York, placing his hand in the hand of Anselm, as he himself desired, promised, upon his faith, that he would pay the same obedience and be in the same subjection to him and his successors in the archbishopric, as he had promised to him when about to be consecrated by him to the see of Hereford.

Walter Giffard, bishop elect of Winchester, Roger of Salisbury, Reinelm of Hereford, William of Exeter, and Urban of Glamorgan, in Wales, came to Canterbury at the same time, and were consecrated together by Anselm, on the third day before the ides of August, being the Lord's day, the following suffragans of his province assisting him in his duties: Gerard, archbishop of York, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, John, bishop of Bath, Herbert, bishop of Norwich, Robert, bishop of Chester, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and Ranulph, bishop of Durham. There was no one then living, who could remember in past times so many pastors being elected and consecrated at one time in England, except in the days of Edward the Elder, when archbishop Plegmund consecrated seven bishops to seven churches in one day.

In the same year, Maurice, bishop of London, Richard, abbat of Ely, Robert, abbat of Saint Edmund's, Milo Crispin, Robert Fitz-Haimon, Roger Bigot, and Richard de Rivers departed this life.

In the year 1108, Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, died on the nones of March. Henry, king of the English, for the purpose of protection, enacted a law that, if any one should be detected in the act of theft or larceny, he should be hanged. He also enacted that base and spurious coin should be guarded against with such strictness, that whosoever should be detected coining spurious money, should lose his eyes and the lower part of his body without any ransom; and, inasmuch as, very frequently, while pennies were being coined, they were bent, or broken, and then rejected, he ordered that no penny or obol, which he also ordered to be made of a round form, or even farthing, if it was a good one, should be rejected. From this provision much good resulted to the whole king

66

47

46

45 "Eligebantur" is the word used here, probably by mistake for elidebantur," which may allude to the process of coining by hammering out.

47 Probably a small silver coin of three carats in weight.

dom, because the king thus exerted himself in secular matters to retrieve the troubles of the land.

In this year, Gerard, archbishop of York, departed this life, in whose place was elected Thomas, the cousin of Thomas, his predecessor. Philip, king of the Franks, departed this life, and was succeeded by his son Louis. Archbishop Anselm, at the king's request, consecrated Richard, the bishop of London elect, in his chapel at Paggaham, being assisted in the performance of this duty by William, bishop of Winchester, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and William, bishop of Exeter, having first received from him the usual profession of obedience and subjection. After this, coming to Canterbury on the third day before the ides of August, he consecrated Ralph, abbat of Seez, a religious man, bishop of Rochester, in succession to Gundulph, William, bishop of Winchester, Ralph, bishop of Chichester, and Richard, bishop of London, assisting him in the performance of that duty; which same Richard, after the custom of his predecessors, on the same day presented a handsome gift to his mother church of Canterbury.

These are the provisions relative to archdeacons, priests, deacons, subdeacons, and secular clergy of whatever degree, which, in the year of our Lord's Incarnation 1108, Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas, archbishop elect of York, and all the other bishops of England, in the presence of the glorious king Henry, with the assent of his earls and barons, enacted :- "It is hereby decreed, that priests, deacons, and subdeacons, shall live in chastity, and shall have no women in their houses save only those who are connected with them by close relationship, according to the rule which the holy Synod of Nice has laid down. But those priests, deacons, and subdeacons who have, since the prohibition pronounced by the synod held in London, either retained their wives or married others, if they wish any longer to celebrate the mass, let them so entirely put them away from themselves as not to let them enter their houses; nor are they themselves to go into the houses of such women, or knowingly to meet them in any house; nor are any women of this description to live upon lands belonging to the church. But if for any proper reason it is necessary for either party to communicate with the other, having two lawful witnesses, let them converse

together outside of the house. And if, upon the testimony of two or three lawful witnesses, or by the public report of the people of the parish, any one of them shall be accused of having violated this enactment, he shall clear himself, if he is a priest, by bringing six proper witnesses of his own order; if a deacon, four; if a subdeacon, two. But as for him, who shall not thus clear himself, he shall be deemed to be a transgressor of this holy enactment. And as for those priests who, despising the divine altar and the holy canons, have preferred to live with women, let them be removed from the holy office, deprived of all ecclesiastical benefices, and placed without the choir, being pronounced infamous; and he who, being a rebel and contumacious, shall not leave the woman, and shall presume to celebrate the mass, if, when called upon to make satisfaction, he shall neglect to do so, is to be excommunicated. The same sentence embraces the archdeacons and all the secular clergy, both as to leaving these women and avoiding cohabitation with them, and the severity of the punishment if they shall transgress these statutes. All archdeacons shall also swear that they will not receive money for tolerating the transgression of this enactment, nor suffer priests whom they know to be keeping women to chaunt the mass, or to have substitutes ;48 deans also shall swear to the same effect. The archdeacon, or deacon, or dean, who shall refuse to take oath to this effect, is to lose his archdeaconry or deanery. As to those priests, who, leaving the women, shall make choice to serve God and the holy altars, let them cease during forty days from the performance of their duties, and in the meantime employ substitutes in their places, such penance being imposed on them as to their bishops shall seem fit."

