of man. It was suggested by the digging up of some Roman burial urns in Norfolk. 128. 10. Sic ego, etc. Thus I should wish to be laid at rest when I am become bones. 20. Considerable. Worthy of consideration.

24. To retain a stronger propension unto them. I. e., such souls clung more strongly to the bodies.

129. 36. Archimedes. The famous Syracusan mathematician and physicist of the third century B. C.

37. The life of Moses his man. The life of man as described by Moses, in the socalled Prayer of Moses, the ninetieth Psalm.

tombstone.

93. Atropos. The one of the three Fates who cuts the thread of life.

99. Meridian. The noon, or middle point,
of the world's existence.

106. Prophecy of Elias. "That the world
may last but six thousand years."
(Browne's note.)

107. Charles the Fifth ... Hector.
"Hector's fame lasting above two lives of
Methusaleh, before that famous prince
(i. e., Charles) was extant." (Browne's
note.)

115. One face of Janus . . . the other.
The past and the future.
126. Setting. Declining.

130. 136. The mortal right-lined circle. 0,
the character of death.
147. Gruter.

Jan Gruter (1560-1627),

a continental scholar; author of Inscriptiones Antiquæ (1603).

157. Cardan. Italian philosopher of the sixteenth century.

160. Hippocrates. Greek physician (460377 B. C.).

164. Entelechia. A word coined by Aristotle to denote the actual being of a thing in distinction to its capacity for being.

167. Canaanitish woman. See Genesis, xlvi: 10.

178. Adrian. Hadrian, Emperor of Rome. 182. Thersites. A foul-mouthed coward in the Iliad, where Agamemnon is leader of the Greek host.

130. 205. Lucina. Goddess of childbirth; here equivalent to midwife.

211. Our light in ashes.

According to

the custom of the Jews, who place a lighted wax-candle in a pot of ashes by the corpse." (Browne's note.)

212. Brother of death. Sleep.

224. To weep into stones. A reference to the fable of Niobe.

131. 257. Mummy is become merchandise. A medicinal preparation made, or supposed to be made, from mummies, was highly regarded in the old medicine. 258. Mizraim. The Biblical name for Egypt; Browne seems to use it as symbolic of Egypt's great men.

268. Nimrod. The Hebrew equivalent of the Greek Orion.

269. The dog-star. Sirius.

274. Perspectives. Telescopes.
298. Scape. Oversight.
309. Sardanapalus. Last king of As-
syria, who, when his besieged city of
Nineveh was about to be captured, gath-
ered together his household and treasure
and burned all, with himself, in his palace.
316. Gordianus. An emperor of Rome in
the third century. Man of God. Moses,
buried by the hand of God; cf. Deu-
teronomy, xxxiv: 6.
321. Enoch.
"And Enoch was not, for
God took him." Genesis, v: 24. Elias.
Elijah was taken up to heaven in a chariot
of fire; 2 Kings, ii: 1-12.

327. Decretory. Established by decree.
346. Alaricus. King of the Visigoths,
who captured and sacked Rome in 410;
he was buried, with vast treasure, in the
bed of a river.

348. Sylla. Roman general and dictator (138-78 B. C.)

132. 357. That poetical taunt of Isaiah. See Isaiah, xiv: 16-17.

367. St. Innocent's churchyard. In Paris. 371. Moles of Adrianus. Hadrian's Mole, or tomb, now known as the Castle of St. Angelo.

FULLER

THE GOOD SCHOOLMASTER

133. 11. Cockering. Coddling.

113. Peculiar. A parish exempted from the jurisdiction of the bishop within whose diocese it lies; here applied to a condition of exemption from the usual regulations.

132. De insolenti carnificina. Of the ex-
cessive torture. Conscindebatur ..
singulos. He was lashed with whips seven
or eight times a day.

136. Tusser. Thomas Tusser, an English
poetaster of the sixteenth century.
143. Udall. Nicholas Udall, headmaster
of Eton 1534-1541; best known as author
of the first regular English comedy,
Ralph Roister Doister.

THE LIFE OF QUEEN ELIZABETH

32. Compurgator. A person who swore to his belief in the innocence of one on trial. 69. A fit of the mother. A pun on the old meaning of mother-hysteria. 135. 121. Ascham. See note on The Good Schoolmaster, above.

138. Et si . pudor. And if that womanly bashfulness of mine.

136. 188. Latter Lammas. This rendering of Græcas Calendas is explained by the fact that neither a Greek calends nor a later Lammas (a church festival on August first) exists; the latter term was used ironically for "never."

211. Semper eadem. Always the same. 231. This anagrammatist. Edmund Campion, an English Jesuit, executed for treason in 1581.

