Backeberg, coal in oolite formation at, i. 79, 369. Buckingham, Duke of, plesiosaurus in his collection, i. 158. Buddle, Mr., his observations on utility of faults, i. 407; his de- posite of plans and sections of coal mines in the Museum at Newcastle, ii. 104.
Cestracion Philippi, i 220; bony spine of, i. 220. Cetacea, remains of, in pliocene strata, i. 79.
Chalmers, Dr., his views respect- ing the Mosaic cosmogony, i. 26; considerations of the geological argument in behalf of a Deity, i. 442, 443.
Bude, strata of drifted sand at, i. Chaos, word borrowed from the
Buds petrified on trunks of cyca. dites, i. 375.
Buenos Ayres, megatherium found near, i. 114, 115.
Bufonites, teeth of pycnodonts, i. 214.
Burchell, Mr., his observations on
the scales of serpents, i. 205. Burdie House, fossil fishes and plants at, i. 210.
Burnet, his opinion on the mosaic cosmogony, i. 18, 19.
CAITHNESS, fishes in slate of, i. 196. Calamite, gigantic size and charac- ter of, i. 346. Calymene, i. 295.
Canstadt, Artesian wells at, i. 423. Cardomom, fossil in 1. Sheppey, i. 389.
Cardona, salt in cretaceous for-
mation near, i. 63. Carnivora, numerous in pliocene strata, i. 79.
Carnivorous races, benefit of to herbivorous, i. 106, 108. Causes, five, chiefly instrumental in producing the actual condition of the globe, i. 82.
Greeks, its meaning vague and indefinite, i. 30.
Chambered shells, proofs of design in, i. 235, 236; why particularly selected, i. 236; delicate hy- draulic instruments, i. 236; ex- amples of retrocession in animal structure, i. 237; genera of, allied to nautilus and ammonite, i. 273.
Chantrey, Sir Francis, drawing made by, with fossil sepia, i. 231. Cheropotamus, character and place of, i. 71.
Chimera, fossil species discovered by the Author, ii. 47. Chirotherium, footsteps of in Sax- ony, i. 201; described by Dr. Hohnbaum and Prof. Kaup, i. 202; probably allied to marsu- pialia, i. 202; accompanied by other tracks, i. 203. Chlamyphorus, habit and distribu- tion of, 116; fore foot adapted for digging, i. 123; armour of, like that of the megatherium, i. 125, 127.
Cicero, his argument against the Epicurean theory of atoms, i.
Cleremont, limestone of, loaded with indusiæ, i. 98. Cleveland, imperfect coal in oolite formation of i. 66, 369. Climate, heat of, indicated by fossil plants and animals, i. 76; gra- dually decreasing temperature of, i. 79.
Caves, remains of animals found in, Cinnamomum, in brown coal near i. 80. Cephalopods, carnivorous, their use in submarine economy, i. 228; their extent in different forma- tions, i. 228. Central heat, theory of, consistent with the phenomena of the sur- face of the globe, i. 41. Centrina vulgaris, horny dorsal spines, i, 221. Cestracionts, sub-family of sharks, i. 218; extent of, i. 219; only living representative of, i. 219.
Clio borealis, swarms of in North- ern Ocean, i. 289, 290. Closeburn, gigantic Orthoceratite found at, i. 275.
Coal formation, Forster's section, of, i. 58; iron ore and lime in, i. 59; its origin and importance to man, i. 59.
Coal, proofs of its vegetable origin, i. 342, 344; complex history of, i. 363; stages in the production and application of, i. 363; ter- tiary brown coal or lignite, i. 381, et seq; proofs of design in the dispositions of, i. 392; grand supply from strata of the carbo- niferous order, i. 393; physical forces employed to render it ac- cessible to man, i. 393, 395; ad- vantage of its disposition in ba- sins, 394; thickness of beds of, i. 396; remarkable accumulation of, i. 396; associated with iron ore, i. 396, 397; adaptation to purposes of human industry, i. 397, 398; inestimable importance of, i. 400; mechanical power derived from, i. 397, 400; im- provident and gratuitous destruc- tion of near Newcastle, i. 401; early adaptation of to the uses of man, i. 402.
Collini, pterodactyle figured by, i. 173.
