named by himself, to name the police commissioners and assistants: "and as," it was added, “according to the eleventh article of the constitution, these appointments belong to the senate, the three courts intend to modify the article in this respect. The appointment of the head of the police will remain with the senate; but the three courts expect that its choice will be communicated to their Residents, in order that it may be seen whether there is any objection to the selection on their part; for the courts will never consent to see at the head of a branch of the public service, so essential to the security of Cracow itself, and of the neighbouring provinces, a man who does not offer by his previous conduct a perfect guarantee of the rectitude of his political sentiments." Lastly, no foreigner was to be allowed to enter the territory of Cracow, without having -first, a passport, secondly, certificates showing that his political conduct had been inoffensive, and, thirdly, a permission from the president, countersigned by the residents of the three powers. Persons from the environs, having certificates from the local authorities, would be permitted to remain in Cracow for three days. The three ministers who signed the official note, containing these demands, assured the senate that there was nothing in it which could be considered a violation of the charter of the republic.

But their demands did not stop even here. Before the end of the year, additional notes were presented to the senate, requiring that the censorship of all publications should be more rigorously enforced, and that no work should be published, without the appro

bation of the residents; that all foreign publications, the admission of which was forbidden in the states of the three allied sovereigns, should be likewise prohibited in Cracow ; that a chair of the Russian language should be established in the University of the Jagellons, and the students of the University be compelled to learn that language and the German, because this would tend to draw closer the ties that ought to connect the protected and protectors; that the erection of two Greek churches, for the members of that persuasion, and the maintenance of their priests, and other expenses, should be defrayed by the Government of the republic; and that the clergymen of that religion should be under the jurisdiction of Russian bishops. To crown all, the protecting courts set the constitution and very existence of the republic so completely at defiance, that they even interdicted the sitting of its legislature. The Diet of Cracow, which assembles only every three years, was to meet in December. The elections took place in October, with perfect order and decorum. But the residents of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, either dissatisfied with the result of the elections, or feeling the absurdity of a national representative body existing along with a foreign military tyranny, issued a decree in the end of November, postponing indefinitely, the convocation of the Diet. The

Austrian troops took up their winter-quarters in Cracow, under this pretext, among others, that the militia was not yet re-organised, while the citizens alleged that it was only the protecting powers themselves who had prevented that re-organisation, and, moreover, had prevented it wilfully.

N the end of 1835, public affairs

of Greece had already fallen into such confusion, that the king of Bavaria found it necessary to visit the country in person, with the view of restoring tranquillity, and rendering less unpopular the government of his son. His efforts did not appear to be altogether without effect. Although Count Armansperg still continued to be the principal depository of the royal confidence, some regulations were adopted to diminish, at least, the hated preponderance of Bavarian officials in the different departments of the public service. A German still occupied the post of war minister, but the ministries of foreign affairs, of the interior, of justice, and of the marine, were placed in the hands of native Greeks. It was directed that, after the 1st of June in the present year, all ordinances and public documents should be promulgated in the Greek language only, and that a sufficient knowledge of that tongue should

be a necessary qualification in can

council of state was appointed, which consisted almost entirely of Greeks. The council considered the country already so far advanced as to justify them in issuing a decree for the establishment of a national bank. His majesty returned to Munich after a three months' residence in Greece, having ordered that he should be followed by a considerable portion of the Bavarian troops, the presence of whom contributed more than any thing else to excite jealousy and dissatisfaction.

In the early part of the year, however, the frontier districts towards Turkey were exposed incessantly to the ravages of lawless armed bands. These did not consist of masses of the population rising in rebellion against the government, or of bodies of the national military force seeking to regain their former irregular independence. They were composed of adventurers and depredators who

probably would have been equally the enemies of any government which opposed itself to their exploits of indiscriminate plunder; but they formed a nucleus round which all restless and discontented spirits might gather, and their continued progress, by diminishing the idea of power and security in the government, tended to cherish internal insubordination. When pressed in the field, these marauders retreated across the Turkish frontier, to receive encouragement, it was alleged, from the Turkish governors, and renew their ranks with Turkish recruits. The government resolved to make a strong effort to put down invaders, whose continued inroads not only exposed the inhabitants of the north-eastern frontier to the miseries of a very barbarous warfare, but threatened to become still more formidable by holding out a powerful seduction to the many unquiet spirits with which Greece still abounded. A strong additional force was brought into the field, and sent against the enemy who were ravaging the province of Valtos. The royal army engaged their main body, on the 23rd of April, at Fourcha and Retha, frontier villages of that province. The engagement, which was obstinately maintained for several hours, terminated favourably for the royal army. On the following day, the latter again at tacked the enemy with still more decisive success, and, in a third engagement, on the 25th, routed and dispersed the invaders, and took possession of the mountain passes of Thessaly.

This expedition, however, cost money; and, by its financial consequences, deprived the Greek government of the countenance of Russia. To induce the king of

Bavaria to allow his son to mount the Greek throne, Britain, France, and Russia had found it necessary to guarantee a loan of sixty millions of francs (2,400,000l.), to be raised for the service of the new state. The money was to be advanced in three equal instalments; two of them had been already paid, and the third was now demanded. Greece, on the other hand, had bound itself to apply the first proceeds of her revenues towards payment of the interest on this loan, and the creation of the sinking fund by which it was to be extinguished. The Greek government had not fulfilled this condition; its revenues, such as they were, had been spent on what it considered more pressing and immediate wants; every year had presented a deficiency; and the military expenditure incurred in putting down the freebooters who infested the frontier had rendered it more improbable than ever to make any payment to account of the debt. Russia, therefore, refused her consent to the third instalment being advanced, except in so far as it might be required to meet the dividends on those portions of the loan which had been already paid up. It was admitted, on all hands, that, without money, the government could not go on. King Otho, who had followed his father to Germany in search of a wife, and was married, in November, to the princess of Oldenburg, had refused, it was alleged, to return, unless money was procured; and Russia was accused of acting with a deliberate design to forward her own purposes, and increase her own influence, in Greece, by involving its government in embarrassments which might lead to confusion. Great Britain took the

burden upon herself: an act of parliament was passed authorising the government to guarantee the remaining part of the loan without the concurrence of either France or Russia.

