Mary, appointed him archbishop of Canterbury, and, at the feast of Saint John the Baptist, being the Lord's Day, had him consecrated at Canterbury. His consecration was performed by Giso, bishop of Wells, and Walter, bishop of Hereford, who had both been ordained at Rome by pope Nicolas, at the time when Aldred, archbishop of York, received his pall. For these bishops had avoided receiving ordination from Stigand, who then held the see of Canterbury, as they knew that he had received the pall in an uncanonical manner. Herman, bishop of Salisbury, with some others, was also present at his consecration, shortly after which, Lanfranc consecrated Thomas, archbishop of York.

These matters completed, the claim of the venerable Wulstan, bishop of Worcester, was again considered, Thomas having been now consecrated archbishop, to speak for the church of York; and, a synod being held at a place which is called Pedreda,47 before the king and Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishops, abbats, earls, and principal men of England, by the aid of the grace of God, the matter was there concluded, although Thomas, the archbishop of York, and his supporters, used every possible device, though far from being based upon the truth, to lower the church of Worcester, and to subject her to the church of York, and strove in every way to make her a dependant thereof. However, by the just judgment of God, and the most positive evidence of writings much defaced and almost worn to pieces, Wulstan, the man of God, not only regained the possessions that he had claimed and demanded, but, also, by the gift of God and the concession of the king, obtained that extent of liberty which had been bestowed upon her by the first founders king Ethelred and Saint Hosher, earl of the Wiccii, and by Cenred, Ethelbald, Offa, Saint Kenulph the father of Kenelm the Martyr, and their successors after them, and those who reigned over the whole kingdom of England, namely, Edward the Elder, Ethelstan, Edmund, Edred, Edgar father of king Edward the Martyr, and those who had succeeded them.

In the year from the incarnation of our Lord, 1071, Lanfranc and Thomas went to Rome, and received the pall from pope Alexander. The earls Edwin and Morcar, finding that king William wished to place them in confinement, secretly fled

47 Petherton, in Somersetshire.

from his court, and for some time remained in open rebellion against him. However, on finding that their attempts were not crowned with success, Edwin determined to go to Malcolm, king of the Scots, but, being treacherously attacked on the road by his own people, was slain. Morcar and Hereward, however, a man of the greatest bravery, with many others, repaired by ship to the Isle of Ely, intending to winter there; whither Egelwin, bishop of Durham, and Siward, surnamed Barn, returning by sea from Scotland, also came. But, when the king heard of this, with the help of his sailors, he cut them off from all exit on the eastern side of the island, and, on the western side, ordered a bridge to be constructed two miles in length. On seeing that they were thus enclosed, they ceased making resistance, and all, with the exception of Hereward and a few who made their escape through the fens, surrendered to the king: who shortly afterwards placed bishop Egelwin in confinement at Abingdon, where the same winter he ended his life: but as to Earl Morcar and the rest, he distributed a part of them in various places of confinement throughout England, and having first deprived them of their hands or their eyes, let go the rest. The king then appointed Walcher, a member of the church of Liege, to the bishopric of Durham, and he was accordingly consecrated at Winchester. He had come to this country on the king's invitation, being a person of illustrious family, graceful manners, and endowed with the recommendations of divine and secular knowledge. Eilaf, one of the king's household servants, very high in office, together with other men of rank, escorted him to York, where earl Cospatric met him by the king's command, and escorted the bishop as far as Durham; he arrived at the church of his see at the period of Mid-Lent.

In the year 1072, after the Assumption of Saint Mary, king William, having in his train Edric, surnamed the Woodsman,48 set out for Scotland with a fleet and an army of horse, for the purpose of subjugating it; for Malcolm, king of the Scots, had greatly offended him in having, as already mentioned, so dreadfully ravaged his territories the year before. But when the king of the English had entered Scotland, king Malcolm met him at a place which is called Abernithie, and did homage to him.48 On his return thence, king William deprived earl Cospatric of his dignity, making it a charge against him that 48 He is also called in history the Outlaw, and the Forester.

he had counselled and aided those who had slain the earl49 at Durham, and had taken part with the enemy when the Normans were slain at York. After his deprivation, Waltheof was raised to the earldom, to which he was entitled both on his father's and his mother's side, being the son of earl Siward, by Elfrida, the daughter of Ealdred, who was formerly earl.

At this period, that is to say, when the king was returning from Scotland, he built a castle at Durham, where the bishop and his people might enjoy security from the incursions of the enemy; and, as some of the Normans disbelieved that the blessed Cuthbert either was a Saint, or that his body was kept there, at the feast of All Saints, while the bishop was celebrating the mass, the king ordered his two chaplains to enter the sanctuary, and to open the tomb and examine, both by seeing and touching, whether the holy body was deposited there. For the king had previously declared that, if it was not there, all the elders should be put to death. Upon this, all being in great consternation, the chaplains were just about to perform his commands. Now at this period, the cold weather was very severe; but, in the meantime, the king began to feel overpowered by an intolerable heat, and to perspire most copiously, and to be attacked with an excessive trembling; so, at once sending to his chaplains, he ordered them not to presume to touch the tomb.

