tions, i. 113; adapted to live on trees, i. 114. Smyth, Capt., experiments on Mas. sey's log and bottles sunk in a deep sea, i. 261. Soemmering, Professor, pterodac- tyle described by, i. 172. Soldani, his collection of fossil shells in Tuscany, i. 97.
Solenhofen, pterodactyle found at, i. 171, 172; libellula and other insects found at, i. 171; fossil fishes of, i. 203; fossil crustace- ans from, i. 292. Species, changes of, indicate changes of climate, i. 96.
Speeton, hamites found at, i. 277. Spiders, fossil in jurassic and terti- ary strata, i. 306. Spinax acanthius, horny dorsal spine of, i. 220. Spirula, derived from a sepia, i. 273, 239; ii. 63. Springs, how supplied by stratified rocks, i. 62; origin and impor- tance of, i. 415, 418; ordinary supply of rivers by, i. 416; causes of their production, i. 416; sup- ply from rain water, i. 417, 418; systems of, near Bath, i. 418; produced in Derbyshire, by faults, i. 418; two systems of, originat- ing in faults, i. 418; local causes of irregularities in, 424. Squaloids, extent of, 287. Stark, Dr., on changes of colour in fishes, i. 163. Star fish, number of ossicula in, i. 332.
Steam power, prodigious effect of,
i. 399; amount of, employed in Cornwall and in England, i. 400. Stelleridans, geological commence- ment of, i. 313; structure of fos- sil, similar to that of existing spe- cies, i. 313. Steneosaurus genus established by St. Hilaire, i. 193. Sternberg, Count, his Flore du Monde primitif, i. 343; on cy- cadea and zamites in the coal formation, i. 369; his discovery of fossil scorpions, i. 306. Stigmaria, form and character of, i. 357, 358; dome-shaped trunk, i.
357; internal structure of, i. 358; probable aquatic habit of, i. 359. St. Hilaire, Geoffroy de, his new genera of fossil crocodileans, i. 193.
St. Ouen, Artesian well at, i. 419. Stones, none have existed in their present state for ever, i. 426. Stonesfield, mixture of marine and terrestrial animals in oolite at, i. 99; pterodactyle found at, i. 171; megalosaurus found at, i. 180; scales of testudinata found at, i. 197; castings of marine worms at, i. 198; remains of marsupialia found at, i. 203; rhyncholites found at, i. 241.
Stratified rocks, aggregate thickness of, i. 38.
Straus, on eyes of insects, &c. i. 299.
Sturgeons, functions of living spe- cies, i. 212. Sublimation, theory of veins filled by, i. 411.
Succession, eternal, of species dis- proved by phenomena of primary rocks, i. 51.
Sumner, Bishop, his records of Creator, i. 35. Superposition, regular order of in strata, i. 16. Surturbrand, brown coal of Iceland, i. 381, 382. Syringodendron, name applied to many species of sigillaria, i. 352.
Tankerville, Lady, Zamia in conser- vatory of, i. 371.
Taylor, Mr. R. C, on fossil fuci in
Pennsylvania, i. 340.
Taylor, Mr. I. C., on duty of steam
engines, i. 398 et seq.; on bene- ficial disposition of metals, i. 413. Teleosaurus, genus of, established by St. Hilaire, i. 193; skeleton of from Whitby, i. 193. Temperature, changes indicated by fossil vegetables, 341; proofs of gradual diminution of, i. 380. Tertiary strata, character of, i. 66; character of their fossil vegeta- bles, i. 341.
Testudo græca, recent footsteps of, i. 199.
Theories, Huttonian and Werne- rian, 43, 411.
Thompson, Mr., pentacrinus euro- pæus discovered by, i. 325. Thomas, Mr. R., map and sections of mining district near Redruth, i. 411.
Tiedemann, on bones in star-fish, i. 332.
Tilgate forest, reptiles discovered
by Mr. Mantell in, i. 99. Time, lapse of long periods univer- sally admitted, i, 21; proof of long lapse of, i. 96; proof of lapse of, during deposition of strata, i. 285.
Torpedo, fossil in tertiary strata, i.
Torre D'Orlando, fishes perished suddenly at, i. 102.
Tortoises, number of existing fa- milies, i. 195; divisions of fossil ditto, i. 195; extent of fossil spe- cies, i. 195; marine species from Glaris, i. 196; fossil land spe- cies, rare, i. 197; footsteps of in Scotland, i. 198; fresh-water species, locality of, i. 197. Tour, supposed of a foreigner through England, i. 13. Tours, Artesian wells in chalk of, i. 423.
