strictly consecrated to God, with three other daughters; one of whom, Otho, the eighty-ninth emperor of the Romans, and another, Charles, king of the West Franks, took to wife; whose father's sister, that is to say, the daughter of the emperor Charles, Ethelwulph, the king of the West Saxons, had married; the third daughter was married to Sithric, king of Northumbria. In this year, Erdulf, bishop of Lindisfarne, departed this life, and was succeeded by Guthred; Osbert was also expelled from his kingdom.

In the year 900, the most valiant duke Athulph, brother of queen Ealwitha, the mother of king Edward, and Virgilius, the venerable abbat of the Scots, departed this life; also Grimbald, the saint and priest, one of the masters of king Alfred, attained the joys of the kingdom of heaven.

In the year 902, the people of Kent fought with a great host of the piratical Danes, at a place which is called Holme, and came off victorious.

In the year 903, that pious handmaid of Christ, queen Elswitha, the mother of king Edward, departed this life; she founded a monastery for nuns at Winchester.

In the year 904, the armies of the pagans of East Anglia and Northumbria, finding that king Edward was invincible, made peace with him, at a place which, in the English language, is called Thitingaford.23

In the year 905, the city, which is called in the British tongue, Karlegion,24 and in the Saxon, Legacestre, was rebuilt by the command of duke Ethered and Ethelfleda.

In the year 906, the bones of Saint Oswald, the king and martyr, were removed from Bardonig,25 into Mercia. The most invincible king Edward, because the Danes had infringed the treaty which they had made, sent an army of West Saxons and Mercians into Northumbria, which, having arrived there, for nearly forty days did not cease to lay it waste, and slaying a vast number of the Danes, compelled their kings and

22 Roger of Wendover mentions five daughters, besides Eadburga, whom he calls Eadfleda.

23 This place in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is called Hitchinford. Lambarde calls it "Itingford," and says, "I find it not so circumscribed, that I can make any likely conjecture where it should be."

Properly "Caerlirion," the ancient name of Leicester. 25 Bardney.

leaders to renew the treaty of peace with king Edward, which they had broken.

In the year 907, in the province of Stafford, at a place which is called Teotenhale, 26 a memorable battle took place between the English and the Danes; but the English gained the day.

In the year 908, Ethered, the king's earl of the Mercians, a man of great virtue, departed this life; and after his death, his wife Egelfleda, the daughter of king Alfred, for a long time most ably governed the kingdom of the Mercians, except the cities of London and Oxford, of which her brother, king Edward, retained the government.

In the year 909, Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, on the second day before the nones of May, came with an army to the place which is called Sceargate,27 and there erected a fortified castle, and after that, another on the western bank of the river Severn, at the place which is called Brige.28

In the year 910, at the beginning of summer, Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, proceeded with the Mercians to Tamuirting,29 and rebuilt that city. In this year king Niel was slain by his brother Sithric.

In the year 911, Werfred, bishop of the Wiccii, departed this life at Worcester; he was a man of great sanctity and learning, and, as I have previously mentioned, at the request of king Alfred, translated the Dialogues of Saint Gregory the pope into the Saxon tongue; he was succeeded by Ethelhun. Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, founded the city which is called Eadesbirig,30 and at the close of autumn another, which is called Warewic.31

In the year 912, the most invincible king Edward went to Bedford, before the feast of Saint Martin, and received the submission of its inhabitants, and having remained there thirty days, ordered a city to be founded on the south side of the river Lea. 32

In the year 913, Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, sent an army into the territory of the Britons, to besiege the castle 26 Totenhall. 27 Roger of Wendover calls it "Strengate." 29 Tamworth, in Staffordshire. 31 Warwick.

28 Bridgnorth, in Shropshire. 30 Eddesbury.

32 This is probably the river meant; though in the original the river is called "Ose," being evidently a misprint for Ouse. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle here mentions Hertford, on the south side of the Lea, as being founded by Edward. 33 The Welsh.

at Bricenamere; having taken the place, they captured the wife of the king of the Britons, with thirty-four men, and brought them prisoners into Mercia.

In the year 914, Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, on the day before the calends of August, took Derby by storm, and gained possession of that province; four of her thanes, who were most esteemed by her, were there slain at the city gate, while bravely fighting.

In the year 915, Egelfleda, the lady of the Mercians, a woman of remarkable prudence, justice, and virtue, departed this life, on the nineteenth day before the calends of July, in the eighth year after she by herself had governed the kingdom of the Mercians with a vigorous rule, and left her only daughter Elfwinna, whom she had by Ethered, the king's earl, heiress to her kingdom. Her body was conveyed to Gloucester, and honorably buried in the church of Saint Peter.

In the year 916, king Edward sent into Northumbria an army of Mercians, to liberate the city of Mamcestre,35 and post there some brave soldiers as a garrison. After this, he entirely deprived his niece Elfwinna of her authority in the kingdom of Mercia, and ordered her to be taken into Wessex. King Sithric also took Devonport by storm.

