Fundamental Problems in Phonetics

acoustic activity actual aerodynamic air-flow alveolar approximant articulation articulatory aspirated breath called channel Chapter clear closed closure cm H2O cm/s component consequently consonants continuous course described direction discussion distinction duration English example experiment fact Figure final flow frequency fricative front further given glottal stop glottalic pressure glottis higher important indicated initiator initiator power initiatory intensity involve kind known languages larynx lateral less lips lower lungs mean measured mouth movement muscles narrow nasal normal occur oral organic palate particular pharynx phase phonetic position possible pressure produced pulmonic pulmonic pressure recording referred regarded relation release represents resonant result sequence shows simply sounds speech stressed stricture suction syllable teeth tense tion tongue turbulent unit upper various velaric velocity ventricular vibration vocal folds vocal tract voice voiceless volume volume-velocity vowel whisper