Townsend Mr., on origin of springs, i. 416. Trachelipods, two sections of, car- nivorous and herbivorous, i. 225; carnivorous, perforate living shells, i. 226; carnivorous rare before the tertiary strata, i. 227; herbivorous, extend through all strata to the present time, i. 227; carnivorous succeeded to functions of extinct carnivorous cephalopods, i. 227, 236. Trachyte, character and phenomena of, ii. 7.
Trap, various phenomena of, ii. 6. Transition series, history and extent
of, i. 55; strata, character of their fossil vegetables, i. 341. Transmutation of species, disproved in the case of fishes, i. 223; the- ory of, opposed by trilobites and
animals allied to them, i. 298; associated with developement by Lamark, 435.
Trevelyan, Mr. W. C., his disco- very of coprolites near Leith, i.
Trilobites, geographical and geolo- gical distribution of, i. 294; ge. nera and species of, i. 295; his- tory and structure of, i. 295; living animals allied to, i. 296 et seq; eyes of, i. 299; physio- logical inferences from fossil eyes, i. 302 et seq.
Tryonix, fossil, localities of, i. 196. Trygon, fossil in tertiary strata, i. 221.
Tucker, his speculation as to pos
sible existences in the interior of the earth, i. 53; his views of the relations of the world to man, i. 83.
Tufa, calcareous, local deposites of, ii. 11.
Turin, bones in museum at, i. 79. Turrilite, character and extent of, i. 279.
Turtles, fossil, i. 195, 196.
Ulodendron, character of, i. 357. Unity geological argument for the unity of the Deity, i. 433, 434, 435.
Val D'Arno, bones in fresh water formation of, i. 79. Vapour, influence of in causing ele- vations of land, i. 43. Vegetables, study of fossil impor- tant, i. 339; recent sub-marine, divisions of, i. 339; fossil sub- marine, divisions of, i. 340; ter- restrial, geological distributions of, i. 340; remains of, preserved in coal formation, i. 344; re- mains of in transition strata, i. 129, 345; genera, most abundant in coal, i. 360; proportions of families in coal formation, i. 360; remains of, in secondary strata, i. 368; remains of, in tertiary strata, i. 380; numbers of fossil and recent species, i. 370; cha- racters of during the three great geological epochs, i. 389-391;
connexion of with physico-theo- logy, i. 492. Veins, mineral, origin and disposi- tion of, i. 409, 411; most fre- quent in early rocks, i. 410; theories respecting origin of, i. 411; apparatus for production of, i. 425; granitic, intersecting older granite, ii. 4; of sienite, porphyry, serpentine and green- stone, intersecting other rocks, ii. 5; mineral, influence of elec- tro-magnetic action in, ii. 107- 109.
Vertebrata, represented by fishes
in the transition formation, i. 56. Volcanoes, present effect of, i. 46. Volcanic forces, their effects on the condition of the globe, i. 47. Volcanic rocks, frequent in tertiary strata, i. 76; of modern formia- tion, ii. 7.
Voltz, M., on Mantellia from Lune- ville, i. 369.
Voltzia, genus of coniferæ in new
red sandstone, i. 364.
Watchet, nacre of ammonites pre-
served in lias at, i. 283. Waters, not created on the third day of Mosaic cosmogony, i. 30; sources of mineral and thermal in faults, i. 424. Water, its rank in geological dyna- mics, i. 33; supplied to springs by stratified rocks, i. 62; its agency in preserving organic re- mains, i. 104; circulation of in metallic veins, i. 408; perpetual circulation and functions of, i. 416.
Watt, his experiments on crystalli zation of bodies cooled slowly, i.
Weinbohla, sienite, intersecting and overlying chalk at, ii. 5. Weis, Professor, his account of bones of megatherium, i. 127; his belief that the megatherium had armour, i. 128.
Wells, causes of rise of water in, i. 418.
Werner, his theory of the forma tion of stratified rocks, i. 43; of veins, i 411. Wheatstone Prof., on crystals pro- duced by electro-chemical action, i. 412. Whewell, Mr., his view of the
nebular hypothesis, i. 40. Whitby, ammonites from, i. 256. Wielieska, salt in tertiary formation, i. 63.
Winds, effect in causing undula- tions during the formation of stone in Portland, i. 371; effect in forming strata in Bermudas and in Cornwall, i. 154. Witham, Mr., his publications on fossil coniferæ, i. 363, 364, 366. Worm holes, fossil, i. 198.
Yarrell, Mr., on the vision of birds, i. 136.
Zamia pungens, mode of inflores- cence, i. 371.
Zamia spiralis, buds on trunk of, i. 375.
Zamia horrida, section of trunk of, i. 373.
Zeiten, M., his description of fossil pens and ink bags in Wirtem- berg, i. 233. Zoology, study of, indispensable to geology, i. 92.
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