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PLATE 68. V. I. p. 420.

Section showing the basin-shaped disposition of Strata belonging to the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations, in the Basin of London, and illustrating the causes of the rise of water in Artesian Wells. See V. I. p. 421. (Original.)

Note.

servable in them? Copper, Tin, Iron, and Zinc, in combination with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, being very soluble in water, are, in this state, capable of conducting voltaic electricity; so, if by means of infiltration, or any other process, we suppose the water to have been impregnated with any of these metallic salts, the rocks containing different salts would undoubtedly become in different or opposite electrical conditions; and hence, if there were no other cause, electric currents would be generated, and be readily transmitted through the fissures containing water with salts in solution; and decompositions of the salts and a transference of their elements, in some cases, to great distances, would be the natural result. But, on the known principles of Electro-magnetism, it is evident that such currents would be more or less influenced in their direction and intensity by the magnetism of the earth. They cannot, for instance, pass from N. to S. or from S. to N. so easily as from E. to W. but more so than from W. to E. The terrestrial magnetism would therefore tend, in a greater or less degree, to direct the voltaic currents through those fissures which might approximate to an east and west bearing, and in separating the saline constituents, would deposite the metal within or near the electro-negative rock, and the acid would be determined towards the electro-positive rock, and probably enter new combinations. Or, the sulphuric acid might, by means of the same agency, be resolved into its elements; in which case the sulphur would take the direction of the metal, and the oxygen of the acid, and in this way, the metallic sulphurets may have probably their origin; for, if I mistake not, the metallic sulphates, supposing them to have been the prevailing salts, as at present, would be fully adequate to supply all the sulphur required by the same metals to form sulphurets; indeed more than sufficient, if we deduct the oxide of tin, and other metalliferous oxides found in our mines. The continued circulation of the waters would, in time, bring most of the soluble salts under the influence of these currents, till the metals were in great measure separated from the solvents, and deposited in the East

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PLATE 69. V. I. p. 422.

Fig. 1. Theoretical section, illustrating the Hydraulic conditions of strata disposed in the form of Basins. See Vol. I. p. 422, Note. (Original.)

Fig. 2. Theoretical section, showing the effect of Faults, and Dikes on water percolating inclined and permeable Strata. See Vol. I. p. 423, Note. (Original.) Fig. 3. Double Artesian Fountain at St. Ouen, near Paris, raising water to supply a Canal basin, from two strata at different depths. The water from the lowest stratum rises to the greatest height. See V. I. p. 423. Note. (Hericart de Thury.)

and West veins, and near the rocks to which they were determined by the electric currents."

In a Letter to the Author upon this subject (June 29, 1836,) Mr. Fox further remarks.

"It should be observed that in proportion as the deposition of the metals proceeded, the voltaic action must necessarily have been considerably augmented, so as to render it highly probable that the metals were chiefly deposited at rather an early period in the history of the containing veins; and their intersection by other veins seems to strengthen this probability."

Mr. Fox has found by experiment that when a solution of muriate of Tin is placed in the voltaic current, a portion of the metal is determined towards the negative pole, whilst another portion in the state of an oxide passes to the positive pole. This fact appears to him to afford a striking illustration of the manner in which Tin and Copper have been separated from each other in the same vein, or in contiguous veins, whilst these metals also very commonly occur together in the same vein.

INDEX.

ACRODUS, a genus of fossil sharks, i.

220

Actinocrinites, 30-dactyles, Miller's
restoration of, i. 323.

Adapis, character and place of, i.
71.

Agassiz, his recognition of the scales
of fishes in coprolites, i. 150; on
causes of the death of fishes, i.
100; on origin of cololites, i.
156; on Glaris turtle, i, 196; his
classification of fishes, i. 204; do-
cuments consigned to him by
Cuvier, i. 204; his new orders of
fishes, i. 205, 206; geological re-
sults established by, i. 208; his
new arrangement of Monte Bolca
fishes, i. 217; his discovery of
belemnites with ink-bags, i. 282;
on the bilateral structure of ra-
diated animals, i. 313.
Agnostus, a genus of trilobites, i.
295.

Aichstadt, pterodactyles found at, i.

171.

Aix, fossil fishes of, i. 217.

Allan, Mr., his paper on Antrim
belemnites, i. 285.
Amber, fossil resin from lignite, i.
390.

Amblypterus, fossil genus of fishes,
i. 212.

