Normal Aspects of Speech, Hearing, and Language

abdominal acoustic activity air pressure alveolar pressure alveolar ridge Amer amplitude articulation articulatory arytenoid cartilages auditory system basilar membrane cavity changes coarticulation cochlea complex component consonants constriction cricoid deep structure diaphragm discussed displacement duration effect energy example fatigue fibers flow force formant fricatives function fundamental frequency glottal glottis grammar increase intensity language larynx ligament linguistic listener loudness lung volumes mechanical membrane microphone motion move movement muscle muscular pressure nasal neural neurons noise occur patterns perception phonetic phonological phrase physiological pitch position relative relaxation pressure resonance respiratory response rules segments sentence shown in Figure signal sinusoid sound pressure sound source speaker spectrum speech production speech sounds stimulus value stop consonants subglottal surface structure syllable theory thorax threshold thyroid thyroid cartilage unconditioned stimulus utterance variable variations verb verbal behavior vibration vocal folds vocal tract voice vowel wave waveform