FHWA Road Tunnel Design Guidelines

AASHTO alignment analysis anchor bending calculated Civil Engineers coefficient compressive concrete lining concrete tunnels considered construction curves cut-and-cover cutter cutterhead deformation diagram displacement Dolostone drainage ductile cast iron earth pressure effects elastic elements equipment evaluated excavation face factors Federal Highway Administration Figure fire Geotechnical Geotechnical Engineering ground conditions ground support groundwater grouting Highway Tunnel Hitachi Zosen holes horizontal immersed tunnel in-situ stress increased installed interaction jacking jet fans joints kN/m² LATTICE GIRDERS linear load longitudinal material method models muck NATM operation penetration rate prediction Prev ratio reinforced concrete ribs ring road tunnel rock bolts rock mass rock support Segment settlement shear shield tunnel shotcrete Shotcrete for Underground slab Soil reaction spacing stability strength support system surface Table TBM performance tests thrust traffic Tunnel Boring Machine Tunnel Design Tunnel Engineer tunnel lining vertical walls width