Ammonites, formed by cephalopo-

dous mollusks, i. 252; character.
istic of different formations, i.
252; geological distribution of, i.
253; geographical ditto, i. 254;
extent and number of species, i.
253; size of, i. 253; sub genera
of, i. 253; shell composed of
three parts, i. 254; external
shells, i. 255, 256; outer cham-
ber contained the animal, i. 256;
double functions of shell, i. 256;
contrivances to strengthen shells,
i. 357-359; ribs, architectural
disposition of, i. 258; transverse
plates, use of their foliated edges,

i. 261-264; compound internal
arches, i. 264; siphuncle, organ
of hydraulic, adjustment, i. 265;
siphuncle, occasional state of
preservation, i. 266; siphuncle,
placed differently from that of
nautili, i. 267; siphuncle, Dr.
Prout's analysis of, i. 266; air-
chambers, more complex in am-
monites than in nautili, i. 264;
ammonites, how different from
nautili, 267; Von Buch's theory
of, i. 266; uses of lobes and sad.
dles in, i. 268; concluding obser-
vations upon, i. 268, 269; proba-
ble place of heart in, ii. 58.
Anarrhicas, palatal teeth of, i. 214.
Animals, final cause of their crea-
tion, i. 85; lower classes of, pre-
dominate in earlier strata, i. 95;
extinct races, how connected
with existing species, i. 433;
causes of their sudden destruc-
tion, i. 100; small number adapt-
ed for domestication, i. 85; ter-
restrial, how buried in strata of
freshwater and marine formation,
i. 104.

Animal enjoyment, one great object
of creation, i. 223, 229.
Animal kingdom, four great divi-

sions of, coeval, i. 56; early re-
lations of, i. 74.

Animal life, extent of upon our

globe, i. 86; progressive stages
of, i. 95; remains of in secondary
strata, i. 63.
Animal remains, most instructive
evidences in geology, i. 105;
preserved chiefly by agency of
water, i. 103.
Annelidans, fossil remains of, i. 292.
Anning, Miss, her discovery of ink-
bag within horny sheath of Be-
lemnite, i. 282; her discoveries
at Lyme Regis, passim; her ob-
servations on connexion of lignite
with pentacrinites near Lyme, i.

329; her discovery of fossil pens
and ink-bags of Loligo, i. 231.
Anoplotherium, character and place
of, i. 70.

Anstice, Mr. W., his discovery of
insects in coal-formation, i. 306;
megalichthys, &c. found in Coal-
brook Dale, by, ii. 43.
Ant-eater, humerus like that of me-
gatherium, i. 123.
Anthracotherium, character and
place of, i. 71.
Apiocrinites, or pear encrinite,

Miller's restoration of, i. 323.
Arachnidans, two great families of,
found fossil, i. 305.

Arago, M., on expenditure of rain-
water, i. 416; on Artesian wells
in France, i. 421.
Araucaria, fossil in coal formation,
i. 366; peculiarity in structure of,
i. 366; fossil trunks near Edin-
burgh, i. 366; fossil in Lias, i.
366; localities of living species,
i. 367.

Argonauta, its origin still doubtful,
i. 237.

Armadillo, habit and distribution
of, i. 116; fore-foot of, adapted
for digging as in the megathe-
rium, i. 123; bony armour resem-
bling that of megatherium, i.
127, 128.

Artesian wells, method of obtaining,
i. 419. 424; examples of action
of, i. 419; where most available,
i. 420; cause of rise of water in,
i. 421, 422; temperature of
water in, i. 423; extensive appli-
cation of, i. 423; Chinese man-
ner of boring without rods, i.
424; great importance of, i. 424.
Articulata, earliest examples of, i.
56; remains of fossil, i. 291; four
classes in all fossiliferous forma-
tions, i. 310; changes in families
of, i. 311.

Artois, artificial fountains in, i. 419
-421.

Asaphus, i. 295.

Asaphus caudatus, fossil eyes of, i.
301.

Aspidorhynchus, i. 211.

Atmospheric pressure, sudden
changes of fatal to fishes, i. 103.
Atmosphere, functions of in circu-
lation of water, i. 416. 425; an-
cient state of illustrated by eyes
of fossil trilobites, i. 303.
Atoms, ever regulated by fixed and
uniform laws, i. 20; ultimate, in-
divisible nature of, i. 429.
Audouin, M., wing of corydalis in
iron stone discovered by, ii. 77.
Auvergne, eggs in lacustrine forma-
tions of, i. 74; fossil animals found
in lacustrine formations of, i. 74;
extinct volcanoes of, ii. 8; indusiæ
in fresh water formation of, i. 98.
Axis of rotation, coincides with
shorter diameter of the globe, ii.
39.

BABBAGE, Prof., on the obligation
of the moralist to the philosopher,
i. 440.

Bacon, Lord, his view of the distinct
provinces of reason and revela-
tion, i. 439.

Baculite, character and extent of, i.
276.

Baker, Miss, belemnite in her col-
lection, i. 283.

