much better footing than it had even at the beginning of the French revolution. Therefore we must admit that there is now a much better prospect of reform in England than that which the French révolution seemed for a moment to hold out to us.-The plain and broad fact is this-that every Englishman who has, for the last six months, heartily wished that the Spaniards should succeed, has knowingly and wilfully wished for a radical reform of abuses in the regular monarchy of Spain, and for such a change of the government, as might permanently secure a better administration of its affairs. He has, moreover, wished to see that change adopted by the Spanish people themselves, and has admitted most amply the right of the people to call their rulers to account, and choose their own constitution. If these happy effects have al ready flowed from the Spanish revolution, and are sure to spread far and wide over this great country the blessings of free discussion, watchful jealousy of the government, and unsparing reform of existing abuses; it is equally manifest, that the force of the example of Spain will not be spent here, but must reach over the other states of the Continent. The following passages are extracted from the Review of MR. LFCKIE's Book in the last number:-" There is nothing, indeed, in political science which stands more in want of a philosophical investigation, than the influence of aristocracy in human society. So great a tendency has it to predominate, that, with the exception of those cases in which a military leader or chief swallows up the power both of aristocracy and people, there is perhaps nó instance of a government, in the history of mankind, in which the power of the aristocracy did not exceed the proper limits, in which it was not more than a match for the power of the people, and enabled the rich and leading men to shift the burthens of the state from themselves upon the inferior orders. ---Notwithstanding the helps provided for the people to protect their interests are, in our hapPy constitution, the strongest ever actually admitted in any government, all the changes which have taken place in the texture of our common affairs, have been in favour of the aristocratical interest. Our system of taxation, which is now so enormous a machine, decidedly, and, to a degree, infinitely greater than is generally supposed, favours the higher orders, and throws the mighty burden upon the middling and the lower. The composition of the commons house of parliament has become, confessedly, less dependent upon the voice of the people. The enormous revenue of the government, which is chiefly taken from the pockets of the people, is chiefly returned into the pockets of the higher ranks, by whom so great a proportion of the lu crative places are engrossed." BREWERIES. SIR-In writing the letter on the Breweries, inserted in your Register of the 12th November, my view was to rescue the intelligent part of the trade from the aspersions thrown on all of them, through the ignorant practices of many (therein described) who are engaged in that business; and this chiefly by shewing that there could be no temptation to a man of understanding to substitute any articles for malt and hops, because the latter are not only the most suitable, but undeniably the cheapest, that can be procured. I am so desirous to avoid obtruding on your valuable paper, that it is with no small degree of reluctance I once more, and, as I hope and intend, for the last time on this subject, solicit your indulgence to notice, as concisely as in my power, the remarks of a gentleman who signs himself" Candidus in your Register of the 26th ult.-He wishes I had stated the grounds and the methods, whereby I formed the ratio of the value of malt, compared with sugar and with treacle. My answer is by hydrostatics, as he supposes. He doubts the competency of any instrument to shew the exact difference between the saccharine matter extracted from malt, and that which is afforded by a solution of sugar, or of treacle, in pure water, on account of the mucilage in the first, which, he concludes, affects the accuracy of the rule. This is the (now fully exploded) objection which was urged against the hydrometer so long ago as in the year 1770, by the then principal brewer in London in a conference which I obtained with him, on the subject; but who changed his opinion a few years afterwards, and adopted the constant use of the instrument, in which he was gradually followed by the other considerable brewers. But the proof of this, and also the following question between us rests in distillation, of which I shall speak hereafter. I stated that malt was 20 per cent superior to sugar, on a comparison of the produce of each with their respective costs. This gentleman thinks there must be an advantage of 40 per cent in favour of sugar, without, however, offering any other grounds for this opinion than his doubts before-mentioned, as the effect of the mu cilage combined with the sweet of the malt on the different gravities of the two