Cololites, fossil intestines of fishes discovered by Prof. Agassiz. i. 156; found by Lord Greenock in coal, near Edinburgh, i. 155. Comatula, habits of, and resem- blance to pentacrinite, i, 315, 326.
Combe, definition of the term, ii. 106. Conchifers, inferior to mollusks that construct turbinated shells, i. 225.
Conchology, important to geology, i. 92.
Connecticut, fossil footsteps of birds in, ii. 39. Conybeare, Rev. W. D., his sec- tions across England, i. 15; his report on geology to British Association, i. 49; his memoir and map of Europe, i. 68; pros- pective provisions for the benefit of man, i. 84; selections from his plates of ichthyosauri, i. 138, 139; his observations on the lower jaw of ichthyosaurus, i.
139; on the articulation of the vertebræ in ichthyosaurus, i. 141; his remarks on the paddles of ichthyosaurus, i. 144; his resto- ration of plesiosaurus, i. 159; his inferences concerning plesiosau- rus, i. 164, 166; his observations on faults, 405, 406.
Coniferæ, date of their commence- ment, i. 367; microscopic struc- ture of, i. 364; peculiarities in structure of, i. 365 geological extent of, i. 364, 367; fossil re- ferable to existing genera, i. 366; fossil stems in erect position, i. 367; wood of, perforated by te- redines, i. 361.
Consolidation of strata, partly by aqueous partly by igneous action, i. 59.
Coprolites, description of, i. 148; extensive occurrence of, i. 148; found in skeletons of ichthyosau- ri, i. 149; marks of mucous membrane on, i. 152; formation explained, note, 152; indicate the food of ichthyosauri, and character of their intestinal ca- nal, i. 154; derived from fishes in various formations, i. 155; polished for ornamental pur- poses, i. 155; conclusions from discovery of, i. 157; in coal for- mation near Edinburgh, i. 209; preserved in body of macropoma, i. 216.
Coral, secreted by polypes, i. 333; reefs, i. 334; their influence in the formation of strata, i. 335; fossil, inference from their state, i. 96; rag, extent of, in counties of Oxon, Bucks, Wilts, and York- shire, i. 335. Corn-cockle muir, tracks of tortoises at, i. 198.
Cornwall, amount of steam power employed in, i. 400; invasions of by drifted sand, i. 104; dis- position of metallic veins in, i. 411.
Corydalis, wing of, found in iron stone, of the coal formation, i. 309; ii. 77. Cosmogony, Mosaic, the author's in- terpretation of, i. 26.
Cotta on fossil arborescent ferns, i. Cuvier, his conclusion that organic 350.
Craters, various phenomena of, ii. 8. Creation, Mosaic account of, ac- cords with natural phenomena, i. 21; origin of material elements by, i. 81.
Creator, necessity of, shown by geology, i. 54.
Crinoideans, geological importance
of, i. 314, 324; nature and cha- racter of, i. 314; most remark- able genera of, i. 315; living species rare, i. 315; abundance and importance of fossil species, i. 315, 324; anatomical structure of, i. 316; reproductive powers of, i. 317; early extinction of many species and genera, i. 324. Crocodileans, fossil forms of, i. 191;
slender character of snout, i. 192; habit probably piscivorous, i. 192. Crocodiles, modern, habits of, i. 192; gavial, gangetic, piscivo- rous, i. 192; functions of fossil species, i. 192; Cuvier's obser- vations on, i. 193; number of living and fossil species of, i. 193; dentition, provisions in mode of, i. 194; fossil forms of, at vari- ance with all theories of gradual transmutation or developement, i. 195.
Crustaceans, extent of fossil re- mains of, i. 292.
Crystalline rocks, influenced by chemical and electro-magnetic forces, i. 38; eight distinct vari- eties of, i. 39; their position be- neath stratified rocks, i. 42; pro- bable igneous origin of, i. 40; gradations in character of, i. 41; proofs of intention in phenomena. of, i. 44; proofs of design afford- ed by, i. 428. Crystals, definite forms and compo-
sition of, i. 428, 430; component molecules of, i. 428, 430. Ctenoidean order of fishes, i. 206. Curculionidae in iron stone of Coal- brook Dale, i. 309. Cuttle fish, structure and habits of,
i. 230; internal ink bag of, i. 231.
