with surrendered the castle. The earl, being placed in close confinement, was led to Windsor; on which, Morell disclosed to the king the causes of the conspiracy taking place.

In the year 1096, William, bishop of Durham, died at Windsor, the royal palace, on the fourth day before the nones of January, being the second day of the week, but was buried at Durham, in the chapter-house there, on the northern side, having on the south the body of bishop Walcher; in the middle rests the body of Turgot, formerly bishop of the Scots, and prior of that church.

On the octave of the Epiphany, a council was held at Salisbury, and the king ordered William de Eu, who had been conquered in single combat, to be deprived of his eyes and his virility, and William Deandri, his sewer, his aunt's son, who had been privy to his treason, he ordered to be hanged; earl Odo of Champagne, who was the father of the above-named Stephen, and Philip, son of Roger earl of Shrewsbury, and some others, who had a guilty knowledge of the plot, he placed in confinement.

In this year, pope Urban came into France, and a synod was held at Clermont,19 during Lent. He exhorted the Christians to set out for Jerusalem, for the purpose of waging war against the Turks, Saracens, Turcopoles,* Persians, and other pagans, who at that period had overrun Jerusalem, and, having expelled the Christians, were in possession of Judæa. Immediately after his exhortation, at the same synod, Raymond, earl of Saint Gilles, and many others with him, assuming the emblem of the cross of Christ, engaged to undertake this pilgrimage in the cause of God, and to do what he had invited them to do: on hearing of which, other Christians in Italy, Germany, France and England, vying with each other, made preparations for the same expedition. The chiefs and leaders of these were Adimar, bishop of Puy, with a great number of other prelates, Peter the Hermit, Hugh the Great, brother to Philip, king of the Franks, Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, Stephen, count of Chartres, Robert, duke of Normandy, Robert, earl of Flanders, the two brothers of duke Godfrey,

19 This council at Clermont, in Auvergne, continued from the 18th to the 28th of November, A.D. 1095, and not in 1096.

19* Turcopoles are supposed to have been the children of Christian mothers and Turkish fathers.

namely, Eustace, earl of Boulogne, and Baldwin, Raymond, the above-named earl, and Boamond, the son of Robert Guiscard; and with these followed an immense multitude of people of all languages.

On the seventeenth day before the calends of July, being the Lord's day, Sampson was consecrated bishop of Worcester, in the church of St. Paul, at London, by Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury. After this, Robert, duke of Normandy, having determined to set out for Jerusalem with the rest, sent ambassadors to England, and requested his brother William to renew the treaty of peace between them, and to lend him ten thousand marks of silver and receive from him the dukedom of Normandy as a security; upon which, the king, being desirous to comply with his request, gave orders to the nobles of England that each one should, to the best of his ability, supply him with money with all possible haste. Accordingly, the bishops, abbats, and abbesses, broke up the golden and other ornaments of the churches; the earls, barons, and sheriffs stripped their soldiers and villains, and supplied the king with no small amount of gold and silver. In the month of September the king crossed the sea and made peace with his brother, giving him six thousand six hundred and sixtysix pounds of silver, and receiving from him Normandy in pledge.

In the year 1097, William, king of the English, returned to England at the season of Lent, and, after Easter, set out a second time 20 for Wales, with an army of horse and foot, with the intention of destroying all persons of the male sex. However, he was unable to take or slay hardly any of them, but lost some of his own men, and a great number of horses. After this, he sent the Clito Edgar to Scotland, with an army, in order that, after expelling his uncle, Dufenald, who had usurped the throne, he might make his cousin Edgar, the son of king Malcolm, king in his stead.

On the thirteenth day before the calends of July, being Saturday, the Christians took the city of Nice. On the third day before the calends of October, and the fifteen days following, a comet appeared. Some persons at this period affirmed that they had seen in the heavens a wonderful sign, like a fire burning in the shape of a cross.

20 This was his third expedition. See under the years 1094 and 1095,

Shortly after this, a misunderstanding arose between the king and Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, because, from the time he was made archbishop, he had not been allowed to hold a synod and correct the evils which had sprung up throughout England; on which he crossed the sea, and remaining for a time in France, afterwards proceeded to pope Urban at Rome. About the time of the feast of Saint Andrew, the king set out from England for Normandy. On the second day before the calends of January, Baldwin, abbat of the monastery of Saint Edmund, a man of exemplary piety and of French extraction, departed this life.

In the year 1098, on the third day before the nones of January, being Sunday, Valcelline, the bishop of Winchester, departed this life. In the spring of this year, William the Younger, king of the English, subdued the city which is called Le Mans, and by force reduced a great part of that province to subjection. In the meantime, Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, and with him Hugh, earl of Chester, made a descent upon the island of Mevania, which is usually called Anglesey, with a body of troops, and slew many of the Welch whom they there captured, and of others they cut off the hands or feet, and then, depriving them of their virility, put out their eyes. A certain priest also, named Kenred, a man of advanced age, from whom the Welch had received advice in their affairs, they dragged out of his church, and, having deprived him of his virility and put out one of his eyes, cut out his tongue; but, on the third day after, by the Divine mercy, his speech was

restored to him.

