Section showing the basin-shaped disposition of Strata belonging to the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations, in the Basin of London, and illustrating the causes of the rise of water in Artesian Wells. See V. I. p. 421. (Original.)
servable in them? Copper, Tin, Iron, and Zinc, in combination with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, being very soluble in water, are, in this state, capable of conducting voltaic electricity; so, if by means of infiltration, or any other process, we suppose the water to have been impregnated with any of these metallic salts, the rocks containing different salts would undoubtedly become in different or opposite electrical conditions; and hence, if there were no other cause, electric currents would be generated, and be readily transmitted through the fissures containing water with salts in solution; and decompositions of the salts and a transference of their elements, in some cases, to great distances, would be the natural result. But, on the known principles of Electro-magnetism, it is evident that such currents would be more or less influenced in their direction and intensity by the magnetism of the earth. They cannot, for instance, pass from N. to S. or from S. to N. so easily as from E. to W. but more so than from W. to E. The terrestrial magnetism would therefore tend, in a greater or less degree, to direct the voltaic currents through those fissures which might approximate to an east and west bearing, and in separating the saline constituents, would deposite the metal within or near the electro-negative rock, and the acid would be determined towards the electro-positive rock, and probably enter new combinations. Or, the sulphuric acid might, by means of the same agency, be resolved into its elements; in which case the sulphur would take the direction of the metal, and the oxygen of the acid, and in this way, the metallic sulphurets may have probably their origin; for, if I mistake not, the metallic sulphates, supposing them to have been the prevailing salts, as at present, would be fully adequate to supply all the sulphur required by the same metals to form sulphurets; indeed more than sufficient, if we deduct the oxide of tin, and other metalliferous oxides found in our mines. The continued circulation of the waters would, in time, bring most of the soluble salts under the influence of these currents, till the metals were in great measure separated from the solvents, and deposited in the East
Fig. 1. Theoretical section, illustrating the Hydraulic conditions of strata disposed in the form of Basins. See Vol. I. p. 422, Note. (Original.)
Fig. 2. Theoretical section, showing the effect of Faults, and Dikes on water percolating inclined and permeable Strata. See Vol. I. p. 423, Note. (Original.) Fig. 3. Double Artesian Fountain at St. Ouen, near Paris, raising water to supply a Canal basin, from two strata at different depths. The water from the lowest stratum rises to the greatest height. See V. I. p. 423. Note. (Hericart de Thury.)
and West veins, and near the rocks to which they were determined by the electric currents."
In a Letter to the Author upon this subject (June 29, 1836,) Mr. Fox further remarks.
"It should be observed that in proportion as the deposition of the metals proceeded, the voltaic action must necessarily have been considerably augmented, so as to render it highly probable that the metals were chiefly deposited at rather an early period in the history of the containing veins; and their intersection by other veins seems to strengthen this probability."
Mr. Fox has found by experiment that when a solution of muriate of Tin is placed in the voltaic current, a portion of the metal is determined towards the negative pole, whilst another portion in the state of an oxide passes to the positive pole. This fact appears to him to afford a striking illustration of the manner in which Tin and Copper have been separated from each other in the same vein, or in contiguous veins, whilst these metals also very commonly occur together in the same vein.
ACRODUS, a genus of fossil sharks, i.
Actinocrinites, 30-dactyles, Miller's restoration of, i. 323.
Adapis, character and place of, i. 71.
Agassiz, his recognition of the scales of fishes in coprolites, i. 150; on causes of the death of fishes, i. 100; on origin of cololites, i. 156; on Glaris turtle, i, 196; his classification of fishes, i. 204; do- cuments consigned to him by Cuvier, i. 204; his new orders of fishes, i. 205, 206; geological re- sults established by, i. 208; his new arrangement of Monte Bolca fishes, i. 217; his discovery of belemnites with ink-bags, i. 282; on the bilateral structure of ra- diated animals, i. 313. Agnostus, a genus of trilobites, i. 295.
Aichstadt, pterodactyles found at, i.
Aix, fossil fishes of, i. 217.
Allan, Mr., his paper on Antrim belemnites, i. 285. Amber, fossil resin from lignite, i. 390.
Amblypterus, fossil genus of fishes, i. 212.
