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The touch alone. Neither is the exact quantity of saccharine muter, afforded by he malt, which is the foundation of all the trength in the beer, to be discriminated by he taste. It is, however, necessary that he precise amount of such sweet should De constantly ascertained; because, without = knowledge of this product, (which varies

prisingly according to the different qua ty of the barley, and the method of nating it) the brewer cannot maintain that niformity in the strength and flavour of his peer, which is the only true criterion of a well regulated practice.-This valuable inormation is afforded by a suitable hydrosatical instrument; which shews, by the pecific gravity of small portions or samles of the different worts, and by their everal ganged quantities, the total amount of such saccharine or fermentable matter ontained in each brewing of malt, o a housandth part, or less.-It will be evident

every reflecting mind, that, without a nowledge of the uses of these two instrunems, so often as a practitioner succeeds in producing good beer, he is indebted to chance alone-and that he retains no sure means to repeat his fortunate operation. Time, indeed, will produce much change nd, generally, some improvement in beers orewed at such random; a remedy which may be afforded, and is, also, greatly relied on in family brewings. But this cannot be therwise than highly disadvantageous to he public brewers in the present state of beir trade, by causing a necessity for a burlensome stock of beer, prepared from barey at an excessive price, and loaded with mormons duties on the beer, and on the Halt.-The employment of the two instrubents is now become pretty general in the rade; yet the advantages derived from thein te but partial—always varying with the deree of experience and judgment possessed the different practitioners, in establishing set of raies for conducting the operations. It 5, therefore, severely injurious that, owing o the generally prevailing opinion, that the usiness of brewing is merely practical, and therefore performable by persons of b. meanest education, those, who have een somewhat more successful than some chers, in discovering the beneficial points and uses of the instruments, have become he objects of misrepresentation and detracLoa; and this, directly through the ignoance of the uninstructed part of the trade, t of other persons who are equally unin

formed in the matter. Much calumny has been disseminated in a charge of their using other articles than "malt, hops, yeast, and water," or it is chiefly pointed at a supposed use of substitutes for the two first. I shall endeavour to shew that the brewer who expends his money in any such substitutes, of in any extraneous matters whatsoever is most despicably ignorant of every advantageous principle of his business, and of his immediate interest in a pecuniary point of view; for that malt and hops, are not only the most beneficial, in every respect, but, also, the cheapest articles that can be used in a brewery.—it is well known to the Distillers, as well as to the intelligent among the Brewers, that it would be no more fu ile to attempt to make saleable bread from sa vdust, than to make any sort of vinous liquor (such as beer) from any matters whatsoever, except from some matter which is saccharine. For, no other subjects will yield an extrace which is capable of the vinous fermentation; without such fermentation no strength or spirituosity can be produced; and the quantity of ardent spirit, (provided the fermentation has been properly conducted) is ever in proportion to the quantity of sweet contained originally in, and therefore extractable from, the subject or matter employed; and so very exact is this,proportion of the spirit to the sweet, that the distillers can ascertain, to mathematical certainty, the precise number of gallons of proof spirit which will be yielded by their fermented liquor,, (called by them wash) previously to committing the latter to the still. The same rule extends also to, and is practicable in, the brewery. Of all the saccharine matters whether domestic or foreign, procurable in this kingdom, the three cheapest, comp ring the produce with the cost, are malt, treacle, and sugar. The proportions which these bear to each other, are, as 8 bushels of malt, so are 196 lbs. of sugar, or 240 lbs. of treacle.-The introduction of the smallest quantity of either of the last two, subjects the common brewer, by the excise laws, to the penalty of £200. If then it were even desirable to substitute stich sweets. for malt, could, let me ask, any useful quantity of such bulky matters be introduced into any considerable brewery, without the knowledge of every individual employed on the premises, who, as informers, would partake of the penalty? Would, therefore, any prudent man render himself liable to such mean tyranny, or to such exposure

Supplement to No. 20, Vol. XIV-Price 10d.