musts. There is the very serious difference of 60 per cent in our opinions. One of us must be under a very great error. I could, if it were not rendered unnecessary by their being the same, as he will hereafter find described by a scientific and practical gentleman, Mr. Martineau, to a committee of the House of Commons, give a series of experiments on sugar and treacle, made many years ago, accompanied, also, with a set of twelve distillations (in a still of a suitable size which I procured to be made for the purpose) of small portions of beer formed from as many different original specific gravities in the worts; which experiment I then entered on with the view to ascer ain the fact of the accordance, or not, of the final proportion of proof spirit with the original gravity, as shewn by the hydrometer; due reference being had to all the circumstances. The results of each, and of all of these examinations, did so remarkably correspond with the seve ral circumstances as to afford the most convincing testimony to my mind that every hydrometer, now in use, is truly and correctly, a measure of sweets, although that appellation is given to one only, among the several sorts now constructed. But I must not expect that my own experiments, and consequent decision will be deemed of sufficient authority to be conclusive with others. I am happy, therefore, in the op portunity to adduce far superior proof, premising, that the average value of each 8 bushels of malt is known as annually, to every brewer who has employed an hydrometer for a sufficient time to understand its uses. I say, annually, because the produce of saccharine matter varies with the favourableness of the harvest and season to the barley; as well as very materially according to the method of malting it. But a quarter of malt, weighing from 300lbs. to 336lbs., usually yields from 75 to 80lbs. of saccharine matter. A like quantity and no more is afforded by 185lbs. to 190lbs. of sugar, or by 224 to 240lbs. of treacle. The pro duce of the last two is found merely by a solution of them in waters; and finally, the separate value of all the three is found by the production of spirit, uniformly correponding with the gravities of their extracts, or solutions. The evidence I have alluded to is taken from a parliamentary "Report of the "Sugar Distillery Committee," ordered by the house to be printed 17th February, 1807. The object being to inquire how far relief sight be afforded to the West India proprietors by the use of sugar in the breweries and distilleries, the committee after having examined (from the 2d to the 13th Jan. ،، 1807) the persons most competent to give them information, say in page 4:-" It appears to the committee that taking the price of the quarter of malt, capable of producing 80 lbs. of saccharine matter at "82s. the quantity of sugar necessary to "produce an equal proportion of saccha"rine matter must be 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 1 lb. (197 lbs.) which at 58s. * the cwt. would amount to 101s. 6d. in price, making a difference in favour of the malt of 198. 64. in that given quantity. It is stated, besides, in evidence, that the beer produced from sugar, even if the prices "would admit of it, is not equal in any degree to that produced from its equi"valent quantity of malt, and coasequently that the brewer would not use sugar in their manufactory, unless they were prohibited by law from using grain." -In page 16, Mr Jackson commissioner of excise, examined by the committee, says, "I recollect that about the year "1800 or 1801, when sugar was by law permitted to be used in the brewery, on account of the scarcity of grain at that "time, very little sugar was used. One or two brewers in London, two at Man"chester, and some at Liverpool, were "the only brewers I recollect to have used "it, and they very soon discontinued it. "The price of malt at that time was, as far as I recollect, five guineas a quarter, and 66 sugar, including the duty, about 52s. the "cwt."-In page 20, Mr. Martineau, an eminent porter brewer in London, examined, and to questions put to him says, "I have never brewed beer from sugar, but "have made such experiments as to con"vince my own mind, completely." And being desired to state the opinion he had formed in consequence, said: "I have a very "short statement shewing the compara "tive value of malt with sugar, and of mo "lasses with malt." Mr. Martineau then delivered in the following paper to the committee, which was read." December 14, "1799, experiments on a sample of brown "Muscovado sugar at 53s. 3d. per cwt., and "the same on a sample of molasses at 40s. per cwt. One pound of the above sugar was dissolved in a gallon of water, and "then boiled half an hour, it lost by evapo"ration rather more than a quart, which "quantity being restored with cold water, "and reduced to the heat of 60 degrees, it My estimate of the price of sugar was 61s. and my quantity 196 lbs. the cost of which would be 106s. 9d. I believe it is now dearer than 61s. "then weighed by Quin's