271. Cordial. Invigorating.

WALTON

THE COMPLETE ANGLER

137. I. Piscator. The Complete Angler is written in the form of dialogue; the chief characters are Piscator, the Fisherman, and Venator, the Hunter, who is the pupil. 9. Gesner. Conrad Gesner (1516-1565), a Swiss naturalist.

36. Mercator. Gerard Mercator (15121594), famous for his contributions to geographical science.

The

138. 125. Albertus. Albertus Magnus (1206?— 1280), a scholastic philosopher. 160. History of Life and Death. Latin Historia Vita et Mortis, 1623. 139. 221. The Royal Society. The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge was incorporated 15 July, 1662. See Huxley's essay "On the Necessity of Improving Natural Knowledge," p. 720.

275. Make a catch. Sing a "round." 140. 337. Kit Marlow. Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's song and Raleigh's answer were both printed in England's Helicon (1600).

359. A syllabub of new verjuice. A sort of custard made of cream and fruit juice.

145. 2. Cerberus. A three-headed dog, guardian of the gateway of Hades.

10. Cimmerian. Cimmeria was a land in which, according to Homer, the sun never shone.

12. Euphrosyne. Mirth.

most

29. Hebe. The goddess of youth. 146. 45. Then to come in spite of sorrow. The passage has been much disputed about. The interpretation which seems satisfactory is that L'Allegro finds pleasure in hearing the song of the lark in the early morning, and then in coming to the window to look out through sweet briar and eglantine, to bid good morrow to the new day.

67. Tells his tale. Counts his sheep.
83. Corydon, Thyrsis, etc. Conventional
names in pastoral verse.

103. She . . . he. Persons who
telling the stories.

are

125. Hymen. The god of marriage.
132. Jonson's learned sock. Actors in
classical comedy wore a low-heeled
soccus, or slipper. Jonson's plays were
famous for the scholarly learning they
embodied.

147. 145. Orpheus. According to the Greek myths, Orpheus was the most wonderful of all human musicians. Pluto consented to let Eurydice return with her husband to the earth, but Orpheus, by looking back to be sure she was following, broke the terms of his agreement with Pluto, and Eurydice remained in Hades. Hence the phrase," half-regained."

IL PENSEROSO

10. Morpheus. The god of sleep. 18. Prince Memnon's sister. Memnon was a handsome king of the Ethiopians, according to Homer. Milton here assumes

88. Thrice-great Hermes. Hermes Trismegistus, a learned Egyptian.

99. Thebes... Pelops' line . . . Troy. All subjects of Greek tragic poetry. 101. The reference here may be to Shakespeare's tragedies.

102. Buskined. The buskin was the high-heeled boot worn by actors in classical tragedy; opposed to the sock of L'Allegro, l. 132.

104. Musæus. A mythical Greek poet, sometimes called the son of Orpheus.

109. Him that left half-told. The reference is to Chaucer, who left his Squire's Tale unfinished.

ear.

120. Where more is meant than meets the Where there is an allegorical meaning. Milton probably had Spenser's Faerie Queene in mind.

122. Civil-suited. Soberly dressed, like a citizen.

124. Attic boy. Cephalus, whom Aurora loved.

134. Sylvan. Sylvanus, one of the woodland deities.

148. His wings. Sleep's wings.

158. Massy proof. Able to support the weight resting on them.

159. Storied. With Biblical stories in stained glass.

LYCIDAS

Lycidas. A pastoral name, taken from classical poetry. A learned friend. Edward King, a fellow student with Milton at Christ's College, Cambridge.

1. Yet once more. Milton is taking up the writing of poetry after a lapse of a few years since the time Comus was written.

149. 15. Sisters of the sacred well. The Muses; the Pierian spring, on Mount Helicon.

23. Nursed upon the self-same hill. Attended the same university. Milton adopts the poetical convention of representing his characters as shepherds.

36. Damotas. The reference is possibly
to Milton's college tutor.

54. Mona. The island of Anglesey.
55. Deva. The river Dee.

58. The Muse. Calliope.

62. His gory visage. Orpheus was slain

by Thracian women, and his head cast into the river Hebrus.

149. 65. Shepherd's trade. The art of poetry. 68. Amaryllis . . . Neæra. Conventional pastoral names for women.

75. Blind Fury. Atropos, not one of the Furies, but the Fate who cuts the thread of life.

150. 77. Phœbus. The god of poetry.

79. Glistering foil. Glittering tinsel; gold leaf.

85. Arethuse. Arethusa, a Sicilian spring, symbolic of Greek pastoral poetry. 86. Mincius. A stream in Italy, near which Virgil was born. Vocal. Used for shepherds' pipes.