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and such penalty? With regard to treacle, must not every person, however unacquainted with the practice of brewing, perceive, that a very small portion of this coarse and black article could not fail to destroy the sale of all beer required to be pale; and, as to sugar, the cost of 196 lbs. is 107s. while a quarter of the very best pale malt is to be made or purchased at 20 per cent. less; even under the present unusually high price of barley. Which, therefore, of all the saccharine matters, is the most desirable one to a brewer, in producing the most saleable beer, at the least cost to himself?-The use of hops in brewing, exclusively of their desirable, flavour, is to preserve the worts from becoming acid; as they would, without this preventive, at some seasons, even in the first stage of the fermentation. For, the introduction or the omission of this ingredient constitutes the chief dilerence between the operations of making beer and vinegar from malt. More powerful bitters than hops, may perhaps, be procured, but the bitter is of no use without the preservative property. Gentian and quassia are wholesome and useful, as medicines; but, if introduced in beer, they cannot fail to cause a rapid decrease in the brewer's trade; owing to their total want of the fine aromatic flavour, as well as of the preservative qualities discovered, hitherto, in hops alone. . Hence there can be no inducement to an understanding brewer to use any substitute whatsoever for hops; since it must be plain to every one, that a prosperous trade is no otherwise to be gained, or to be preserved, than by pleasing the palates of the consumers; and no other matters will afford so saleable a flavour in beer, as choice hops united with well made malt.-But, the most important of all the considerations connected with the case, relates to the wholesomeness, or otherwise, of the different malt liquors, brewed in the kingdom.It is owing to the general ignorance among the majority of prac titioners that scarcely any beers which are brewed by them will become naturally fine in less time than twelve months; when, they are, most commonly, hard, perhaps crabbed, and are, accordingly, deemed by Il the medical men unwholesome. On the other hand, that species of malt liquor is allowed, and found to be the most wholesome, which becomes spontaneously bright at an early period, and will so continue, without tendency to acidity during as many months as may be required for consuming it. These desirable properties are to be obtained, constantly, only by a knowledge of the

proper heats which are suited to the criticd parts of the process. While uniformity in strength, proportionate to the pricecbtained for the beer, is gained by the right use of an hydrostatical instrument. It will, probably, be remarked, that the well known import tions at the custom-houses of certain articles, supposed to be used in the brewery, esta blish the proof that such matters are used a beers. It may be so. I am not attempting, nor am I at all desirous, to defend the practices of the grossly ignorant. What I aftira is, that no truly intelligent brewer would so waste his money to no other object than to deteriorate his beer, and thereby ir pede the sale of it.-In situations where put lic breweries abound, it is little imagined hor very scarce they are in other parts of the king dom; insomuch that it was stated to a commit tee of the house of commons, about eighteen months ago, by Mr. Jackson, one of the commissioners of excise, that the number of common brewers amounted only to 1,400 while the brewing publicans were so nume rous as 23,700!!-If the community ceil be prevailed on to believe, that a gener.li successful practice in brewing is really ar. truly a matter of science, and not attains. ble without laborious study, and the constant assistance of accurately made instrumen's which last can be of no use whatsoeve unless they are accompanied with som portion of mathematical knowledge, would be evident that the greater bak not all) of the 23,700, together with ver many of the 1400, in the country, mustle utterly incapable to apply the instruments, and to conduct such an intricate process with any approach to certainty, and, the, unable to account for the disappointments which they must incur, wholly ignores, also, of any correct means to judge of the comparative values of the very best mate rials for brewing, and the very worst, they are open to the insinuations of the venders of the drugs alluded to, who, it is we known, hesitate at no falsehoods to per suade these uninformed people that the socess of the reputable practitioners is own to the use of the contemptible trish for which they pressingly solicit orders. These, therefore, if any, are the brewers who, through the grossest ignorance, be come the purchasers of ingredients, utterly inapplicable to the purpose; and which can have ro other effect than to increase their difficulties, as well as their expences-Va the other band, the most wholesome, and generally preferable malt liquors, are chiefly to be expected from the efforts et men of better education, engaged in con