Ammonites, formed by cephalopo-
dous mollusks, i. 252; character. istic of different formations, i. 252; geological distribution of, i. 253; geographical ditto, i. 254; extent and number of species, i. 253; size of, i. 253; sub genera of, i. 253; shell composed of three parts, i. 254; external shells, i. 255, 256; outer cham- ber contained the animal, i. 256; double functions of shell, i. 256; contrivances to strengthen shells, i. 357-359; ribs, architectural disposition of, i. 258; transverse plates, use of their foliated edges,
i. 261-264; compound internal arches, i. 264; siphuncle, organ of hydraulic, adjustment, i. 265; siphuncle, occasional state of preservation, i. 266; siphuncle, placed differently from that of nautili, i. 267; siphuncle, Dr. Prout's analysis of, i. 266; air- chambers, more complex in am- monites than in nautili, i. 264; ammonites, how different from nautili, 267; Von Buch's theory of, i. 266; uses of lobes and sad. dles in, i. 268; concluding obser- vations upon, i. 268, 269; proba- ble place of heart in, ii. 58. Anarrhicas, palatal teeth of, i. 214. Animals, final cause of their crea- tion, i. 85; lower classes of, pre- dominate in earlier strata, i. 95; extinct races, how connected with existing species, i. 433; causes of their sudden destruc- tion, i. 100; small number adapt- ed for domestication, i. 85; ter- restrial, how buried in strata of freshwater and marine formation, i. 104.
Animal enjoyment, one great object of creation, i. 223, 229. Animal kingdom, four great divi-
sions of, coeval, i. 56; early re- lations of, i. 74.
Animal life, extent of upon our
globe, i. 86; progressive stages of, i. 95; remains of in secondary strata, i. 63. Animal remains, most instructive evidences in geology, i. 105; preserved chiefly by agency of water, i. 103. Annelidans, fossil remains of, i. 292. Anning, Miss, her discovery of ink- bag within horny sheath of Be- lemnite, i. 282; her discoveries at Lyme Regis, passim; her ob- servations on connexion of lignite with pentacrinites near Lyme, i.
329; her discovery of fossil pens and ink-bags of Loligo, i. 231. Anoplotherium, character and place of, i. 70.
Anstice, Mr. W., his discovery of insects in coal-formation, i. 306; megalichthys, &c. found in Coal- brook Dale, by, ii. 43. Ant-eater, humerus like that of me- gatherium, i. 123. Anthracotherium, character and place of, i. 71. Apiocrinites, or pear encrinite,
Miller's restoration of, i. 323. Arachnidans, two great families of, found fossil, i. 305.
Arago, M., on expenditure of rain- water, i. 416; on Artesian wells in France, i. 421. Araucaria, fossil in coal formation, i. 366; peculiarity in structure of, i. 366; fossil trunks near Edin- burgh, i. 366; fossil in Lias, i. 366; localities of living species, i. 367.
Argonauta, its origin still doubtful, i. 237.
Armadillo, habit and distribution of, i. 116; fore-foot of, adapted for digging as in the megathe- rium, i. 123; bony armour resem- bling that of megatherium, i. 127, 128.
Artesian wells, method of obtaining, i. 419. 424; examples of action of, i. 419; where most available, i. 420; cause of rise of water in, i. 421, 422; temperature of water in, i. 423; extensive appli- cation of, i. 423; Chinese man- ner of boring without rods, i. 424; great importance of, i. 424. Articulata, earliest examples of, i. 56; remains of fossil, i. 291; four classes in all fossiliferous forma- tions, i. 310; changes in families of, i. 311.
Artois, artificial fountains in, i. 419 -421.
Asaphus caudatus, fossil eyes of, i. 301.
Aspidorhynchus, i. 211.
Atmospheric pressure, sudden changes of fatal to fishes, i. 103. Atmosphere, functions of in circu- lation of water, i. 416. 425; an- cient state of illustrated by eyes of fossil trilobites, i. 303. Atoms, ever regulated by fixed and uniform laws, i. 20; ultimate, in- divisible nature of, i. 429. Audouin, M., wing of corydalis in iron stone discovered by, ii. 77. Auvergne, eggs in lacustrine forma- tions of, i. 74; fossil animals found in lacustrine formations of, i. 74; extinct volcanoes of, ii. 8; indusiæ in fresh water formation of, i. 98. Axis of rotation, coincides with shorter diameter of the globe, ii. 39.
BABBAGE, Prof., on the obligation of the moralist to the philosopher, i. 440.
Bacon, Lord, his view of the distinct provinces of reason and revela- tion, i. 439.
Baculite, character and extent of, i. 276.
Baker, Miss, belemnite in her col- lection, i. 283.