Bakewell, Mr., his views of the ex-
tent of animal life, i. 85.
Balistes, spines, action of, i. 221.
Basalt, various phenomena of, ii. 6.
Basins, strata of various ages dis-

posed in form of, i. 394; mechani-
cal operations producing, i. 395.
Bat, toes compared with those of
pterodactyle, i. 178.

Bears, bones of, in caves of Ger-

many, &c i. 80; bones of, in
caves near Liége, i. 89.
Beaufort, Captain, on bottles sunk
in the sea, i. 261.

Beaumont, M. Elie de, elevations
observed by, ii. 6.

Beaver, chisel-shaped structure of
its incisors, i. 119.
Becquerel, M., on crystals produced
under influence of electrical cur-
rents, i. 412.

Beechey, Captain, ammonites found
by, in Chili, i. 254.

Asterophyllites, abundant in coal, i. Beetles, remains of in oolitic series

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Beetle, converted to calcedony
from Japan, ii. 78.
Beetle stones, from coal shale, near
Edinburgh, i. 155.
Beginning, meaning of the word in
Gen. i. 1. i. 25, 26; proofs of in
phenomena of primary stratified
rocks, i. 53; conclusions respect-
ing necessity of, i. 54; existing
and extinct species shown to have
had, i. 50, 51. 54; geological evi.
dences of, i. 435, 436.
Belcher, Captain, his observations
on iguanas, i. 186.
Belcher, Captain, ammonites found
by, in Chili, 254.
Belemnites, geological extent of, i.
280; writers on the subject of, i.
280; structure and uses of, i. 281;
a compound internal shell, i. 281;
chambered portion of, allied to
Nautilus and Orthoceratite, i. 281;
ink-bags connected with, i. 282;
causes of partial preservation of,
i. 285; its analogy to shell of
Nautilus and to internal shell of
Sepia. i. 285; large number of
species of, i. 286.
Belemno-sepia, proposed new fa-

mily of cephalopods, i. 282.
Bentley, his contradiction of the
epicurean theory of atoms, i. 431.
Bermudas, strata formed by the ac-
tion of the wind in, 104.
Berkeley, Bishop, on sensible de-
monstaation of the existence of
an invisible God, i. 443.
Bible, reveals nothing of physical
science, i. 22.

Birds, extent of fossil remains of, i.

74: fossil footsteps of, in Con.
necticut, ii. 39.

Blainville, M., his memoir on be-
lemnites, i. 280; his reasoning
respecting belemnites confirmed,
i. 283.

Blomfield, Bishop, on connexion of

religion and science, i. 437.
Bohemia, plants preserved in coal
mines of, 344, 345.
Bonn, brown coal formation near,
i. 381.

Botany, its importance to geology,

i. 92.

Boué, M., his map of Europe in ter-
tiary period, i. 67.

Bothrodendron, character of, i. 357.
Boyle, Mr., on distinct provinces of
natural and revealed religion, i.

438.

Bradford, apiocrinites found at i.
323.
Branchipus, how allied to trilobites,
i. 297, 298.
Braun, Professor of Carlsruhe, his
list of the plants of Eningen, i.
383, et seq.
Brentford, Artesian wells at, i. 421.
Broderip, Mr., his observations on

living iguanas, i. 182, 186; on
new species of brachiopodo, i.
225; on crustaceans from the
lias at Lyme, i. 293.
Brongniart, M. Alexandre, his ac-
count of the basin of Paris, i. 67;
his history of trilobites, i. 295;
on erect position of trees in the
coal formation of St. Etienne, i.
353, 354.

Brongniart, M. Adolphe, his divi-
sions of submarine vegetation, i.
340; divisions of the fossil equi-
setaceæ, i. 346; classification
of fossil ferns, i. 347; observa-
tions on fossil coniferæ, i. 364;
on plants of the Grès bigarré, i.
368; on plants of the secondary
formations, i, 369.

Brora, coal in oolite formation at,
i. 66, 369.

Brougham, Lord, on religious end
of study of natural philosophy,
i. 440.

Brown coal, character and extent
of, i. 381.

Brown, Mr. Robert, on distribution
of living ferns, i. 348; discovery
of Gymnospermous structure of
coniferæ and cycadeæ, i. 363;
his section of a stem of cycas
revoluta, i. 373; his discovery of
fossil spiral vessels, i. 375; name
of podocarya suggested by i.
378; his discovery of fossil spiral
vessels and traces of extravasated
gum in fossil cycadites, ii. 100.
Bruckmann, M. Von, his descrip-
tion and application of Artesian
wells, i. 421, 423.

Brunel, Mr. jun., his experiment
in a diving bell, i. 142.
Brussels, fossil emys at, i. 197.

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