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was well known, and universally admitted to be the Answer of his ministers, His majesty's speech was uniformly receive and discussed in parliament as the speech of his ministers; and it was admitted to be competent for every man, public and private, to discuss it as be pleased. He did not question the right of his majesty to return what answer he chose to such addresses as that court, or any other body, or number of individuals, might present to him. All he contended for was the right of that court to state the sensition which they felt on re

siderable breweries, wherein the principal | himself, and not an ignorant deputy, directs the process. To such men the study of the practice affords a pleasing amusement, which leads them to ascertain the qualities of, and rightly to distinguish between, the four only articles which are useful and necessary, and all others which are very far worse than useless. Besides, it is not in the power of any brewer, however well experienced and instructed in the business, to obtain so large a proportion of vinous strength, as well as some other of the most desirable qualities in beer, from small às from larger bewings.ceiving an auswer such as the present to any This is no chimera; for a powerful cause might be deduced from theory, if that were wanting, to explain the fact. This disadvantage, together with the general want of system among the inferior brewers, cannot ful to occasion the very serious waste of one fourth part of all the malt committed to their injudicious treatment. Any remarks on the effects of this annual loss, amounting, as might be shewn, to 400,000 quarters of barley, from the national stock of corn, would lead me farther than I intended; and would also intrude more on your valuable paper than I could expect will be allowed. -I am, very respectfully, Sir, yours, &c. A HAMPSHIRE BREWER.-Nov. 4th, 1808.

CITY OF LONDON. RESOLUTION RELATIVE TO THE KING'S ANSWER. (Concluded from page 756) He should not deny that we were at all times entitled to petition his majesty, and to state our grievances; but would any man contend, that his majesty had not an equal right to make what answer he thought proper fo such Address or Petition? He threw out of his consideration the idea which some gentlemen seemed to entertain that in going up to the throne they were going up to the ministers. His view of the object was very different. He conceived that the court had no right to know any hing farther of the Answer, than that it was he Answer of the sovereign, and in no ther light were they entitled to regard it. twas on that understanding he supported the Address to its full extent; but he could never

the length of during to dispute his majesy's right to answer it as he thought proper, owever much he might lament the terms of ach Answer.

Mr. Alderman COMBE expressed his asnishment at the doctrine he had just heard,

false, and so justly reprobated as it had ways been held in the best times of the nstitutional history of these kingdoms. he Answer of his majesty to an Address

Address which they might have presented to his majesty. The Airess to which the Answer in question had been returned, was not to be treated as if it had been the Address of a faction, or of a short majority. It was the unanimous Address of that court, breathing a sendment unanimonsly adopted through the country. The affront thrown on the court therefore, in the Answer which had been made to it, was uncalled for, and unnecessary. The motion now made d ́d not bar or impeach the right of the crown to return any auswer it thought proper. He hoped his hon. friend would follow it up with another Address, which should be again carried up to the throne, and which he should most cordially join in presenting.

Mr. Alderman BIRCH, referring to the words of the resolution, declaring that it was the right of the court to approach the throne" without obstruction or reproof," stated, that these were the words to which particularly, he objected.-Mr. CLARKE and another member submitted, that the use of the term " gracions Answer," when coupled with the resolution immediately following, would convey a contradiction in

terms.

Mr. Deputy GoODBEHERE argued, that if ever there was a time when the rights and privileges of the City of London ought not to be compromised, this was the period. As the Court asserted their own privileges and independence, so would they be appreciated by the country at large. The Answer of his majesty he regarded as being highly injudicious, improper, and dangerous. When one and all ought to be united with one heart and one band, as an independent nation, the City of London had been loaded with insult and degradation. This, he submitted, was a crime of the greatest magnitude, as being calculated in an eminent degree to produce anarchy and confusion. As well might gentlemen say, that the Corporation should at once surrender, or allow all their privileges to be snatched from them, as recommend it

to them to pass over the present Answer in s lence. An extraordinary case required an extraordinary measure to meet it. Never had one occurred which could serve as a parallel to the case now before them; and that being so, he trusted the Court would see the necessity of adhering to their rights and privileges. This they would do, if they did not wish to degrade themselves, and to abandon the cause of the country.