hydrometer 14lbs. 8-10ths." (consequently) "75lbs. of the same extract, which is about the fair average produce of a quarter of inalt would consume 185lbs. of sugar, which, at 53s. 3d. per cwt. is 87s. 5d One pound of mo"lasses treated exactly as the sugar had been weighed by the same instrument 12lbs "4-10hs; therefore 75lbs. of the same ex"tract would consume 216 lbs. oftreacle, "which at 40s. the cwt is 77s. 1d." To other questions put to him by the committee, Mr. Martineau answered, "that he took "not the best malt; that such malt as would "yield 80lbs. of saccharine matter per "quarter would require an equivalent of 197lbs. of sugar, and 230lbs. in treacle; " worts, and of their wash, as ascertained by hydrostatics, from whatsoever saccharine and fermentable matters such musts and wash, are drawn.-Other parliamentary inquiries and reports on the same subject might be adduced, in confirmation, particularly the first, second, and third Reports of the Committees on the Distillation of Sugar, ordered to be printed 15th June 1808, any part of which it must be unnecessary to quote. I cannot however refrain from stating the following proof that the mucilage is of no consideration, to destroy the brewer's confidence in the competency of hydrometers to exhibit a just comparison between sweets. In the years 1805 and 1806, three gentlemen, distin "that he never tried either sugar in molas-guished for their abilities, and well known ses in brewing, being so perfectly satisfied, by the result of the experiments that they made so completely against the " use of sugar, that he never was induced "to try it in the brewhouse."-Candidus may still think" that it is not philosophical "to conclude, (even from this useful ex"amination by Mr. Martineau), that the "extract of malt must necessarily be richer " and superior to the others." Such however, was the conclusion of the committee, in their report to the house; and who will depreciate the further proof that is afforded by distillation? In pages 22, 24 of this Report will be found the examination of Mr. Smith of Brentford, and of Mr. Benwell of Battersea, both very eminent, and extensive distillers. They state the "then prices, (in January 1807) of "the different materials suitable to their use, to be barley at 44s, and malt 81s. the quarter, and sugar 61s. to 62s. the cwt. "but that the price of sugar should be from "32s. to 333. to induce the distillers to use "that article in their trade, and that even "then the spirit distilled would not be "either of so good a quality as that distilled "from malt and barley, or so disposable in "the market. Also, that to tempt the "distillers to use molasses it should (to "bear a proportion to barley at 44s. and "malt at 81s. the quarter) bear the price "of 24s. the cwt. and even then the mo"lasses is considered a worse article in the distillery than sugar." Now the judgement of these gentlemen, and by which they govern their practice in business, is founded on the actual produce of ardent spirit obtained from the different quantities of the several materials, and which, as was observed in my letter at page 770 of your Register, is well known to them to be ever in a ratio to the original gravity of their acquirements in chemistry, (viz. Drs. Thompson, Hope, and Coventry) were selected by government to inquire into the differences in value between the English and Scotch barleys and malts, for which purpose they took with them some practical assistants to conduct the operations of both brewing and distilllng. I have unfortunately parted with their very valuable Report, printed by order of parliament, containing the particulars of numerous trials made by them. I recollect enough, however, to be able to say that their uniform rule, for finding the dif ferences between the two grains, was by the gravity of their extracts, as shewn by the hydrometers of various constructions. From which gravities, and the constant agreement of the produce of spirit with them, they formed a numerical rule for ascertaining at once, the proportion of alcohol, and consequently of spirits of every degree of strength, producable from every given gravity of must. The operation of their thus discovered (decimal) multiplicator on the gravity of must taken with the attendant circumstances, as the multiplicand, affords such very close agreement with the evidences in the above "parliamentary reports" as to remove every particle of doubt, as to the conclusions to be drawn in the present question. One other remark calls on me to be noticed, "that a third wort of 10lbs per barrel cannot be so valuable as a third part of the first wort of 30lbs per barrel, because the latter contains a less proportion of mucilage to the sweets than the last worts." Agreed; but what then would be the produce of a fourth liquor on the grains, grains, which, according to the inference, would coutain a still larger proportion of mucilage to the sweet? I say that this produce from the previous exhaustion of the grains would not exceed, in mucilage and saccharine