88. Oat. Oaten pipe; symbolic of pastoral verse.

Triton, son

89. The herald of the sea.
of Neptune, comes in Neptune's plea ";
that is, to defend his father.

96. Hippotades. Æolus, god of the winds.
99. Panope. One of the Nereids, or sea-
nymphs.
103. Camus.
The genius of the river
Cam, beside which stands Cambridge
University.

104. Sedge. Coarse grass and reeds along
the river bank.

106. That sanguine flower. The hyacinth,
whose petals the Greeks fancied to be
marked with the word meaning alas.
109. The pilot. St. Peter.

115. The fold. The church.

119. Blind mouths. For an excellent exposition of the phrase cf. Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies.

126. Wind and rank mist. False teachings of the unprincipled clergy.

128. The grim wolf. The Roman Catho-
lic Church, which was actively proselyting
at the time.

130. Two-handed engine. Milton has in
mind some instrument of retribution
which will punish the corrupt clergy.
132. Alpheus. A river god, here sym-
bolical of pastoral poetry. Milton here
ends his digression on the state of the
church.

151. 149. Amaranthus. The amaranth, symbolic of immortality.

151. Laureate. Crowned with laurel. 158. The monstrous world. The ocean, abode of monsters.

160. Bellerus. The Latin name for
Land's End had been Bellerium, and
Milton coins Bellerus as the name of an
imaginary hero after whom the promon-
tory was called.

161. The guarded mount. St. Michael's
Mount in Cornwall, where the Archangel
Michael was said to have appeared.
162. Namancos and Bayona. On the
coast of Spain.

184. In thy large recompense. As a re-
ward.

189. His Doric lay. His pastoral song.

158. 288. The Tuscan artist. Galileo, whom Milton met while travelling in Italy. 289. Fesole. Fiesole, a hill near Florence. 290. Valdarno. The valley of the Arno. 303. Vallombrosa. Near Florence, in Tuscany, the ancient Etruria.

305. Orion. The constellation Orion, or the Huntsman, supposed to bring foul weather.

307. Busiris. Here meaning the Pharaoh of the exodus. Memphian. Memphis was the ancient capital of Egypt.

309. Goshen. The portion of Egypt in which the Jews resided before the exodus. 159. 341. Warping. Usually explained

as

flying with a bending motion, twisting from side to side. Perhaps, however, it describes a progress by short stages, instead of continuous flight, as a ship is warped into harbor: the locusts advance a short distance, then settle down, and after devouring everything green, fly on to the next vegetation, and so on. 351. A multitude like which the populous north. Referring to the various invasions of the Roman Empire by the "barbarians" from the north.

392. Moloch. Human sacrifice, particularly of children, played an important part in the worship of Moloch.

397-9. Rabba. The capital of Ammon. Argob, Basan, Arnon. The first two, districts east of Palestine; the third, a river emptying into the Dead Sea from the east.

Heaven

Chaos

Before the fall of the Angels

Heaven

Chaos

Hell

After the fall of the Angels

Heaven

The World

Chaos

Hell

After the creation of the World

Charlemain and all his peerage. Charlemagne and his twelve knights are the heroes of the Chanson de Roland, which gives an account of their defeat in the pass of Roncesvalles, not far from Fontarabbia.

163. 674. The work of sulphur. It was formerly believed that ores could not exist independent of sulphur.

678. Mammon. God of riches. 164. 720. Belus, Serapis. The first an Assyrian god, the second an Egyptian.

728. Cressets. Hanging iron vessels, open at the top, containing a burning illuminant.

737. Orders. The nine ranks of angels in the celestial hierarchy.

738. His name. Hephæstus, the Greek god of fire; analogous to the Latin Vulcan. 739. Ausonian land. Italy.

165. 756. Pandemonium. "The hall of all the devils." Milton coined the word on the analogy of Pantheon, "the hall of all the gods."

769. The Sun with Taurus rides. The sun is in the sign of Taurus, or the Bull, from the middle of April till the middle of May. Cf. Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 7.

BOOK II

2. Ormus. The island of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf.

167. 74. That forgetful lake. The lake of liquid fire into which the angels had fallen. 100. At worst on this side nothing. In as bad a condition as we can be and still exist.

168. 152. Let this be good. Granting that absolute annihilation be good.

169. 224. For happy. As regards happiness. 170. 336. To our power. To the extent of our power.

173. 531. The goal. The turning-post in a chariot race.

539. Typhœan rage. Rage like that of
Typhon, who, according to the fables,
was imprisoned beneath a volcano.
542. Alcides. Hercules.

174. 592. Serbonian bog. An Egyptian lake, near the city of Damietta and Mt. Casius. 638. Bengala. Bengal.

639. Ternate and Tidore. Two of the Molucca Islands.