life has not existed from eternity,
i. 54; his account of the basin of Paris, i. 67; his account of dis- coveries at Mont Martre, i. 72; consigns his materials for a work on fossil fishes to M. Agassiz, i. 156, 204; his conjecture con- cerning plesiosaurus, i. 162; had observed nearly 8,000 species of living fishes, i. 263; perfection of his reasoning on contrivances and compensations in the struc- ture of animals, i. 113. Cycadex, abundant in strata of the secondary series, i. 368, 369; number and extent of recent and fossil species, i. 369; leaves fos- sil in oolite of Yorkshire and at Stonesfield, i. 370; in coal for- mation of Bohemia, i. 369; habit and structure of, i. 370; interme- diate character of, i. 370; fossil on the coast of Dorset, i. 371; peculiarities in structure of trunk of, i. 371, 372; mode of increase by buds, i. 375; link supplied by the discovery of, i. 377. Cycadites, once natives of England, i. 371; microphyllus, microscopic structure of, 373, 376; megalo- phyllus, buds in axillæ of scales, i. 375; resemblance of fossil and living species, i. 376.
Cycas revoluta, buds on trunk of, i.
375; circinalis, height of, i. 371. Cycloidean order of fishes, i. 206. Cypris, microscopic shells of, in
Wealden formation, i. 97; in coal formation near Edinburgh, i. 209.
DAPEDIUM, Scales of, i. 215. D'Alton, his figures of megatherium, i. 114.
Darmstadt, remains of mammalia in museum at, i. 79. Darwin, Mr. C., megatherium found by, ii. 20; his observations on the Cordilleras of Chili, i. 410, 411. Daubeny, Dr., on cause of thermal
springs, is 425; on indivisibility of ultimate particles of matter, i.
Days, supposed to imply long pe- riods, i. 24.
Dax, shells found at, i. 270. Death, sudden, desirable for irra- tional animals, i. 106. Dekay, Dr., discovered coprolites in New Jersey, i. 149. De la Beche, his belief in succes- sive creations of new species, i. 51; his figures of ichthyosauri, i. 138, 139; on different specific gravity of shells, i. 229; observa- tions on living polypes of caryo- phyllia, 334, 335; observations on genera of corals in transition rocks, i. 335. Deluge, mosaic stratified rocks not produced by, i. 23.
Depression, proofs of in 1. Portland, i. 372.
Deshayes, his division of tertiary strata, i. 68.
Desnoyers, M., on Faluns of Tour- raine, i. 78. Desmarets, memoir on fossil crusta- ceans, i. 393.
Detritus, origin of strata from, i. 42. Developement, theory of disproved by geological phenomena, i. 51; theory of opposed by Cuvier, i. 75; definition of, i. 435, 436. Dikes, intersect strata of every age, i. 46; gradations of from lava to granite, i. 47; various crystalline rocks composing, ii. 5; changes produced by, on adjacent rocks, ii. 9.
Dillwyn, Mr., his paper on tracheli- pods, 226, 228. Diluvium, animals immediately pre- ceding the farmation of, i. 81. Dinotherium, largest of terrestrial mammalia, i. 79, 109; found at Epplesheim, in miocene strata, i. 110; description of by Kaup, i. 110; occurs in France, Bavaria and Austria, i. 110; molar teeth of like tapirs, i. 110; giganteum, eighteen feet long, i. 110; shoul- der blade of, like that of a mole, i. 110; uses of tusks in the lower jaw of, i. 111, 112; molar teeth of resemble those of tapirs, i. 111; an aquatic herbivorous ani- mal, i. 111, 112; adapted to a lacustrine condition of the earth, i. 112; localities and description
Dirt bed, soil of subterraneous fo- rest in Portland, i. 372. Disturbing forces, beneficial results of, i. 403, 404, 409. D'Orbigny, M. his classification of cephalopodous mollusks, i. 288; trilobites and shells found in the Andes by, i. 294.
Draco volans, has no true wings, i. 174, 175.
Dufrénoy, on iron mines in the Pyre- nees, i. 410. Dujardin, new class of rhizopodes discovered by, ii. 64.
Dumfries, fossil footsteps near, i. 259.
Duncan, Dr., his discovery of fossil footsteps near Dumfries, i. 198. Durdham Down, remains of reptiles at, i. 95.
Durham, salt springs in coal forma- tion near, i. 63. Dynamics, geological, extent of, i. 38.