mat ter combined, 2 or at the most 3lbs. per quarter which is a quality that is inapplicable to form any sort of beer. And even in these 2 or 3lbs. not the mucilage, but the remnant of saccharum, constitutes the whole of the nutritive quality, without which the refuse (usually left in the grains) would not deserve the low price at which it is sold. With every sentiment of respect towards this evidently able, though mistaken gentleman, I appeal to himself whether the testimony of the several scientific, practical, and truly respectable men I have quoted, from such unquestionable authority, is or is not conclusive? And if so, it is surely fair to ask what becomes of the alledged advantage of 40 per cent. in favour of sugar; and, also, which of us is it who "has advanced an opi"nion that will not stand the test of rigid "examination?"-I am, Sir, yours, very respectfully,-A HAMPSHIRE BREWER, Dec. 5, 1808, P. S.-On your account, Mr. Cobbett, as well as my own, I decline all future public discussion of this subject. But if this respectable gentleman wishes to know me, he may satisfy his curiosity by addressing a letter. to M. B. (with his own name and address) at No. 11, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, which shall be noticed in return to him, with all respectful attention. DUKE OF YORK.-An Act to enable His Majesty to grant the Inheritance, in Fee Simple, of certain Manors, Messuages, Lands, and Hereditaments, in the Parishes of Byfleet, Weybridge, Walton, Wallon Leigh, and Chertsey, in the County of Surry, to His Royal Highness Frederick Duke of York and Albany, for a valuable Consideration. Passed the 9th Passed the 9th March, 1804. Whereas his late majesty king George II. by letters patent bearing date the 11th June, 1760, for the consideration therein mentioned, did demise, grant, and to farm let, unto Henry then earl of Lincoln and afterwards duke of Newcastle, all that the manor or lordship, manors or lordships, and lands, of Byfleet and Weybridge, and the park of Byfleet called Byfleet or Weybridge Park, or lying and being in Byfleet and Weybridge, with all and singular the appurtenances, in the county of Surry, together with the capital messuage or tenement, stables, and other outhouses thereto belonging, then in the occupation of James Incebird; and all that messuage or tenement with the appurtenances then in the occupapation of Joseph Spence; and all that messuage or tenement with the appur tenances then lately erected and built near the Mills on the Banks of the River Weywithin the said manor, then in the occupation of John Bardow, Esq.; and all those two Iron Mills erected on the banks of the said river and near the said last mentioned messuage or tenement, and then in the occupation of the said John Bardow, and used by him in the Iron and Steel Manufacture; and all those warehouses, storehouses, smith's shop, and all other buildings thereto belonging or therewith used; which said messuages, mills, warehouses, and storehouses, were buildings which required to be repaired and rebuilt, and were of greater yearly value than the maner, lands, park, and other premises above-mentioned; together with all meadows, pastures, lands, tenements, profits, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, hereditaments, and appurtenances to the said manor or lordship, manors or lordships, lands, park, messuages, mills, and other buildings and edifices, or any parcel of them or any of them appertaining or in any manner belonging; (excepting nevertheless and always reserving all great trees, timber trees, saplings, woods, underwoods, mines, and quarries, growing or being in or upon the said premises or any of them); to hold the same unto the said Henry earl of Lincoln his executors, administrators, and assigns, from the 5th Jan. 1784, (at which time a former term then in being would expire), for the term of 26 years, at the yearly rent of £15. 35 8d. And whereas his present majesty, by letters patent bearing date the 30th Oct. 1773, for the considerations therein mentioned, did demise, grant, and to farm let, unto the said Henry then duke of Newcastle, all and singular the said manor, or lordship, manors or lordships, park, messuages, &c. &c. comprized in and demised by the said herein-before mentioned letters patent of the 11th June, 1760, with their and every of their rights, royalties, members, and appurtenances (except as in the said herein-before mentioned letters patent is excepted), to hold the same unto the said Henry duke of Newcastle,his executors, &c. for a reversionary term of 134 years, to be computed from the 5th Jan. 1810 (at which time the before-mentioned term of 26 years would expire), at the yearly rent of £15. 3s. 8d. theretofore payable, and an increased rent of £2. 