Busk:-Lübke's History of Art, 2 vols. ; Naumann's History of Music, 2 vols.; Mills' Realm of Nature; Renton's English Literature; Muirhead's Elements of Ethics; McKendrick's Physiology of the Senses; Minto's Logic, Deductive and Inductive; Mallet's French Revolution; Caldecott's English Colonization; Teaching of Drawing, by T. H. Morris; Macaulay, by J. C. Morison; Goldsmith, by W. Black; Gray, by Edmund Gosse; Hume, by Professor Huxley; Burke, by John Morley; Johnson, by Leslie Stephen; Bacon, by R. W. Church; Milton, by M. Pattison; Dryden, by G. Saintsbury; Bunyan, by J. A. Froude; Coleridge, by H. D. Traill;

Chaucer, by A. W. Ward; Cowper, by G. Smith; Gibbon, by J. C. Morison; Wordsworth, by F. W. Myers; Scott, by R. H. Hutton; Pope, by L. Stephen; Lamb, by A. Ainger; Sheridan, by Mrs Oliphant; Spencer, by R. W. Church; Locke, by T. Fowler; Addison, by W. J. Courthope.

Presented by the proprietors of the Journal of Education:-The bound volume of the Journal of Education for 1893; Education in the Industrial and Fine Arts, Part 2, and Part 2 with Appendices and Index; Report of the Commissioner of Education, Vols. 1 and 2.

Presented by W. S. Munroe, Esq. :-The Addresses and Record of Proceedings of the State Teachers' Association, and the American University and the American Man.

Presented by the Cambridge University Press :-Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, by A. W. Verity; English Grammar, by A. S. West.

Presented by Messrs. Jarrold & Sons :-Introduction to the Study of the French Verb, by C. A. Gould.

Presented by Mr. T. Laurie :-Outlines of the English Constitution, by J. S. Laurie.

Presented by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. :-Elementary Trigonometry, by Hall and Knight (two copies); Thucydides, Book VII., by E. C. Marchant.

Presented by Messrs. G. Philip & Son :-Physical Drill of All Nations, by A. Alexander, F.R.G.S.

Presented by The University Correspondence College:-London B.A. Directory for 1893; History of Rome, 78-31 B.C., by A. H. Allcroft.

Presented by Messrs. Williams & Norgate :-German Composition, by A. J. Ulrich.

Presented by Messrs. Whittaker & Co. :-Freytag's Soll und Haben, adapted and annotated for school use by Hanby Crump.

Purchased :

Report of Conference on Secondary Education at Oxford.
Morley's English Writers, Vol. X.

Murray's Dictionary (Con to Crouching).
Green's Illustrated History, Vol. III.

BROTHER AZARIAS.

HAVING read with great pleasure some of the works of Brother Azarias, and having been struck with the richness of thought, which showed his mastery over such works as those of Dante and of Thomas à Kempis, one was surprised to read, in the American Educational Review for December, an account of him as a great educationalist. His real name was Patrick Francis Mullany, and he was born in Ireland 11847. He went to America while still a child, and entered the novitiate of the Brothers of the Christian Schools at the age of fifteen. In 1866, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and English Literature, which post he held until 1877, when he came to England, and spent a couple of years studying at the great libraries of London and Paris. On his return to America, he was made President of Rock Hill College, a post which he held until 1886, when his health again necessitated another journey to Europe. In 1889 he again returned to New York, where he was made Professor of English Literature at the De la Salle Institution.

Brother Azarias was one of the founders and trustees of the Catholic Summer School of America. It was for this institution that, in July, 1893, he delivered a course of lectures on "Educational Epochs," and at the close of it he was seized with an attack of pneumonia, which carried him off on August 20th. The respect in which he was held was manifested at his funeral, when St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, was filled with mourners, ecclesiastics and teachers, both Catholic and Protestant.

He has left no purely pedagogical work, although, if his articles in the educational magazines were collected, they would form a good-sized volume.

His great work is, perhaps, his "Aristotle and the Christian Church"; but it is in his "Philosophy of Literature," and his "Phases of Thought on Criticism," that we see the acuteness of his judgment and the correctness of his taste.