Mr. GRIFFITHS contrasted the conduct pursued by ministers ou the present occasion, and on the Address before last, which had been passed in that Court Then it was signified to them that a full attendance would be expected, as it was his majesty's wish to see them all. Here, however, they could not be received in state. Ministers had advised his majesty otherwise. A worthy Alderman, who had always been extremely forward in going up with Addresses (Birch) had, too, been backward on this last occasion, and the Court had to wait half an hour before two Aldermen could be found to go up with the Address. The Answer, he conceived to be most ungracious.

Mr. WAITHMAN, in reply, declared, that of all the extraordinary doctrines which he had been accustomed to hear in that Court from the gentleman opposite (Dixon), and from a worthy aldermaa (Birch), nothing had ever surprised him so much as what he had heard this day. He had been informed by the worthy alderman that the Answer was to be held the Answer of the king, not of his ministers--of course, that no responsibility attached to ministers from any Answer which the king might make to an Address. The worthy commoner had denied all argument to his hon. friend. It might, therefore, have been expected that he himself would have used something like argument. Eut no-he, as usual, had the good sense not to get out of his depth, and had, of course, confined himself to abuse and despicable quibble. It would be necessary for him to bring to mind who was the person by whom, in 1800, a similar motion to that now proposed by him, was made. A petition was then presented to his majesty, requesting him to call parliament together, in consequence of a scarcity which then threatened the country. The Answer was cold; and alderman Hibbert, than whom a more worthy man never sat in that Court, thinking that it might have expressed sonie regret for the distresses of the people, along with the motion for entering the Answer on the Journals of the Court, moved words expressive of this feling. This he thought was sufficient in answer to what had fallen from the worthy

gentleman (Mr. Dixon). As to any idea of abusing that worthy gentleman, he never carried his abuse beyond the public conduct of the person to whom he alluded; and if a man could not defend his public conduct, he must not expect to escape if he would obtrude himself on public notice. Praise the worthy gentleman for his political conduct, he could not do with any regard to truth. As to the worthy Alderman, for twelve years that he had observed him in this Court, he had never till this day observed him attempt any thing like a reply. He had now appeared in a new character; he had been unhappy in the exhibition, and he hoped he would never try it again. He seemed to be a pupil of sir R. Filmer, and, like many pupils, he had gone beyond his master, and had laid it down that a king might be and actually was his own minister. The great object of petitioning was, to take care that truth should reach the royal ear. The Common Council of London had, on this principle, gone up to his majesty and stated their wishes, and were they now, after having been reproved for doing so, to stand still and not to tell his majesty that he had been badly counselled? The worthy Alderman might continue to boast of our glorious Constitution, and of our lords and commons; he might talk as he pleased of the dangers of popery, and of the blessings of our holy religion; but if we did not possess that privilege which the worthy al derman seemed inclined to deny us, we would soon cease to have any privilege what

Having contended, however, against this principle, the worthy alderman would, perhaps, have the goodness to tell what he thought the people of this country ought to do. Would he recommend them to stand still, as the Spaniards had done, till things had come to such a crisis that they could only advise the king to run away? Were they the friends to the constitution, to the country, or to his majesty, who would give such an advice? Was it not this advice which had betrayed the Stuart family! Which had continued to deceive the king, till he was obliged to abdicate his throne, and which latterly produced the glorious Revolution, of which the right now contended for by him, but objected to by the worthy Alderman, was the corner stone and pillar? The fate of the country required this court to interfere, and apprise his majesty of the public wish. This was the very time to call on him to resort to better councils. The great sir W. Temple said, that great occasions wanted great men, and great meu wanted great occasions.