16s. 4d. (making together £18) until the 5th Jan, 1810, and at the yearly rent of £50 for the first 13 years of the said reversionary term of 13 years, to commence from the said 5th Jan. 1810, and at the rent of £25 for the last half-year of the said reversionary term: and whereas his said present majesty, by other letters patent bearing date the 7th Aug. 1780, did demise, grant, and to farm let, unto the Rev. R. Palmer, D.D. and Thomas Hurst, gent., all that manor of Walton Leigh in Surry, with all and singular its rights, members, and appurtenances, and all those rents of the free tenants there, by a particular thereof amounting yearly to £3. 03. 7d.; and all those rents of the tenants by copy of court roll, and at the will of the lord there, by a particular thereof amounting yearly to 10.0s. 9d.; and all those messuages, lands, and tenements, in the hands of the said tenants by copy of court roll, and at will under the yearly rents aforesaid; and all that annual or fee farm rent of 3s. a year, issuing out of the lands and tenements theretofore granted to E. Por ter; and all that scite of the manor of Walton Leigh and all demesne lands there with their and every of their appurtenances, by a particular thereof mentioned to be of the yearly rent or value of £10. 18s.; and all that increased rent there, by a particular thereof amounting yearly to 9s. 3d; and all that common fine there, by a particular thereof amounting yearly to 2s.; and all those perquisites of courts there, one year with another, by a particular thereof valued and estimated at £5. 11s. 11d. a year; which said manor of Walton Leigh and other the premises last above-mentioned, by a particular thereof were mentioned to be parcel of the possessions theretofore purchased of Giles Leigh, esq., and annexed to the honour of Hampton Court, and all and singular messuages, mills, houses, edifices, structures, baros, stables, dovehouses, orchards, gardens, lands, tenements, mea dows, feedings, pastures, commons, common of pasture, demesne lands, glebe lands, wastes, furzes, heaths, moors, marshes, advantages, profits, waters, water-courses, fisheries, fishings, suits, sokes, mulcis, warrens, rents, reversions, and services, rent charges, rents seck, and rents and services, as well of the free as customary tenants, tenants works, farms, fee farms, annuities, reliefs, heriots, fines, amerciaments, courts leet, views of frankpledge of court and leet, and leets perquisites and profits, and all things which to courts leet and view of frankpledge belong or appertain, chattels, waifs, estrays, goods and chattels of felons and fugitives, felons of themselves and put in exigent, bondmen, natives and villains, with their sequels, estovers, and com.non of estovers, fairs, markets, tolls, exemption from paying toll, customs, rights, jurisdictions, liberties, franchises, privileges, profits, commodities, advantages, emoluments, and hereditaments whatsoever, of whatsoever nature, kind, or specie the same were or by whatsoever names soever they were known, understood, called, or were theretofore known, situate, lying, and being, coming or arising or growing within the manor therein-before mentioned, or within the village, town fields, or places or parish of Walton Leigh and Walton-upon-Thames in the said county of elsewhere, whatsoever to the said manor, messuages, lands, tenements, &c. in anywise belonging or appertaining, happening or appending, or as part, parcel, or member of the same manor, messuages, lands, tenements, and other the said premises or any of them, had, taken, accepted, occupied, used, or reputed, and also the reversion or reversions, remainder or remainders whatsoever of the said manor and the said lands, &c. depending, happening, or in expectancy, from, in, or upon any de mise or grant, demises or grants, for term or terms of life, lives, or years, or otherwise of the same premises or any parcel thereof, of record or not of record; and also all and singular rents and yearly profits whatsoever reserved upon every demise or grant of the same premises or any parcel thereof (excepting nevertheless and always reserving to his majesty, his heirs and suc cessors, all lands, tenements, and hereditaments, then or theretofore being or reputed to be parcel of the said manor of Walton Leigh which were inclosed in Oatlands Park, or in any other of his majesty's parks, or reserved for the depasturing of the fallow deer and wild beasts, and also all other lands, &c. in Walton Leigh aforesaid or within the precinct of the said manor of Walton Leigh, which were theretofore purchased by any of his said present majesty's progenitors or ancestors, kings or queens of England, or any other person or persons whatsoever, besides the said Giles Leigh only; and also excepting and always reserving all great trees, woods, underwoods, knights fees, wards, marriages, mines, and quarries of the said premises, and all timber trees, and fair saplings apt and fit for timber, and sufficient staddles growing in and upon the said premises; and also all and singular advowsons, free donations, dispositions, and right of patronage of all and singular rectories, vicarages, chapels, and other ecclesiastical benefices whatsoever to the same premises or any parcel of the same belonging, appertaining, happening, or appending); and |