The

With the exception of the disturbances on the frontiers, the country seemed to enjoy a considerable share of internal tranquillity-although the very discordant representations of different parties rendered it difficult to ascertain how matters really stood. pictures drawn by those who formed the foreign dynasty and government, exhibited only scenes of prosperity. The people were contented; taxes were cheerfully paid; agriculture was improving; building speculations were becoming popular; mail coaches were running; theatres were rising; and tranquillity and security every where prevailed. The opposition, on the other hand, adverse at bottom to the Bavarian dynasty, used very different colours. According to them, the people of Greece were utterly discontented because they were slighted and oppressed, deprived of the benefits of a free constitution, and handed over to the ambition and rapacity of foreigners: there was not a province in which either life or property was safe; not a week passed which did not exhibit acts of plunder perpetrated with impunity by roving armed bands in the interior of the country; and the inhabitants of the Peloponnesus had been allowed to carry arms for their own defence, because the government was unable to protect them. The newspaper called the Soter, which was the organ of the opposition, and had been prosecuted in the preceding year on account of its political delinquencies, was

again brought before the tribunals for indulging in delineations of this nature. The inferior court sentenced the editor to a year's imprisonment, and a fine of 2,000 drachmae. He appealed to the Areopagus, or Supreme Court of Cassation, which reversed the judgment. Various other journals of the same colour immediately sprung up, to preach the necessity of Greece being blessed with a constitution, and delivered from the presence of all foreigners.

TURKEY, in her internal relations, was still disturbed_by revolts in the western European provinces. The Albanian insurrection of the preceding year had been crushed by force, and policy was now employed to prevent its restoration, by bringing within the power of the Porte the leading men of the province who had wavered, or were suspected of being inclined to waver in their fidelity to the Turkish government. Intrigue and dissimulation enabled the Roumely Valessy to make himself master of the persons of the Pachas of Dilra, Elbassan, Ippeck, and Tyrana, and of the Beys of Cavaya and Berat. They were sent to Constantinople, where, although watched in reality as prisoners, they were ostensibly left at liberty, and treated with great apparent confidence, in order that the suspicions of their colleagues might be lulled asleep. Among the latter was Mahmoud, Pacha of Prisrend, whom the Porte regarded among its most formidable enemies. After many abortive attempts to over-reach this wily mountaineer, the Roumely Valessy succeeded in sowing dissension among his principal followers, and bribing the Pacha's brother, Emin

Bey, with the Pachalick itself. The Bey succeeded in seizing the government, but he did not seem more inclined than his predecessor to trust himself to the good faith of the Turkish authorities. Splendid presents and decorations, and promises still more magnificent, were successively employed to gratify his vanity and mislead him by his hopes. The Roumely Valessy, pretending that it was necessary for him to lead his army into Bosnia, to put down an insurrection which had broken out in that province, communicated to the new Pacha of Prisrend his wish that, during his absence, the whole of Northern Albania should be placed under the superintendence of a governor so active and zealous, and his desire that he should repair to his head quarters to receive the necessary instructions. The Pacha's ambition swallowed the gilded bait, and on his arrival at the Turkish camp, he was immediately put under arrest. The brother, who, by his defection, had been left without the means of defence, was then compelled to surrender himself and the castle of Prisrend, to which he had retired and forthwith both the brothers were sent prisoners to Constantinople.

The example of Albania did not prevent Ali Fidaah Pacha from trying, in the adjacent Bosnia, the game of revolt. During the summer and autumn, before the vizier of the province could bring together a body of troops sufficient to oppose him successfully, this rebel chief had made considerable progress in the northern districts of Bosnia, along the right bank of the river of the At last, the Vizier, having drawn together seven or

same name.

eight hundred regular troops, supported by a large body of Albanians, surprised the insurgents who, to the number of six thousand men, had allowed themselves to be drawn into a dangerous defile. They were defeated after a slight resistance. Their leader, with the remains of his army, endeavoured to make good his ground near Schebze, but the Albanians drove him from his position, and compelled him to retreat precipitately into the town which the sultan's troops entered nearly at the same moment. A sanguinary engagement in the streets ended in the burning of the town, and the expulsion of the insurgents. The latter retreated to Bielina, near the mouth of the Drina. The Vizier followed them and invested the place. After a bombardment, which reduced great part of the town to ashes, the insurgent chief was compelled to surrender, upona promise that his life would be spared.

In Kurdistan, likewise, the events of the war were favourable to the Porte. Redschid Pacha, moving from Diarbekir down the left bank of the Tigris, made himself master of several of the strong places of the Curds, some of them after an obstinate resistance, and inflicted a severe defeat on their main army near Altun Kupri, wh ch likewise fell into his hands as a consequence of the victory.

Constantinople itself was not free from dissatisfaction, excited by what all true Musselmen deemed a glaring violation of their religious creed on the part of the Sultan. To prevent the return of the faithful to idolatry, the Koran had severely prescribed all representations of animated beings. This precept had continued so firmly fixed in the principles and practice