Never was this country in such a crisis as the present, or in one in which there was a greater want of great men. The question for the court, and for the country to consider, was, if they wished to become the mirk for the slow moving finger of scorn to point at. It was impossible to feel on this subject like Englishinen, and not to feel degraded. Ministers were often obliged, by traps and tricks, to attempt to awaken the exertions of the state. In the present situation of things, however, there were not two opinions. The public was actuated as by one feeling. They had even thrust ministers forward in the contest. They had given liberally, they had given all that was de manded of them; and was it to be endured, after ministers had taken all that they could get, that we should have the mortification of seeing all ruined, either by their imbecility, or that of those appointed by them, and be denied even the consolation of expressing our grievances, and demanding inquiry into the causes by which our calamities have been occasioned? He hoped not only that the resolution now proposed would be carried, but that it would be carried unanimously. It did not seem possible that any man could oppose it, who was not a place-man or a place-hunter.

Mr. DIXON said, the worthy gentleman took pleasure in representing the country as ruined. He, ou the other hand, declared it to be the admiration and wonder of the world. If the hon. gentleman's ideas of our kings were correct too, what would they be but puppets, ready to receive instructions? Though kings could do no wrong, he could not help recollecting, that their acts were sometimes visited on them. One had lost his throne, and another his life, for what the hon. gent. would call the work of their

ministers.

The question on Mr. Dixon's Amendment, was now put and negatived, by a great majority. The original Resolution, moved by Mr. Waithman, was then put and carried, Alderman Birch and two or three commoners alone holding up their hands against it.

Mr. WAITHMAN said, the business would be incomplete if it were to rest here. He therefore moved, that an humble Address and Petition be presented to his majesty, in Conformity to the said Resolution, expressing the desire of that court, that a strict and rigid inquiry should be made into the causes which led to the Convention in Portugal, as well as into the present system of our military prefermenis; and that his majesty would be graciously pleased to order his par

liament to be forthwith assembled, for the purpose of considering of the most effectual means for carrying those desirable objects

iato execution.

Mr. Jacks, Mr. Clarke, and Mr. Deputy Box were of opinion, that the proposed Address should not be carried through bu at a special meeting called for the purpose It might otherwise seem that the court had been taken oy surprise.-Mr. Dixon disapproved of an Address at all. His majesty had already assured the court, that au inquiry should be instituted. It would imply a doubt of the truth of his assurance, to repeat the application; and the request to convene parliament would go the length of inferring, that the court would not be satisfied even with a second declaration of his majesty's sincerity.-Mr. Alderman Combe objected to that part of the motion which extended to our military system. He doubted if the common council could be supposed sufficiently qualified to judge on that subject.-Mr. Waithman had no ob jection to omit that part of his motion.—Mr. Alderman Birch objected to the Address, particularly if to be conformable to the Resolution. He again alluded to the words "obstruction" and " reproof," and remarked that, though the court had indeed been reproved, they could not complain of oiystruction, they having been admitted to present their Address.-Mr. Waithman insisted on the propriety of seeing that his Majesty was not allowed to remain in ignorance of the opinion of that court; that his Majesty had been badly advised. He had no objection, however, as several gentlemen seemed to wish it, to withdraw his motion for the present.-It was then ordered, that the Resolution of the court, passed that day, be inserted in the usual morning and evening papers.

EXPOSITION OF THE PRACTICES AND MA

CHINATIONS WHICH LED TO THE USUR-
PATION OF THE CROWN OF SPAIN, AND
THE MEANS ADOPTED BY THE EMPEROR
OF THE FRENCH 10 CARRY IT INTO EX
ECUTION: BY DON PEDRO CEVALLOS,
FIRST SECRETARY OF STATE AND DIS-
PATCHES TO HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY,

FERDINAND VII. (Continued from p. 704.) Without any other ground. your majesty thought proper to insult me in the presence of my venerable mother, and of the emperor, by appellations the most humiliating; and not content with this, you require my renunciation without any conditions or restrictions, under pain that I, and those who composed my council, should be treated as conspira

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