In the year 917, the king of the Scots, with the whole of his nation, Reginald, king of the Danes, with the Danes and English who inhabited Northumbria, and the king of the Strath-Clyde Britons, 36 with his people, chose Edward the Elder as their father and liege lord, and made a lasting treaty with him.

In the year 918, the Clito Ethelward, brother of king Edward, departed this life, on the seventeenth day before the calends of November, and was buried at Winchester; Ethelstan, the bishop of the Wiccii,37 also died, and was succeeded by Wilfred.

In the year from the incarnation of our Lord 919,38 Edward the Elder, the most invincible king of the English, departed this life, at the royal town which is called Fearndun,39 in the thirty-fourth year of his reign, and the fifteenth of the indic31 Brecknock.

40

35 Manchester.

36 This, no doubt, as we learn from other historians, is the meaning of the word "Strecglendwalli." 37 Bishop of Worcester.

38 The other chroniclers say that he died in the year 924.

39 Faringdon, in Berkshire.

40 This is an error, as it should be twenty-fourth; though, according to our author's reckoning, it would be in the twentieth.

M

tion, after having greatly distinguished himself while king. He reigned most gloriously over all the nations that inhabited Britain, both those of the Angles, the Scots, the Cumbrians, the Danes, and the Britons. After his death, he left the helm of state to his son Ethelstan, and his body having been carried to Winchester, was buried with regal pomp at the new monastery there.

66

Ethelstan was crowned at Kingestun," which means the royal town," and was consecrated with due honor by Athelin, archbishop of Canterbury. In his time, the illustrious child Dunstan was born in the kingdom of Wessex.

In the year 920, Ethelstan, the illustrious and glorious king of the English, with great pomp and state, gave his sister in marriage to king Sithric, who was of Danish origin.

44

In the year 921, king Sithric departed this life, and king Ethelstan having expelled his son Cuthred, who had succeeded his father, added his kingdom to his own dominions. All the kings beside, of the whole of Albion, namely, Huwald,43 king of the West Britons, Constantine, king of the Scots, and Wuer,45 king of the Wenti, he conquered in battle and utterly routed. All of these, seeing that they could not resist his valour, met him on the fourth day before the ides of July, at a place which is called Eamot, and having made the oaths, made a lasting treaty with him.

In the year 922, Wilfred, bishop of the Wiccii, died, and was succeeded by Kinewold.

In the year 923, Frithestan, bishop of Winchester, a man of remarkable sanctity, resigned the bishopric of Winchester, Brinstan, a religious man, being ordained bishop in his stead, and in the following year departed to the Lord.

In the year 924, king Ethelstan ordered his brother Edwin to be drowned in the sea.

In the year 925, Ethelstan, the valiant and glorious king of the English, Constantine, king of the Scots, having broken the treaty which he had made with him, marched with a large army into Scotland, and coming to the tomb of Saint Cuthbert, commended himself and his expedition to his guardianship, and presented to him many and various gifts, such as befitted a 42 Kingston-on-Thames. 44 West Welsh.

41 The Welsh.

43 Howel.

45

Roger of Wendover calls him Wulferth. The Wenti were probably the people of Monmouthshire.

king, and lands as well; consigning to everlasting flames those who should take away any portion therefrom. After this, with a very large force he subdued the enemy, and with his army laid waste Scotland, even as far as Feoder and Wertermore, while with his fleet he ravaged as far as Catenes;46 in consequence of this, king Constantine, being compelled so to do, gave up his son to him as a hostage, together with suitable presents; and the peace being thus renewed, the king returned to Wessex. In the same year Saint Bristan departed this life.

In the year 925, the religious monk Elphege, surnamed the Bald, a kinsman of Saint Dunstan, received the bishopric of Winchester.

In the year 927, Anlaf, the pagan king of Ireland and of many of the islands, being encouraged by his father-in-law, Constantine, king of the Scots, entered the mouth of the Humber with a vast fleet, amounting to six hundred and fifteen sail; on which he was met by king Ethelstan and his brother the Clito Edmund, with an army, at the place which is called Brumanburgh. The battle lasted from the beginning of the day to the evening, and they slew five minor kings and seven dukes, whom the enemy had invited to their aid, and shed such a quantity of blood, as in no battle before that had ever been shed in England; and, having compelled the kings Anlaf and Constantine, and the king of the Cumbrians, to fly to their ships, they returned in great triumph. But the enemy having experienced extreme disaster in the loss of their army, returned home with only a few men.

In the year from the incarnation of our Lord 940, Ethelstan, the valiant and glorious king of the English, departed this life at Gloucester, in the sixteenth year of his reign, and in the fourteenth of the indiction, on the sixth day before the calends of November, being the fourth day of the week; his body was carried to the city of Maidulph,*7* and was there honorably interred. His brother Edmund succeeded him in the eighteenth year of his age.

In the year 941, the Northumbrians proving regardless of the fealty which they owed to Edmund, the mighty king of the English, chose Anlaf, king of the Norwegians 46 Caithness.

47 Or Brunenburgh; I rumley, in Lincolnshire. This battle was the subject of an Anglo-Saxon poem, which is still in existence.

47* Malmesbury.