The Birth of the Universe

abundance analysis anisotropy assume Astrophys background becomes calculations clusters collapse considered constant constraints contribution cosmic rays cosmological coupling density depends described determined direction disc discuss distribution dominated dynamical early effects energy equation estimate evolution existence expansion expected fact factor field Figure fluctuations flux force formation function galactic galaxies gauge give given gravitational halo important increase indicate initial interactions larger leads less Lett light limit mass matter mean measurements metal monopoles nature neutrinos observed obtained occurs origin parameter particles perturbations phase transition photon Phys physics possible potential present primordial problem production quark radiation range ratio redshift REFERENCES region relative scale scenario shown sources space spectrum stars structure symmetry temperature term theory tion Universe vacuum velocity