At this period, Magnus, king of Norway, son of king Olaf, the son of king Harold Harfager, wishing to add the islands of Orkney and Anglesey to his realms, came thither,21 with a few ships; but, on his making an attempt to land, Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, accompanied by a great number of armed knights, met him on the sea-shore; and, according to general report, being struck by an arrow from the king's own hand, was slain on the seventh day after he had exercised his cruelty on the above-named priest.

On the third day before the nones of July, being the fourth day of the week, the city of Antioch was taken by the Christians; a few days after which, the spear with which, while

21 To the isle of Anglesey.

suspended on the cross, the Saviour of the world was pierced, was, through the revelation of the Apostle Andrew, the most meek of the Saints, discovered in the church of Saint Peter the Apostle. Being encouraged on finding this, on the fourth day before the calends of July, being the second day of the week, the Christians, carrying it with them, marched forth from the city, and, engaging with the pagans, put to flight Corbaran, the commander of the soldiers of Soldan, the king of Persia, and the Turks, Arabs, Saracens, and many other nations, at the edge of the sword, and, after slaying many thousands, by the aid of God gained a complete victory.

Throughout the whole of the night of the fifth day before the calends of October in this year, there was an extraordinary brightness. In the same year, the bones of Canute, the king and martyr, were raised from the tomb, and, with due honor, placed in a shrine. Roger, the duke of Apulia, having assembled a great army, laid siege to the city of Capua, which had revolted against his authority. Pope Urban, attended, according to his command, by Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, set out for the council which he had appointed to be held at Bar, on the calends of October. At this council, many points of the Catholic faith were discoursed upon by the successor of the Apostles, with great eloquence. Here also, a question being mooted on the part of the Greeks, who wished to prove, on the authority of the Evangelists, that the Holy Ghost proceeded only from the Father, the above-named Anselm treated and discoursed and explained so admirably on the subject, that there was no one at the meeting who did not pronounce himself satisfied thereby.

In the year 1099, in the third week after Easter, pope Urban held a great council at Rome, at which he excommunicated all laymen who gave investiture to churches, and all who received investiture from the hands of laymen, as well as all those who consecrated persons for the duties of the office so bestowed. He also excommunicated those who, to gain ecclesiastical honors, did homage to laymen; affirming that it seemed most shocking that hands which had attained a distinction so high that it was granted to none of the angels, namely, by their touch,22 to create the God who created all

22:4 Signaculo;" probably in allusion to marking with the sign of the

cross.

things, and in the presence of God the Father, to offer up his own self for the salvation of the whole world, should be reduced to such a pitch of disgracefulness or folly as to become the handmaids of those hands which by day and night are defiled by obscene contact, or, used to rapine and the unrighteous shedding of blood, are stained thereby; upon which, all shouted with one consent, "So be it! So be it!" and thereupon the council was concluded. After this, the archbishop24 proceeded to Lyons. William the Younger, king of the English, returned to England from Normandy, and, at Pentecost, held his court at London, and gave the bishopric of Durham to Ranulph, whom he had appointed manager of the affairs of the whole kingdom; and, shortly afterwards, he was consecrated there by Thomas, archbishop of York.

On the ides of July, being the sixth day of the week, Jerusalem was taken by the Christians; and, soon after, on the eleventh day before the calends of August, Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, was elected king by the whole army. On the fourth day before the calends of August, being the fifth day of the week, pope Urban departed this life. On the second day before the ides of August, being the same day of the week, the Christians fought a very great battle before the city of Ascalon, with Lavedal,25 the commander of the army and second in rank in the whole kingdom of Babylon," and, by the exceeding bounty of Christ, gained a wondrous victory. Paschal, a venerable man, who had been ordained priest by pope Hildebrand, having been elected pope by the Roman people, was consecrated on the following day. On the third day before the nones of November, the sea overflowed the land, and swept away a great number of towns and men, and oxen and sheep innumerable.

In the year from the incarnation of our Lord 1100, pope Clement, who was also named Wibert, departed this life.

William the Younger, king of the English, while engaged in hunting in the New Forest, which in the English language is called Itene," was struck by an arrow incautiously aimed by Walter, a Frank, surnamed Tyrell, and died, in conse

24 Probably Anselm. 25 Roger of Wendover says that his baptismal name was Emyreius, and that he was an Armenian, the son of Christian parents; and that on his apostatizing, he changed his name for that of Elafdal. 27 More properly Utine.

26 Persia.