EARTH, distribution of the materials of, i. 16; theory of, much ad- vanced, but not yet perfect, i. 20; two distinct branches of its his tory, i. 36; originally fluid from heat, i. 40; advantageous dispo- sitions of its materials, i. 83. Earthquakes, beneficial agency of in the economy of the globe, i.
404. Echidna, has furcula and clavicles like ornithorhynchus, i. 143. Echinidans, geological extent of, i. 312, 313.
Egerton, Sir Philip, his discoveries
near Newcastle-under-Line, i. 210; on mechanism of atlas and cervical vertebræ of ichthyosau- rus, ii. 24-26.
Eggs, fossil, of aquatic birds, i. 74. Elements, identity and functions of, i. 38; proofs of design in, i. 426; ever regulated by same laws, i. 430; primordial adaptations of, i. 430; adaptation of to vegetables and animals, i. 431. Elevation, general history of, ii. 4;
dry lands formed by, i. 43; proofs of in I. Portland, i. 371, 372. Elevations, number observed by Elie de Beaumont, ii. 6; various periods of, ii. 6. Ellis, Mr., his conclusions from the study of corallines, i. 338. Emys, fossil, localities of, i. 197. Encrinites moniliformis, lily encri-
nite, i, 317, 318; mechanical adap- tations in, i. 317; number of com- ponent ossicula, i. 318; vertebral column, mechanical contrivances in, i. 318-320; body and upper extremities, i. 322; physiological history of, i. 324, 325. Endogenites echinatus, fossil trunk
allied to palms, i. 386, 387. Engi in Glaris, fishes of, i. 216. England, effects of geological struc. ture on inhabitants of, ii. 3. Enjoyment, aggregate of increased
by existence of carnivora, i. 105, 106.
Enstone, cetacea in oolite at, i. 96. Entomolithus paradoxus, i. 295. Entomostracans, fossil, i. 295. Entrochi, or wheel stones, colum- nar joints of encrinite, i. 320. Eocene, division of tertiary strata, i. 68.
Equisetacex, extent of the family of, i. 346; fossil genera of, i. 346; increased enlargement in size of, i. 347; fossil species in coal formation, i. 347. Equivocal generation, disproved in case of infusoria, i. 336, 337. Ernouf, General, his account of hu. man skeletons at Guadaloupe, i. 87. Estuaries, admixture of fresh water
and marine exuviæ in, i. 99. Eternal succession, theory of, dis- proved by geology, i. 51, 54. Eternity of the world, disproved by geology, i. 20.
Eyes, fossil, resembling those of existing animals, i. 34; fossil re. mains of, i. 34, 136, 299, 303; structure of, in recent crustaceans allied to trilobites, i. 301; physio- logical and physical inferences from structure of, i. 302, 303.
Faults, on geometrical laws of, i. 404; utility of, in draining coal- mines, i. 405-407; definition of, by Mr. Conybeare, i. 405, 406; utility of, in guarding coal-mines, i. 408; utility of, in producing springs, i. 407, 418, 425; utility of, in primary rocks and metallic veins, i. 407, 408.
Favularia, character of, i. 357. Ferns, distribution and number of existing species, i. 347, 348; pro- portion of, to living phaneroga- miæ, i. 348; temperature indi- cated by fossil species, i. 348; proportions of in the coal forma- tion, i. 349; living and fossil arborescent species of, i. 349, 350; proportions of, in secondary and tertiary strata, i. 350. Final causes, consideration of, ad- missible in philosophical investi- gations, i. 409.
Fire, its rank in geological dyna- mics, i. 58.
Fisher, Mr., figures prepared by,
Fishes, fossil, causes of sudden death of, i. 100, 101; sudden destruc- tion of in lias formation, 102; fossil intestinal structure of, i. 154, 155; coprolites derived from, i. 154, 155; petrified intestines of, or cololites, i 156; living species observed by Cuvier, i. 203; fossil species, history of by Agassiz, i. 202, 204; numbers of fossil genera and species, i. 204; classification founded on scales, i. 204, 205; orders of established by Agassiz, i. 205, 206; geologi- cal results derived from fossil fishes, i. 206; changes in fossil genera and families abrupt, i. 207; fossil, most important to geology, i. 204, 208; sauroid, character
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