Evolutionary Aspects of Nutrition and Health: Diet, Exercise, Genetics, and Chronic DiseaseArtemis P. Simopoulos Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, 1 ene 1999 - 145 páginas The issues treated in this publication are brought together in this way for the first time. For many of the chronic diseases, familial predispositions are well established, and there is good evidence for true genetic predisposition. When Homo erectus emerged 1.7 million years ago, humans existed as non-cereal-eating hunter-gatherers. It is on this basis that, according to the hypothesis of the 'carnivore connection', an insulin-resistant genotype evolved to provide survival and reproductive advantages to populations adapted to a high meat, low plant food (low carbohydrate) nutritional environment. Cereal became the major source of calories and protein in the human diet only about 10,000 years ago. Humankind has thus had little evolutionary experience to adapt to this new food type, maladaption being the consequence. Moreover, studies comparing energy expenditure in Western societies and during the Paleolithic period indicate a low level of physical activity not previously encountered in human history, a state to which humans are not genetically adapted. Together with the dietary changes, this has led to a modern environment in which a number of individuals are prone to chronic diseases, causing increases in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, cancer and obesity. As a consequence, the lifestyle approach for the prevention and management of these diseases is essential, varying with national dietary patterns and national economy. This publication will be of special interest to physicians, geneticists, nutritionists, dieticians, anthropologists, food technologists, food-policy-makers and individuals interested in personal and family health. |
Índice
First Example | 9 |
Humanitys DoubleEdged Sword | 19 |
Essential Fatty Acids | 34 |
Antinutrients in Cereal Grains | 42 |
Autoimmunity | 48 |
Psychological and Neurological Illnesses Associated with Cereal Grain Consumption | 56 |
Evolutionary Aspects of Diet and Insulin Resistance | 74 |
Dyslipidemia | 80 |
Metabolic Consequences of Dietary Changes since the Last Ice | 93 |
Conclusion | 99 |
Evolutionary Aspects of Exercise | 106 |
Physical Activity and Risk Factors of NIDDM | 113 |
Genetic Variation | 121 |
Dietary Calcium Genetic Variation and Bone Density | 127 |
Conclusions | 134 |
141 | |
Términos y frases comunes
absorption adapted agriculture alkylresorcinols alleles alpha-amylase alpha-amylase inhibitors amino acid antibodies arthritis associated Australian Aborigines autoimmune diseases biochemical biotin blood pressure bone density calcium calreticulin cancer carbohydrate celiac disease cells cereal grain consumption cereal grains cholesterol chronic diseases Clin Nutr coronary heart disease deficiency diabetes mellitus effects epidemiological evolution Evolutionary Aspects fatty acids folate gene genetic therapy Genetic Variation genotype gliadin glucose glucose tolerance gluten gluten-free diets glycemic index human hunter-gatherer hyperinsulinemia hypothesis increased individuals insulin resistance insulin response insulin sensitivity intake interaction intestinal Lancet lectins levels lipoprotein molecular mimicry Neel NIDDM normal nutrients obesity paleolithic patients peptide phenotype physical activity physiological phytate Pima Indians plant foods plasma glucose populations prevalence protein rats receptor Rev Nutr Diet role sedentary serum Simopoulos Simopoulos AP studies taurine tissue vitamin vitamin B12 VO2 max wheat World Rev Nutr zinc