GILCHRIST TRAVELLING SCHOLARSHIP.-The award of this scholarship for 1894 was in the hands of the Council of the Cambridge Training College. They have awarded it to Miss Willis, a member of the staff, and also a lecturer under the Cambridgeshire County Council on "Domestic Science." Miss Willis has had many years' experience in teaching, and has already inspected several of the schools in Paris. She is going to travel for four months in France and Belgium, and intends to report specially on the teaching of modern languages, the teaching of domestic science, and the training of teachers. Miss Willis is an old student of the College.

* H. Holts & Co., New York; F. Norgate & Co., London.

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A FIRST FRENCH COURSE. BY JAMES BOIELLE, Senior French Master at Dulwich College, &c. Cloth, Is. 6d.

Mr. Boïelle's long experience in teaching has enabled him to produce exactly the book required for teaching French to English boys on a sound and intelligent basis. A FIRST FRENCH READER. By W. J. GREENSTREET, M.A. Progressive Lessons for Translation, with Corresponding Exercises in Composition based on the French Lessons. Crown 8vo, cloth, Is. TWO NEW FRENCH READING-BOOKS. EDITED BY J. BOÏELLE. BALZAC.-Une Ténébreuse Affaire. Cloth, Is. 6d. net. STAHL.-Maroussia. A Stirring Tale of Adventure. Cloth,

"Mr. Tollemache's essays seem to us to possess literary merit of a rare and high order. He is not only pleasantly anecdotic; he is eminently sympathetic, ingenious, thoughtful, and appreciative, and many of these qualities are also exhibited in his more speculative and less personal papers. His recollections of Grote, Charles Austin, and Pattison are full of interesting anecdote and suggestive comment, while those of Babbage, Sir Charles Wheatstone, Dean Stanley, and Canon The Recollections of Kingsley belong to the same order. Pattison' are very charming."-TIMES.

"The volumes are witty and interesting, and besprinkled throughout with the dew of wide and unusual reading. Particularly in his resort to apt classical quotation does Mr. Tollemache preserve an honourable literary tradition in a way which now seems a little old-fashioned, though agreeable from its very quaintness as well as its frequent pungency. ... The Recollections of Pattison' are thoroughly delightful. Based upon a long friendship, and upon a certain affinity, they are altogether charming in their mingled analysis and reminiscence, narrative and anecdote. We take pleasure in commending these books for their biographical interest, which in parts is of the greatest, as well as for the refinement and learning that pervade them throughout.”—THE NATION (New York).

"Since the death of Hayward, we know no English littérateur who has, in the same degree as Mr. Tollemache, the happy knack of recollecting or collecting the characteristic sayings and doings of a distinguished man, and piecing them together in a finished mosaic." -DAILY CHRONICLE.

"That Mr. Tollemache has an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes is not saying much; but what is remarkable is the skill, the aptness, the felicity with which he applies them. . . . Mrs. Tollemache's poems are penetrated with a love of nature truly Wordsworthian. been long since we read anything so interesting, amusing, and delightful as 'Safe Studies.'"-GALIGNANT'S MESSENGER.

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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

THE

A SYSTEM OF SECONDARY EDUCATION.

HE school system of the State of New York is entitled to recognition among national systems of education. Its worth has been tested by more than a century of trial, and in no point has it shown conspicuous weakness. The ever-increasing demands of a new State, and of a society composed of the most heterogeneous elements, would have undone a less efficient institution. But there was nothing haphazard in the work of the founders of the young republic. The political exigencies of the decade 1780-90 brought to the service of the State men thoroughly devoted to her welfare. And who shall say that the times were not such as to call forth the best thought of the best men? Provision for the higher education* of youth was among the first acts of the State legislature. Within six months after the end of the war, a law was passed creating the University of the State of New York; three years later, in 1787, this law was revised and amended, and in its extended form it remained the code for secondary schools and colleges till 1889.

*After reading a report of the Oxford Conference on Secondary Education, I feel that it is necessary to define the grades of education as they are understood in America. By the term primary," cr elementary," we mean the education that obtains in the common schools and in the lowest grades of city schools; by "secondary" is implied all that lies between the primary school on the one hand and the college on the other, but for convenience of designation the city grammar school grades are often termed "intermediate" between the ward schools and the high schools; higher education strictly belongs to the college and University, but in New York all above the primary grades is called “higher,” because incorporated parts of the University of the State. Roughly speaking, a pupil spends six years in the primary, three in the grammar and four in the high-school grades. Each grade articulates with the next higher; the course, so far as definitely fixed, is continuous from the country district school to the University.—J. E. R,