Immediately after this he mounted his horse, and ceased not to ride at its utmost speed till he reached the river Tees. From that time forward he held this Saint in the highest esteem, and confirmed the more favored laws and customs of that church, which it had received in time past, for perpetual observance, and in addition thereto, gave and granted, and by charter confirmed to God and Saint Cuthbert, and the prior and monks there serving God, for a pure and perpetual almsgiving, his royal manor consisting of the vill of Hemingburgh, with all the lands, of Brakenholm, with all the lands thereto adjoining, together with the church of the vill aforesaid, and all things thereto pertaining in wood and plain, in moor and meadow, in forest and marsh, together with the water-mills and ponds, with merc 50 and mere, and sac,52 and 49 Robert Cummin.

50 The right of holding markets.

51

51 Probably right of piscary. 52 The lord's right of trying litigated causes among his vassals, and levying fines.

54

soke, and tol, and them,55 and infangtheof,56 and all the right boundaries thereof, together with all their rights and customs, as fully, quietly, and freely, as ever Saint Cuthbert fully and quietly held his other lands, together with all the royal customs and liberties which the king himself held therein, when, after the conquest of England, he held the same in his own hands, and with the same boundaries, with which he himself, or Tosti before him, or Siward, had held the said manor.

Bishop Walcher and earl Waltheof were afterwards on the most friendly and cordial terms, insomuch that, sitting together with the bishop, at the synod of the priesthood, he humbly and obediently would carry out whatever was enjoined by the bishop in his earldom, for the correction of Christian manners.

In the year from the incarnation of our Lord 1073, all points agreed, as to the course of the sun and moon, with the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius, in which our Lord was baptized, that is to say, the day of the Baptism was on the eighth day before the ides of January, being the Lord's day and Epiphany; the second day of the week was the commencement of His Fast for forty days; and thus, from the time of the Baptism of our Lord in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius, there had been a revolution of two great cycles, that is to say, of one thousand and sixty-four years.

57

In this year, William, king of the English, with the especial assistance of the English whom he had brought with him from England, subjugated the city which is called Mans, and the province belonging thereto. The Clito Edgar came to Normandy from Scotland by way of England, and was reconciled to king William. Earl Waltheof, sending a strong body of Northumbrians, took a bloody revenge for the death of his grandfather earl Aldred; for the swords of some men whom he had placed in ambush cut off the sons of Carl who had slain him, while they were at a banquet at Seteringetun.

In the year 1074, Hildebrand, who was also called Gregory, archdeacon of Rome, was elected pope, and consecrated. The

53 A somewhat similar right to the last. In the text it is erroneously printed "soschene," for "socam."

54 The right to levy import duties.

55 The right of a lord to follow his servants on the lands of another. 5 The right of apprehending malefactors.

57 Of Maine.

pope holding a council, according to the decrees of Saint Peter the Apostle, and of Saint Clement and other holy fathers, by edict forbade the clergy, and especially those consecrated to the divine mysteries,58 to have wives, or to cohabit with women, except such as the Nicene synod or other canons excepted. He also decreed that, in conformity with the sentence of Simon Peter, not only the buyer and seller of any office, such for instance as that of bishop, abbat, prior, dean, or titheman of a church, but whoever abetted them, should receive the condemnation of Simon Magus.59 For the Lord hath said, Freely have ye received, freely give."

66

Three poor monks being sent by the Divine Spirit from the province of the Mercians, that is to say, from Evesham, came to York, in the province of the Northumbrians, and requested Hugh FitzBaldric, who at that time held the shrievalty, to provide them with a guide on their journey, as far as the place which is called Munkeceastre, 60 that is to say, the "city of the monks," which place is now called Newcastle. Being escorted thither, and having staid there for some time, on finding there no ancient vestige of the servants of Christ they removed to Jarrow, where, the ruins hardly disclosing what it had been in ancient times, there were to be seen many monastic edifices with half-ruined churches; here they were received with the greatest kindness by bishop Walcher, who supplied them with all necessaries.

Aldwin was the chief of them, both by reason of age and his exemplary manners, while Elfwine was the second, and Remifrid the third; by these three persons, three monasteries were refounded in the province of the Northumbrians; one at Durham, near the hallowed and incorruptible body of the father Cuthbert, in honor of the holy Virgin Mary; another at York, in honor of the same Mary, the mother of God, where this noble monastery, on its foundation, had for its first abbat Stephen, its second Richard, its third Geoffrey, the fourth being the present dignitary, Severinus. The third of these monasteries was restored at a place which was formerly called Streinschalh, that is to say, "the bay of the sea," and is now called Withebi ;61 of which Benedict is the present abbat. Of late years, after the most dreadful devastations of the 58 Those in priests' orders. 59 As being guilty of simony. 60 The Saxon name of Newcastle-on-Tyne. 61 Whitby, in Yorkshire.