In the year 1109, Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, departed this life at Canterbury, on the eleventh day before the calends of May, being the fourth day of the week, and on the following day, which was the Supper of the Lord, was buried with great honor. About the time of the Rogation Days, Henry, king of the English, returned to England, and at Pentecost held his court at Westminster; where Thomas, archbishop elect of York, was consecrated at London, 48* on the fifth day before the calends of July, by Richard, bishop of

48 "Vicaros." equivalent to "curates." 48* Westminster is generally considered by these writers as forming part of London.

London, and afterwards on the calends of August, being Sunday, received, at York, from the hands of Cardinal Ulric, the pall which the pope had sent him, and on the same day consecrated Turgot, prior of Durham, to the bishopric of Saint Andrew's in Scotland, which is called Cenrimunt. In the same year, king Henry changed the abbacy of Ely into an episcopal see, and made Hervey, bishop of Bangor, bishop of that see. In the month of December a comet was seen, near the milky circle, making its way with its train towards the southern part of the heavens.

In the year 1110, Henry, king of the English, gave his daughter in marriage to Henry, king of Germany. In the same year, different prodigies appeared throughout England. A very great earthquake took place at Shrewsbury. The river at Nottingham, which is called the Trent, was dried up for the space of a mile from morning until the third hour of the day, so much so, that men walked with dry feet upon its bed. On the sixth day before the ides of July, a comet appeared, and was seen to shine for a period of three weeks.

In the year 1111, Henry, king of Germany, came to Rome, and taking pope Paschal prisoner, placed him in confinement, but shortly after, when they were celebrating the festival of Easter on the Campus Martius at the bridge on the Salarian road,49 was reconciled to him. In this year died Baldwin, earl of Flanders, and was succeeded by his son Baldwin. Henry, king of the English, removed the people of Flanders who inhabited Northumbria, with all their chattels into Wales, and gave them orders to colonize the district which bears the name of Ros.50

The new monastery which had been built within the walls of Winchester, through the influence of William, bishop of Winchester the king ordered to be rebuilt without the walls, and shortly after crossed the sea.

In the same year there was a most severe winter, a dreadful famine, a plague among men, and a murrain among animals, both wild and domestic; there was also a very great mortality among birds.

49 A road near Rome, so called from having been used by the Sabines, when fetching salt from the sea.

50 The town of Denbigh. Henry either feared that these Flemings would coalesce against him with the Scots, or placed them there for the purpose of acting as a check upon the Welch.

In the year 1112, on the third day before the nones of May, being Sunday, Samson, the twenty-fifth bishop of Worcester, departed this life. In October, Henry, king of the English, placed earl Robert de Belesme in confinement at Cherburg.

In the year 1113, the city of Worcester was, on the calends of July, destroyed by fire, with the principal church and all the others, and the castle. One of the monks, a person of the greatest utility to the monastery, together with two servants and fifteen citizens, perished in the flames. In the month of July, Henry, king of the English, returned to England, and bringing with him earl Robert de Belesme from Normandy, placed him in close custody at Wareham. On the fourth day before the nones of October, two men of exemplary virtue departed this life; Thomas, the prior, and Coleman, a monk, of the venerable church of Saint Mary at Worcester, men of noble extraction. On the fifth day before the calends of January, being the Lord's day, Teulph, the king's chaplain, received the bishopric of Worcester at Windsor.

In the year 1114, on the eighth day before the ides of January, Matilda, daughter of Henry, king of the English, was married to Henry, the emperor of the Romans, at Mentz, and consecrated empress. On the sixth day before the calends of March, being the third day of the week, Thomas the Younger, archbishop of York, departed this life. When he was first taken ill, his medical men told him that he could not recover, except by means of carnal knowledge of a woman; on which he made answer, "Shame upon a malady which requires sensuality for its cure!" and being thus chosen by the Lord while of virgin purity closed his temporal life. On the sixth day before the calends of May, being the Lord's day, Ralph, bishop of Rochester, was elected at Windsor archbishop of Canterbury. On the third day before the nones of May, being the third day of the week, the city of Chichester, together with the principal monastery, was, through culpable carelessness, destroyed by fire.

On the day of the Assumption of Saint Mary, Turstin, the king's chaplain, was, at Winchester, elected to the archbishopric of York, and Arnulph, abbat of Burgh, was chosen bishop of Hereford. Henry, king of the English, after leading an army into Wales, before the feast of Saint Michael crossed the 51 He is by mistake called "Archiepiscopus," "archbishop."