Plate 25'. Fossil Crocodileans and Chelonian. 26. Footsteps on Red Sandstone near Dumfries. 26'. Footsteps on Red Sandstone at Hessberg, (Double Plate.) 26". Hind footstep of Chirotherium on Sandstone from Hessberg. 26". Footsteps of some unknown Reptile on Sandstone from Hessberg. 26. Several species of Ornithichnites on Sandstone in the valley of the Connecticut, (Double Plate.) 26b. Ornithichnites Giganteus, on Sandstone from Connecticut. 27. Scales, Jaw, and Teeth, of fossil Fishes. 27a. Recent and fossil Sauroid Fishes. 27b. Fish from the Coal Formation of Saarbrück. 27. Fish from the Oolite Formation. 27d. Jaws, Teeth, and Spine of Recent and Fossil Sharks. 27. Teeth on the Palate of Acrodus nobilis. 27f. Teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus. 28. Pens and Ink Bag of recent and fossil Loligo. 29. Fossil Pens and Ink Bags of Loligo, from the Lias. 34. Animal of Nautilus Pompilius. 35. Exterior of Ammonites Obtusus. 36. Chambers and Siphuncle of Ammonites Obtusus. 37. Various forms of Mechanism to strengthen Ammonites. 38. Lateral view of Ammonites Heterophyllus. 39. Longitudinal view of Ammonites Heterophyllus. 40. Ammonites Henslowi; A. Nodosus; A. Sphæricus, and A. Striatus. 41. Chambers of Ammonites Giganteus. 42. Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus and Ammonite. 43. Nautilus Sypho, and N. Zic-Zac. 44. Chambered Shells allied to Nautilus and Ammonite. 44′. Illustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia. 44". Ink Bags of Belemnosepia. 45. Trilobites and recent animals allied to them. 46. Various forms of Trilobites. 46'. Fossil Scorpions from the Coal formation in Bohemia. 46". Fossil Limulus, Arachnidans, and Insects. 47. Apiocrinites, and Actinocrinites. 48. Fragment of a Lily Encrinite, Encrinites Moniliformis. 49. Stem of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected. Plate 50. Body of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected. 51. Briarean Pentacrinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis. 52. Recent and fossil Pentacrinites. 53. Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.) 54. Recent Corals with their Polypes. 55. Fossil Tree (Lepidodendron Sternbergii) from a Coal mine in Bohemia. 56. Remains of Plants of extinct families, from the Coal formation. 56. Highly magnified sections of Coniferæ. 57. Remains of a subterranean Forest on the coast of Dorset. 58. Cycas Revoluta producing Buds. 59. Zamia Pungens, and sections of recent Zamia and Cycas. 60. Trunk and transverse section of Cycadites Megalophyllus. 61. Trunk and sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Micro phyllus. 62. Sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadeæ. 63. Fossil fruit of Podocarya, and recent Pandaneæ, (Double Plate.) 64. Remains of fossil Palms, from Tertiary strata. 65. Sections illustrating the structure and disposition of Coal basins. 66. Sections illustrating the Silurian and Carboniferous systems; and part of the Newcastle Coal field. 67. Sections illustrating the origin of Springs, and the disposition of Metallic Veins. 68. Sections showing the cause of the rise water in Artesian Wells in the Basin of London. 69. Sections illustrating the Theory of Artesian Wells. Total number of Plates 87. Total number of figures 705. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Introductory Notice, and Description of the Geological PLATE 1, Is an imaginary Section constructed to express, by the insertion of names, and colours, the relative positions of the most important classes, both of unstratified and stratified rocks, as far as they have yet been ascertained. It is founded on many series of accurate observations, on several lines taken across Europe, between the British islands and the Mediterranean Sea. Although no single straight line exhibits every formation complete in the full order of succession here represented, no fact is inserted for which authority cannot be found. The near approximation of this synoptic representation to the facts exhibited by an actual section, may be estimated by comparing it with the admirable section across Europe, published by Mr. Conybeare in the Report of the Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1832, and with his sections of England, in Phillips and Conybeare's Geology of England and Wales. The chief merit of the above Section is due to the Talents of Mr. Thomas Webster; it is founded on a more simple section which has for several years been used by him in his lectures, and which exhibits the relations of the Granitic and Volcanic rocks to the stratified formations, and to one another, more intelligibly than I have ever seen expressed elsewhere. This original drawing by Mr. Webster has formed the basis of the present enlarged and improved section, into which many important additions have been introduced by the joint suggestions of Mr. Webster and myself. The selection and arrangement of the animals and plants is my own; they have been drawn and engraved (together with a large proportion of the woodcuts) by Mr. J. Fisher, of St. Clements, Oxford. For facility of reference, I have numbered the principal groups of stratified rocks represented in the section, according to their most usual order of succession; and I have designated by letters the crystalline or unstratified rocks, and the injected masses and dikes, as well as the metallic veins, and lines of fracture, producing dislocations or faults. The crowded condition in which all the Phenomena represented in this section, are set together, does not admit of the use of accurate relative proportions, between the stratified rocks and the intruded masses, veins, and dikes by which they are intersected. The adoption of false proportion is, however, unavoidable in these cases, because the veins and dikes would be invisible, unless expressed on a highly exagge rated scale. The scale of height throughout the whole section is also infinitely greater than that of breadth. The plants and animals also are figured on no uniform scale. The extent of the different formations represented in this section, taking their average width as they occur in Europe, would occupy a breadth of five or six hundred miles. A scale of heights, at all approaching to this scale of breadth, would render the whole almost invisible. The same cause makes it also impossible to express correctly the effect of valleys of denudation, which are often excavated through strata of one formation into those of another subjacent formation. |