Bakewell, Mr., his views of the ex- tent of animal life, i. 85. Balistes, spines, action of, i. 221. Basalt, various phenomena of, ii. 6. Basins, strata of various ages dis-
posed in form of, i. 394; mechani- cal operations producing, i. 395. Bat, toes compared with those of pterodactyle, i. 178.
Bears, bones of, in caves of Ger-
many, &c i. 80; bones of, in caves near Liége, i. 89. Beaufort, Captain, on bottles sunk in the sea, i. 261.
Beaumont, M. Elie de, elevations observed by, ii. 6.
Beaver, chisel-shaped structure of its incisors, i. 119. Becquerel, M., on crystals produced under influence of electrical cur- rents, i. 412.
Beechey, Captain, ammonites found by, in Chili, i. 254.
Asterophyllites, abundant in coal, i. Beetles, remains of in oolitic series
Beetle, converted to calcedony from Japan, ii. 78. Beetle stones, from coal shale, near Edinburgh, i. 155. Beginning, meaning of the word in Gen. i. 1. i. 25, 26; proofs of in phenomena of primary stratified rocks, i. 53; conclusions respect- ing necessity of, i. 54; existing and extinct species shown to have had, i. 50, 51. 54; geological evi. dences of, i. 435, 436. Belcher, Captain, his observations on iguanas, i. 186. Belcher, Captain, ammonites found by, in Chili, 254. Belemnites, geological extent of, i. 280; writers on the subject of, i. 280; structure and uses of, i. 281; a compound internal shell, i. 281; chambered portion of, allied to Nautilus and Orthoceratite, i. 281; ink-bags connected with, i. 282; causes of partial preservation of, i. 285; its analogy to shell of Nautilus and to internal shell of Sepia. i. 285; large number of species of, i. 286. Belemno-sepia, proposed new fa-
mily of cephalopods, i. 282. Bentley, his contradiction of the epicurean theory of atoms, i. 431. Bermudas, strata formed by the ac- tion of the wind in, 104. Berkeley, Bishop, on sensible de- monstaation of the existence of an invisible God, i. 443. Bible, reveals nothing of physical science, i. 22.
Birds, extent of fossil remains of, i.
74: fossil footsteps of, in Con. necticut, ii. 39.
Blainville, M., his memoir on be- lemnites, i. 280; his reasoning respecting belemnites confirmed, i. 283.
Blomfield, Bishop, on connexion of
religion and science, i. 437. Bohemia, plants preserved in coal mines of, 344, 345. Bonn, brown coal formation near, i. 381.
Botany, its importance to geology,
Boué, M., his map of Europe in ter- tiary period, i. 67.
Bothrodendron, character of, i. 357. Boyle, Mr., on distinct provinces of natural and revealed religion, i.
Bradford, apiocrinites found at i. 323. Branchipus, how allied to trilobites, i. 297, 298. Braun, Professor of Carlsruhe, his list of the plants of Eningen, i. 383, et seq. Brentford, Artesian wells at, i. 421. Broderip, Mr., his observations on
living iguanas, i. 182, 186; on new species of brachiopodo, i. 225; on crustaceans from the lias at Lyme, i. 293. Brongniart, M. Alexandre, his ac- count of the basin of Paris, i. 67; his history of trilobites, i. 295; on erect position of trees in the coal formation of St. Etienne, i. 353, 354.
Brongniart, M. Adolphe, his divi- sions of submarine vegetation, i. 340; divisions of the fossil equi- setaceæ, i. 346; classification of fossil ferns, i. 347; observa- tions on fossil coniferæ, i. 364; on plants of the Grès bigarré, i. 368; on plants of the secondary formations, i, 369.
Brora, coal in oolite formation at, i. 66, 369.
Brougham, Lord, on religious end of study of natural philosophy, i. 440.
Brown coal, character and extent of, i. 381.
Brown, Mr. Robert, on distribution of living ferns, i. 348; discovery of Gymnospermous structure of coniferæ and cycadeæ, i. 363; his section of a stem of cycas revoluta, i. 373; his discovery of fossil spiral vessels, i. 375; name of podocarya suggested by i. 378; his discovery of fossil spiral vessels and traces of extravasated gum in fossil cycadites, ii. 100. Bruckmann, M. Von, his descrip- tion and application of Artesian wells, i. 421, 423.
Brunel, Mr. jun., his experiment in a diving bell, i. 142. Brussels, fossil emys at, i. 197.
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